Evolution of chromium and cobalt serum levels after the use of a modular neck stem in primary total hip arthroplasty. / Evolución de los niveles séricos de cromo y cobalto tras el empleo de un vástago con cuello modular en la artroplastia total de cadera primaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Modular neck primary stems were introduced with the theoretical advantage of restoring the hip anatomy more precisely. However, the presence of a second junction has been associated with increased corrosion and release of metal debris. The objective of our study is to quantify of chromium and cobalt serum values, and to analyze their temporal evolution during five years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a prospective series of 61 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty by implantation of the HMAX-M® stem (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italy). Serum chromium and cobalt determinations were performed at six months, two years and five years. RESULTS: Our series shows a progressive elevation in chromium levels with a significant difference between chromium values at six months (0.35±0.18) and five years (0.52±0.36), P=.01. Regarding cobalt, a statistically significant elevation is observed between six months and two years and a subsequent stabilization of values between two and five years, with a cobalt mean at six months (1.17±0.8) significantly lower than at two (2.63±1.76) and five years (2.84±2.1), P=.001. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum cobalt levels have been observed in patients who underwent modular neck stem implantation. The results obtained in this study have limited the use of stems with a modular neck in our clinical practice.

[Translated article] Evolution of chromium and cobalt serum levels after the use of a modular neck stem in primary total hip arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Modular neck primary stems were introduced with the theoretical advantage of restoring the hip anatomy more precisely. However, the presence of a second junction has been associated with increased corrosion and release of metal debris. The objective of our study is to quantify of chromium and cobalt serum values, and to analyse their temporal evolution during five years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a prospective series of 61 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty by implantation of the H MAX-M® stem (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italy). Serum chromium and cobalt determinations were performed at six months, two years and five years. RESULTS: Our series shows a progressive elevation in chromium levels with a significant difference between chromium values at six months (0.35±0.18) and five years (0.52±0.36), p=.01. Regarding cobalt, a statistically significant elevation is observed between six months and two years and a subsequent stabilisation of values between two and five years, with a cobalt mean at six months (1.17±0.8) significantly lower than at two (2.63±1.76) and five years (2.84±2.1), p=.001. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum cobalt levels have been observed in patients who underwent modular neck stem implantation. The results obtained in this study have limited the use of stems with a modular neck in our clinical practice.

Comparison of chromium and cobalt serum levels between a modular neck stem and its monoblock counterpart in primary total hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The addition of junctions in modular stems implies a greater susceptibility to corrosion. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare serum chromium and cobalt levels after using a bimodular stem and its monoblock counterpart in primary total hip arthroplasty. Postoperative clinical scores were also compared. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study between 2012 and 2015 was designed. One arm of the cohort included patients with the cementless modular neck stem H-Max M® and the other with the cementless monoblock stem counterpart H-Max S®. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found in chromium value between groups (p = 0.621) at two years postoperative. Cobalt value was higher in the modular group (p = < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in clinical postoperative scores except for the Harris Hip Score, with better results at six months in modular group (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum cobalt level in the modular group has limited the use of modular stems in our daily practice. Advantages of modular stem were not found. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

[Translated article] Comparison of leg length discrepancy correction after the use of a modular neck stem and its monoblock homologue in total primary hip arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Dual modularity stems seek to more precisely restore anatomy by allowing intraoperative adjustments thanks to modular necks. Our aim is to compare the radiographic length correction with the H MAX-M® Stem versus its monoblock counterpart H MAX-S®. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was carried out through consecutive sampling on patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty with coxarthrosis diagnosis between 2011 and 2015. One arm of the cohort included patients who were operated with a modular stem and the other with a monobloc stem. Length was measured on the anteroposterior pelvic-bearing radiograph at 6 months. The mean of the measurements obtained for each arm of the cohort were compared with each other. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in the correction of asymmetry between both groups, determined as the difference in length between the operated hip and the contralateral hip (p=.106). Nor were differences observed in postoperative length values (p=.053). It should be noted that for both the modular stem and the monobloc stem, the majority group is the one with restored length (84.1% and 80.4%, respectively; p=.001). CONCLUSION: Despite the theoretical advantage of modularity and that having interchangeable parts could be of great interest, in our study, we have not been able to demonstrate a superiority of modular designs compared to monoblock for control of postoperative leg length discrepancy.

[Translated article] Results of cementless total knee arthroplasty in patients over 70 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the clinical and radiologic results, the survival and complications obtained in 70 year or older patients who underwent cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA). MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational study of patients operated between January 2014 and December 2016 was carried out according to the Natural Knee model (Zimmer®, USA). The main variables were the Oxford Knee Score, the visual analogue scale, the presence of radiolucencies, complications, survival and reasons for revision. RESULTS: Of 104 TKA, 86 were available for revision. The median age was 76 years. The mean follow-up was 5.4 years (range 3.7-6.9). The Oxford Knee Score punctuation showed a median of 17 presurgical (range 0-40) and 37 post surgical (range 5-48), P<.001. The 87.2% of the patients obtained a clinically significant improvement. The median visual analogue scale punctuation was 8 for presurgical (range 4-10) and 2 for post surgical (range 1-9), P<.001. The 88.3% of the patients obtained a clinically significant decrease. Three months after the surgery, the 55.81% of the TKAs presented radiolucencies around the tibial plateau. At the end of the follow-up, radiolucencies were present in 30.23% of the TKAs. Survival from all causes was 91.86% at 77.2 months and 96.5% due to aseptic loosening. CONCLUSION: Cementless knee prostheses are a valid option in patients aged 70 or older, presenting good clinical, radiological and survival results.

Comparison of leg length discrepancy correction after the use of a modular neck stem and its monoblock homologue in total primary hip arthroplasty. / Comparación de la corrección de la discrepancia de longitud de miembros tras el empleo de un vástago con cuello modular y su homólogo monobloque en la artroplastia total de cadera primaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Dual modularity stems seek to more precisely restore anatomy by allowing intraoperative adjustments thanks to modular necks. Our aim is to compare the radiographic length correction with the H MAX-M® Stem versus its monoblock counterpart H MAX-S®. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was carried out through consecutive sampling on patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty with coxarthrosis diagnosis between 2011 and 2015. One arm of the cohort included patients who were operated with a modular stem and the other with a monobloc stem. Length was measured on the anteroposterior pelvic-bearing radiograph at six months. The mean of the measurements obtained for each arm of the cohort were compared with each other. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in the correction of asymmetry between both groups, determined as the difference in length between the operated hip and the contralateral hip (P=.106). Nor were differences observed in postoperative length values (P=.053). It should be noted that for both the modular stem and the monobloc stem, the majority group is the one with restored length (84.1% and 80.4%, respectively; P=.001). CONCLUSION: Despite the theoretical advantage of modularity and that having interchangeable parts could be of great interest, in our study, we have not been able to demonstrate a superiority of modular designs compared to monoblock for control of postoperative leg length discrepancy.

Comparison of the correction of the femoral offset after the use of a stem with modular neck and its monoblock homologue in total primary hip arthroplasty. / Comparación de la corrección del offset femoral tras el empleo de un vástago monobloque y un vástago con cuello modular en la artroplastia total de cadera primaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Dual modularity stems were introduced with the theoretical advantage of restoring hip anatomy more precisely through femoral offset and limb length adjustment. Interchangeable necks allow for intraoperative angulation, anteversion and length changes. Our objective is to study whether a better femoral offset correction is achieved with the H MAX-M® prosthesis (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italy) compared to its monoblock counterpart. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted by means of consecutive sampling on adult patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty with the diagnosis of coxarthrosis between January 2011 and December 2015. This cohort has two arms, one arm included patients who underwent modular neck arthroplasty and the other included patients who underwent monoblock total hip arthroplasty. Radiographic offset measurement of the operated hip and the contralateral hip was performed, and the difference between both values was calculated. The mean of the measurements obtained for each arm of the cohort were compared with each other. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in the difference in offset between the operated hip and the contralateral hip (P=.323). No statistically significant differences were observed in the correction of the femoral offset, determined as the difference between the operated hip and the contralateral hip (P=.323). Nor were differences observed in the postoperative offset values (P=.097). It should be noted that for both designs, the majority group is the one with restored offset (P=.001).

Results after the application of biodegradable spacer balloons as a therapeutic option in non-repairable massive ruptures of the shoulder rotator cuff. / Resultados tras la aplicación de balones espaciadores biodegradables como opción terapéutica en roturas masivas no reparables del manguito de los rotadores del hombro.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most frequently treated pathologies in our department are tendon lesions that affect the rotator cuff of the shoulder. There are different types of treatment for massive or irreparable tears. For a few years, a low-invasive technique was introduced based on the placement of a biodegradable subacromial spacer. The objective of the work is to analyse the results of our experience with the use of this device (InSpaceTM). MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study collects the results obtained in 25 patients with irreparable ruptures of rotator cuff defined by RM, in which they were implanted a balloon subacromial in our centre in the period from January 2015 - until December 2017. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and one year after surgery including the visual analogue scale (VAS), the Constant test (CS) and the QuickDASH (QD). RESULTS: Of the 25 patients, 5 patients (20%) were operated by arthroscopy and 20 (80%) By open approach (mini-open). A total of 22 patients completed the follow-up year. At 12 months, 64% of the patients obtained an improvement of at least 10 points in the CS. Patients departed from an initial average CS of 32 points that improved to 54.9 points of average in the postoperative evaluation at 12 months (average improvement 22.9 points; Value-p < 0.05). In terms of pain assessment, in our study, 87% of patients obtained an improvement of at least 2 points in the EVA at 12 months of follow-up (P-value < 0.05). Patients departed from an initial average EVA of 8.7 that improved to 3.7 points average at 12 months. 73% of the patients responded to be satisfied with the intervention and would return to the surgery. CONCLUSIóN: The results obtained in our series to one year of follow-up speak in favour of the use of the Subacromial Balloon (InSpaceTM), as a therapeutic option available for patients with irreparable ruptures of the rotator cuff. It can be used as an interim procedure, delaying the need for more invasive surgery, or as a definitive procedure in patients medically non-candidates for reverse arthroplasty. It is important to have clear indications of this procedure in order not to make mistakes.

Results of cementless total knee arthroplasty in patients over 70 years of age. / Resultados de la artroplastia total de rodilla no cementada en pacientes mayores de 70 años.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and radiologic results, the survival and complications obtained in 70 year or older patients who underwent cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA). MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational study of patients operated between January 2014 and December 2016 was carried out according to the Natural Knee model (Zimmer®, USA). The main variables were the Oxford Knee Score, the visual analog scale, the presence of radiolucencies, complications, survival and reasons for revision. RESULTS: Of 104 TKA, 86 were available for revision. The median age was 76 years. The mean follow-up was 5.4 years (range 3.7-6.9). The Oxford Knee Score punctuation showed a median of 17 presurgical (range 0-40) and 37 post surgical (range 5-48), P<.001. The 87.2% of the patients obtained a clinically significant improvement. The median visual analog scale punctuation was 8 for presurgical (range 4-10) and 2 for post surgical (range 1-9), P<.001. The 88.3% of the patients obtained a clinically significant decrease. Three months after the surgery, the 55.81% of the TKAs presented radiolucencies around the tibial plateau. At the end of the follow-up, radiolucencies were present in 30.23% of the TKAs. Survival from all causes was 91.86% at 77.2 months and 96.5% due to aseptic loosening. CONCLUSION: Cementless knee prostheses are a valid option in patients aged 70 or older, presenting good clinical, radiological and survival results.

Using WhatsApp® in our clinical practice: a pilot study. / El uso del WhatsApp® en nuestra práctica clínica: estudio piloto.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of WhatsApp as a clinical tool and determine the perception of orthopaedic surgeons of its usefulness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Orthopaedic surgeons attending a scientific meeting were invited to complete an anonymous and structured survey on the use of the application in the clinical setting. RESULTS: A total of 41 (38%) surveys were correctly completed. Of the respondents, 100% had been either senders or receivers of clinical information via the application. Ninety-three percent had used the application to consult in relation to a clinical case. Of the respondents, 78% belonged to a WhatsApp group in which clinical information is shared: 71% agreed that communication between clinicians through WhatsApp is a useful tool for making therapeutic decisions. CONCLUSION: The use of WhatsApp for clinical purposes by orthopaedic surgeons is widespread. Most consider it a useful tool in therapeutic decision making.

Factors predicting one-year mortality of patients over 80 years operated after femoral neck fracture. / Factores predictivos de la mortalidad al año en pacientes mayores de 80 años intervenidos de fractura del cuello femoral.

INTRODUCTION: In the Spanish population, previous studies related to mortality after hip fracture are based on patients aged 60 to 102years and did not stratify patients according to the type of fracture. The objective of this study was to identify the factors with influence on mortality at one postoperative year in patients aged 80years or older after a femoral neck fracture. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study of cases and controls. Consecutive patients operated between 2015 and 2016 were included. Baseline characteristics, medical history and previous medication, analytical parameters, Charlson index, ASA scale, Barthel index and Pfeiffer questionnaire were studied. Surgical data and complications were recorded during follow-up. Survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the variables that affected it by Cox regression. RESULTS: Mortality one year postoperatively was 21.1% and mean survival 10.3months (95%CI: 9.7-10.9). The Cox regression showed that age >87years, Barthel score ≤85 and the combination of anticoagulants with INR ≥1.5 were significant predictors of mortality during the first year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The predictors of mortality during the first postoperative year after femoral neck fracture in octogenarian or older patients were: age>87years, physical dependence measured by a Barthel index score ≤85, and the use of anticoagulants with a INR ≥1.5 at admission.

Which route of administration of acid tranexamic, intravenous or intra-articular, is more effective in the control of post-surgical bleeding after a total hip arthroplasty? A prospective, controlled and randomized study. / Aplicación del tranexámico intravenoso o intraarticular en el control del sangrado posquirúrgico tras una artroplastia total de cadera. Estudio prospectivo, controlado y aleatorizado.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most frequent complications after a total hip arthroplasty (THA) is bleeding, intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) is used to reduce it. We considered it necessary to carry out a study to clarify which administration route is superior. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Prospective, controlled and randomized study in 2 arms carried out between February 2017 and February 2018. 15mg/kg of intravenous TXA were administered in group-A and 2gr of intra-articular TXA in group-B. The values of haemoglobin and haematocrit were evaluated at 24h-72h, blood loss volume, drained blood volume, transfusions and complications. RESULTS: 78 patients were included, 31 with intravenous treatment and 47 with intra-articular. The decrease of haemoglobin in the intravenous group was 3.15±1.64g/dl in 24h and 3.75±1.56g/dl in 72h, the haematocrit decreased by 10.4±4.17% in 24h and 11.85±4.15% in 72h. In the intra-articular group there was a haemoglobin fall of 3.03±1.30g/dl in 24h and 3.22±1.2g/dl in 72h and the haematocrit fell by 10.66±3.6% and 12,11±3.29% in 24 and 72h (P>.05). The mean drainage in 24h was 195.80ml in group-A versus 253.93ml in group-B (P>.05) and in 48h it was 225.33ml in group-A and 328.19ml in group-B (P=.009). The intravenous group lost an average of 1,505ml of blood compared to the 11,280ml of the intra-articular group. In 5.1% of the cases, transfusions were necessary. We had no secondary complications. CONCLUSIONS: The different routes of administration of TXA in THA have a similar effect in the reduction of postoperative bleeding. There was no evidence of an increase in complications.

Primary total hip arthroplasty with fourth-generation ceramic bearings: Clinical and survival results with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. / Prótesis total de cadera primaria con par de fricción cerámica sobre cerámica de cuarta generación: resultados clínicos y de supervivencia con un seguimiento mínimo de 5 años.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical results and survival of primary hip prosthesis with ceramic delta bearings (C-C) with a minimum follow-up of 5years. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 205 primary hip arthroplasties performed between 2008 and 2012 were studied. The clinical results, pre-surgical and at 5years of follow-up were evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS), the Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and the visual analogue scale (VAS). The position of the prosthetic components, periprosthetic osteolysis, loosening of the prosthetic components and ruptures of the ceramic components were studied radiologically. The adverse events related to bearings were recorded according to their diameter, paying special attention to prosthetic dislocations and the presence of noise. Survival with an endpoint of prosthetic revision for any cause was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Significant improvements were obtained in the HHS (88.7% of good/excellent results), SF36, WOMAC and EVA, P<.001. There were 19 adverse events related to the prosthesis (4 periprosthetic fractures, 4 dislocations, 2 superficial infections, 1 mobilization of the cup, 2 noises, 4 aseptic loosenings and 2 breaks of the prosthetic neck); 47.3% needed revision. The cumulative survival of the prostheses was 97.5% (95%CI: 96.4-98.5). No differences were found in survival, prosthetic adverse events, noise incidence or dislocations and clinical results among the different diameters used. CONCLUSIONS: Primary hip prostheses with fourth-generation ceramic bearings showed good survival in the medium term, and good clinical results.

Factors associated with the development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after non-displaced femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation. / Factores asociados al desarrollo de necrosis avascular de cabeza femoral tras fractura del cuello femoral no desplazada tratada con fijación interna.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors with influence on the development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) in patients with non-displaced femoral neck fractures treated with internal fixation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study of cases and controls. We included non-displaced femoral neck fractures treated with internal fixation, and that presented ANFH with a postoperative follow-up of at least 2 years. The baseline variables, active comorbidities of the patients, the time for surgery and the number of screws used for osteosynthesis were recorded. Comparisons were made between the groups, those that presented ANFH and those that did not. By area under the curve, the cut-offs of age and time for surgery were located. RESULTS: An association between sex, active comorbidities and number of screws used and the development of ANFH was not observed. The cut-off points for age and time for surgery were≤69 years and≤43hours, respectively. No significant correlation was observed for the cut-off time for surgery. In the multivariate analysis, age≤69 years was a significant predictor of the development of ANFH (OR 4.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 17.9; P=.028). CONCLUSIONS: The patients aged 69 years or younger were at increased risk of developing ANFH after undisplaced femoral neck fracture treated with percutaneous screws.

Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the 4th and 5th finger using an interlocking screw device to treat severe recurrence of Dupuytren's disease. / Artrodesis de la articulación Interfalángica proximal del 4.° y 5.° dedo utilizando un dispositivo de tornillos entrelazados a compresión en el tratamiento de la recidiva grave de la enfermedad de Dupuytren.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the radiological and functional outcome of arthrodesis of the 4th and 5th finger using the APEX™ (Extremity Medical, Parsippany,NJ)intermedullary interlocking screw system in patients with severe recurrence of Dupuytren's disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The DASH questionnaire and the VAS scale were used to assess the clinical outcomes. The angle of arthrodesis, fusion time and implant fixation were evaluated on x-rays. The patients were monitored for complications during surgery and the follow-up period. RESULTS: The sample comprised 6 patients. Mean follow up was 19.6 months. All of the patients presented clinical and radiological evidence of fusion at 8 weeks, with fusion angles of 30° (3) and 45° (3). There were no complications and none of the implants had to be removed. The functional outcomes in these patients were poor. CONCLUSION: The system offers a reliable method for IPJ arthrodesis at a precise angle. It promotes stable fixation that does not require prolonged immobilisation. It can be used together with other procedures on the hand with severe recurrence of DD. The functional outcomes for this group of patients using this device were poor.

[Randomized prospective study on the influence distal block and Gamma 3 nail on the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of femur]. / Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado sobre la influencia del bloqueo distal del clavo Gamma 3 en el tratamiento de las fracturas pertrocantéreas de fémur.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess the need to lock the Gamma 3 nail (Stryker, Mahwah New Jersey USA) distally for intertrochanteric fractures of femur 31-A1 and 31-A2 of the AO. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Details were recorded on a sample of 177 patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures treated in our hospital by a standard Gamma nail between June 2011 and January 2013. A prospective study was conducted by randomizing patients by year of birth, even numbers with, or odd number without, distal locking, forming two groups of 90 and 87 fractures, respectively. RESULTS: The patients treated with a distal locking nail had an increased incidence of medical complications, a lower incidence of biomechanical complications, and an increase in the fracture collapse compared with the control group, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). It is also observed in the group with distal locking increased transfusion requirement and a higher death rate, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05), but this significance disappears when adjusting for other patient-related characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results found in this work, the use of distal locking screw in the Gamma 3 nails should be restricted to unstable trochanteric fractures after reduction where additional stability to the intramedullary nail is required, and may decrease the risk of complications from use.