RESUMO
Unusual cascade transformation involving ring opening and 1,2-alkyl shift was observed upon the reduction of 4'H-spiro[indole-3,5'-isoxazoles] or 2-(3-oxoindolin-2-yl)acetonitriles with sodium borohydride. This reaction allowed for expeditious and highly efficient preparation of 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)acetamides with antiproliferative properties.
Assuntos
Acetamidas , Isoxazóis , Acetamidas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Indóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
A series of cystargolide-based ß-lactone analogues containing nitrogen atoms at the Pz portion of the scaffold were prepared and evaluated as proteasome inhibitors, and for their cytotoxicity profile toward several cancer cell lines. Inclusion of one, two or even three nitrogen atoms at the Pz portion of the cystargolide scaffold is well tolerated, producing analogues with low nanomolar proteasome inhibition activity, in many cases superior to carfilzomib. Additionally, analogue 8g, containing an ester and pyrazine group at Pz, was shown to possess significant activity toward RPMI 8226 cells (IC50 = 21 nM) and to be less cytotoxic toward the normal tissue model MCF10A cells than carfilzomib.
RESUMO
Our laboratories have been investigating biological effects of a sesquiterpenoid polygodial and its natural and synthetic analogues. Herein, we report the evaluation of these compounds against the three forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, amastigotes, trypomastigotes and epimastigotes. Although polygodial was found to be poorly active, its natural congener epipolygodial and synthetic Wittig-derived analogues showed low micromolar potency against all three forms of the parasite. Synthetic α,ß-unsaturated phosphonate 9 compared favorably with clinically approved drugs benznidazole and nifurtimox, and was effective against trypomastigotes, toward which benznidazole showed no activity.[Formula: see text].
Assuntos
Estágios do Ciclo de Vida/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Tripanossomicidas/farmacologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Nitroimidazóis/química , Nitroimidazóis/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/químicaRESUMO
Aim: The current report describes the discovery of indole derivatives that synergize with standard antibiotics. Materials & methods: The antibacterial activities were determined using an optimized time-kill method, while viability of mammalian cells was assessed using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: The synergy is observed with methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains, against which the standard antibiotics show no activities of their own. Our indole derivatives in combination with antibiotics lack toxicity toward mammalian cells, do not promote the evolution of resistance of S. aureus in comparison to clinically established antibiotics, and likely work by permeabilizing bacterial cell membranes. Conclusion: The above-mentioned findings demonstrate the potential clinical applications of our indole derivatives.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Indóis/química , Indóis/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Meticilina/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/fisiologia , Estrutura Molecular , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Increasing quantities of pharmaceutical waste in the environment have disrupted the balance of ecosystems, and may have subsequent effects on human health. Although a handful of previous studies have shown the impacts of pharmaceutically active compounds on the environment, the toxicological effects of their degradation products remain largely unknown. In the current study, the photo-degradation products of environmental ibuprofen were assessed for both ecotoxicological and human health effects using a series of in vitro assays. Here, six of the major degradation products are synthesized with high purity (>98%) and characterized with 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FT-IR and HRMS. To evaluate human health effects, three gut microbiota species, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, and two human cell lines, HEK293T and HepG2, are exposed to various concentrations of ibuprofen and its degradation products. On L. acidophilus, the ibuprofen degradation product (±)-(2R,3R)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-ol shows a greater toxic effect while ibuprofen enhances its growth at lower concentrations. At higher concentrations, ibuprofen shows at least a 2-fold higher toxicity compared to that of its degradation products. However, E. faecalis shows little or no effect upon exposure to these compounds. An induction of the SOS response in E. coli is observed but limited to only ibuprofen and 4-acetylbenzoic acid. In human cell line studies, survival of both HEK293T and HepG2 cell lines is profoundly impaired by the photo-degradation products of (±)- (2R,3R)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-ol, (±)-(2R,3S)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-ol, and (±)-1-(4-(1-hydroxy-2methylpropyl)phenyl)ethan-1-one. In this work, the bioluminescence bacterium, Aliivibrio fischeri, is used as a model to assess environmental impact. Both ibuprofen and its degradation products inhibit the growth of this gram-negative bacteria with the primary compound showing the most significant impact. Overall, our results highlight that some of the degradation products of ibuprofen can be more toxic to human kidney cell line and liver cell line than the parent compound while ibuprofen can be more toxic to human gut microbiota and A. fischeri than ibuprofen degradation products.
Assuntos
Aliivibrio fischeri/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ibuprofeno/toxicidade , Fotólise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ecossistema , Ecotoxicologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Células HEK293 , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Ibuprofeno/química , Resposta SOS em Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/químicaRESUMO
The structural dependence of the photo-physical properties of substituted 2,3-distyryl (23DSI) indoles were studied using several spectroscopic techniques including steady-state UV-VIS spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, steady-state excitation spectroscopy, time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) spectroscopy, and time-resolved fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy (TRFLS). Each of 23DSI derivatives investigated showed distinct fluorescence emission and UV-VIS spectra, indicating strong structural dependence of the emission and the excitation. The UV-VIS spectra of the 23DSI derivatives showed three main identical absorption bands with minor deviations in the absorbance caused by substituent groups on the distyryl rings. The time-resolved fluorescence up-conversion studies indicated that the fluorescence undergoes a mono-exponential decay whereas the calculated fluorescence lifetime showed relatively short fluorescence lifetimes of approximately 1 ns. All of the 23DSI derivatives showed two-photon absorption upon direct excitation of 1.6 W laser pulses at 800 nm. These studies suggest that the substituents, attached to distyryl core, are capable of boosting or hindering fluorescence intensities by distorting the π-conjugation of the 23DSI molecule. Our studies showed that 23DSI (p-F) has the highest fluorescence emission quantum yield. Theoretical calculations for the ground state of 23DSI derivatives confirmed differences in electron densities in 23DSI derivatives in the presence of different substituent attachments. The excellent fluorescence emission, high fluorescence quantum yield and two-photon absorption properties of these 23DSI molecules make them attractive candidates for potential applications in the fields of biological imaging, biomedicine, fluorescent probes, and photodynamic inactivation (PDI). B. subtilis samples, treated with micro molar solutions of 23DSI (p-OCH3) and 23DSI (p-CH3), showed very effective photodynamic inactivation (PDI) upon irradiation with white light.
RESUMO
Our laboratories have been investigating synthetic analogues of marine alkaloid rigidins that possess promising anticancer activities. These analogues, based on the 7-deazahypoxanthine skeleton, are available in one- or two-step synthetic sequences and exert cytotoxicity by disrupting microtubule dynamics in cancer cells. In the present work we extended the available structure-activity relationship (SAR) data to N3- and N9-substituted derivatives. Although N3 substitution results in loss of activity, the N9-substituted compounds retain nanomolar antiproliferative activities and the anti-tubulin mode of action of the original unsubstituted compounds. Furthermore, our results also demonstrate that multidrug-resistance (MDR) proteins do not confer resistance to both N9-unsubstituted and -substituted compounds. It was found that sublines overexpressing ABCG2, ABCC1, and ABCB1 proteins are as responsive to the rigidin analogues as their parental cell lines. Thus, the study reported herein provides further impetus to investigate the rigidin-inspired 7-deazahypoxanthines as promising anticancer agents.
Assuntos
Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Hipoxantina/farmacologia , Microtúbulos/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Alcaloides/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Células HeLa , Humanos , Hipoxantina/síntese química , Hipoxantina/química , Células MCF-7 , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino/efeitos dos fármacos , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Pirimidinas/química , Pirróis/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
A strain-release-driven, cation-templated nucleophilic 7- and 8- exo-trig-cyclization of tethered Boc-protected amines to cyclopropenes is described. The featured reaction proceeds in diastereo- and regioselective fashion and allows for preparation of the corresponding 2,5-diazabicyclo[5.1.0]octan-6-ones and 2,6-diazabicyclo[6.1.0]nonan-7-ones as sole products in high yields. Preliminary studies on anticancer activities of these novel cyclopropane-fused medium heterocycles were performed.
RESUMO
With the growth of the human population, a greater quantity of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been released into the environment. Although research has addressed the levels and the impact of PPCPs in the environment, the fate of these compounds in surface waters is neither well known nor characterized. In the environment, PPCPs can undergo various transformations that are critically dependent on environmental factors such as solar radiation and the presence of soil particles. Given that the degradation products of PPCPs are poorly characterized, these "secondary residues" can be a significant environmental health hazard due to their drastically different toxicologic effects when compared with the parent compounds. To better understand the fate of PPCPs, we studied the degradation of selected PPCPs, including ibuprofen and clofibric acid, in aqueous solutions that contained kaolinite clay and were irradiated with a solar simulator. The most abundant degradation products were identified and assessed for their toxicologic impact on selected microorganisms. The degraded mixtures showed lower toxicity than the starting compounds; however, as these degradation products are capable of further transformation and interaction with other PPCPs in natural waters, our work highlights the importance of additionally characterizing the PPCP degradation products.
RESUMO
The peptidic ß-lactone proteasome inhibitors (PIs) cystargolides A and B were used to conduct structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies in order to assess their anticancer potential. A total of 24 different analogs were designed, synthesized and evaluated for proteasome inhibition, for cytotoxicity towards several cancer cell lines, and for their ability to enter intact cells. X-ray crystallographic analysis and subunit selectivity was used to determine the specific subunit binding associated with the structural modification of the ß-lactone (P1), peptidic core, (Px and Py), and end-cap (Pz) of our scaffold. The cystargolide derivative 5k, structurally unique at both Py and P1, exhibited the most promising inhibitory activity for the ß5 subunit of human proteasomes (IC50â¯=â¯3.1â¯nM) and significant cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 (IC50â¯=â¯416â¯nM), MDA-MB-231 (IC50â¯=â¯74â¯nM) and RPMI 8226 (IC50â¯=â¯41â¯nM) cancer cell lines. Cellular infiltration assays revealed that minor structural modifications have significant effects on the ability of our PIs to inhibit intracellular proteasomes, and we identified 5k as a promising candidate for continued therapeutic studies. Our novel drug lead 5k is a more potent proteasome inhibitor than carfilzomib with mid-to-low nanomolar IC50 measurements and it is cytotoxic against multiple cancer cell lines at levels approaching those of carfilzomib.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Lactonas/farmacologia , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteassoma/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteassoma/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Dipeptídeos/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Lactonas/síntese química , Lactonas/química , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteassoma/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
A strain-release-driven, cation-templated intramolecular nucleophilic addition of tethered alkoxides to prochiral cyclopropenes is described. Employment of chiral ß- and γ-amino alkoxides allowed for highly diastereoselective assembly of a small series of enantiopure cyclopropane-fused oxazepanones. It was shown that the chiral center at C-4 plays a crucial role in controlling desymmetrization of the cyclopropenyl moiety, instigated by a profound potassium-templated effect. The preliminary biological activities of the new cyclopropane-fused medium heterocycles against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria, cancer cells, and fungus were evaluated.
Assuntos
Amino Álcoois/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Amino Álcoois/química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Reação de Cicloadição , Ciclopropanos/síntese química , Ciclopropanos/química , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias/patologia , Potássio/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Compounds based on the 2,3-distyrylindole scaffold were found to exhibit bactericidal properties upon irradiation with white light. At the concentration of 1⯵M, the lead compound 1 completely (ca. 109â¯CFU/mL) eradicated such Gram-positive organisms as S. aureus (MRSA, MSSA), E. faecalis (VRE), S. pyogenes and S. mutans when irradiated with white light for 2â¯min. At the concentration of 5⯵M and in the presence of polymyxin E at non-bactericidal 1.25⯵g/mL concentration, 1 also showed a 7-log to 9-log reductions in bacterial counts of such Gram-negative organisms as multi-drug resistant (MDR) A. baumannii, MDR P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRE: KPC and NDM-1), also when irradiated with white light for 2â¯min. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that unsubstituted at benzene rings 2,3-distyrylindole 2 was most potent and gave a 5-order of magnitude eradication of a MRSA strain at the concentration of 30â¯nM upon irradiation with white light. Initial mechanistic experiments revealed the disruption of bacterial cell membrane, but indicated that singlet oxygen production, which is commonly associated with photodynamic therapy, may not play a role in the bactericidal effects of the 2,3-distyrylindoles.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Indóis/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Parede Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/farmacologia , Luz , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Oxigênio Singlete/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Optical properties and fluorescence decay dynamics of a photoactive indole based antibacterial chromophore system, 2,3-distyrylindole (23DSI), were investigated using various spectroscopic characterization techniques. Experimental studies were done by utilizing steady-state UV-vis spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy, and time-correlated single-photon counting spectroscopy. Our studies show that the 23DSI molecule has a multiphoton absorption property as indicated by two- and three-photon absorption in the both the solution and the solid phases. The ultrafast time-resolved fluorescence upconversion studies show that this molecule undergoes a fast decay process with an average time constant of 34 ps, a single exponential decay, and an average fluorescence lifetime of 1 ns. The compound 23DSI did not show any signs of singlet oxygen production. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the 23DSI molecule has conjugated electron densities that are responsible for multiphoton absorption. The chlorine-substituted styryl groups, attached to the central indole ring facilitate the excellent electron delocalization within the molecule. This optimal electron delocalization, combined with the good electron conjugation in the 23DSI molecule is important for efficient multiphoton absorption and is in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Both the optical spectrum and emission spectrum using DFT calculations are also surprisingly well matched with the experimentally measured UV-vis spectrum and the emission spectrum, respectively. Combined experimental and theoretical studies suggest that excited electrons initially relax to the singlet state (S1) by internal conversion (IC) and subsequently relax back to their ground state by emitting absorbed energy as fluorescence emission. The outstanding multiphoton absorption capabilities of this 23DSI molecule support its potential application in both biological imaging and photodynamic inactivation (PDI).
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Fluorescência , Processos Fotoquímicos , Teoria Quântica , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
The growing medical and personal needs of human populations have escalated release of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into our natural environment. This work investigates abiotic degradation pathways of a particular PPCP, ibuprofen, in the presence of a major mineral component of soil (kaolinite clay), as well as the health effects of the primary compound and its degradation products. Results from these studies showed that the rate and extent of ibuprofen degradation is greatly influenced by the presence of clay particles and solar radiation. In the absence of solar radiation, the dominant reaction mechanism was observed to be the adsorption of ibuprofen onto clay surface where surface silanol groups play a key role. In contrast, under solar radiation and in the presence of clay particles, ibuprofen breaks down to several fractions. The decay rates were at least 6-fold higher for irradiated samples compared to those of dark conditions. Toxicity of primary ibuprofen and its secondary residues were tested on three microorganisms: Bacillus megaterium, Pseudoaltermonas atlantica; and algae from the Chlorella genus. The results from the biological assays show that primary PPCP is more toxic than the mixture of secondary products. Overall, however, biological assays carried out using only 4-acetylbenzoic acid, the most abundant secondary product, show a higher toxic effect on algae compared to its parent compound.
Assuntos
Ibuprofeno/química , Ibuprofeno/toxicidade , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Adsorção , Bacillus megaterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Chlorella/efeitos dos fármacos , Caulim , Minerais/química , Poluentes do Solo/química , Testes de Toxicidade/métodosRESUMO
A total synthesis of the cytotoxic terpenoid hortonone C was accomplished and its absolute stereochemistry confirmed. Intermediate (+)-4 was synthesized using either an asymmetric conjugate addition strategy, or by elaboration of the Hajos-Parrish ketone. Reduction of (+)-4 under dissolving-metal conditions and trapping the enolate intermediate served to control the cis-stereochemistry at the ring fusion and provide a silyl enol ether necessary for ring expansion. Comparison of optical rotation data confirmed that the absolute configuration of natural hortonone C is (6S,7S,10S).
RESUMO
Plants of the Amaryllidaceae family produce a large variety of alkaloids and non-basic secondary metabolites, many of which are investigated for their promising anticancer activities. Of these, crinine-type alkaloids based on the 5,10b-ethanophenanthridine ring system were recently shown to be effective at inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells resistant to various pro-apoptotic stimuli and representing tumors with dismal prognoses refractory to current chemotherapy, such as glioma, melanoma, non-small-cell lung, esophageal, head and neck cancers, among others. Using this discovery as a starting point and taking advantage of a concise biomimetic route to the crinine skeleton, a collection of crinine analogues were synthetically prepared and evaluated against cancer cells. The compounds exhibited single-digit micromolar activities and retained this activity in a variety of drug-resistant cancer cell cultures. This investigation resulted in the discovery of new bicyclic ring systems with significant potential in the development of effective clinical cancer drugs capable of overcoming cancer chemotherapy resistance.
Assuntos
Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Amaryllidaceae/química , Amaryllidaceae/imunologia , Alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Humanos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Docking studies of tubulin-targeting C2-substituted 7-deazahypoxanthine analogues of marine alkaloid rigidins led to the design and synthesis of compounds containing linear C2-substituents. The C2-alkynyl analogue was found to have double- to single-digit nanomolar antiproliferative IC50 values and showed statistically significant tumor size reduction in a colon cancer mouse model at nontoxic concentrations. These results provide impetus and further guidance for the development of these rigidin analogues as anticancer agents.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Toxinas Marinhas/química , Toxinas Marinhas/farmacologia , Xantinas/síntese química , Xantinas/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Colchicina/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Modelos Moleculares , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tubulina (Proteína)/efeitos dos fármacos , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Moduladores de Tubulina/farmacologiaRESUMO
A new reaction of elemental phosphorus (P4) with elemental sulfur and 1,3-propylene glycol in the presence of different amines has been investigated. Ammonium salts of O,O'- alkylenedithiophosphoric acids have been observed as main products of the reaction. Octathiotetraphosphetane ammonium salts were formed as minor products. The reaction is characterized by a complete conversion of white phosphorus and is not accompanied by the release of hydrogen sulfide. The crystal structure features's of diethylammonium salt of O,O'-propylenedithiophosphoric acid were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Piperidinium salt of octathiotetraphosphetane in DMSO and DMF solutions possess significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
RESUMO
Polygodial, a terpenoid dialdehyde isolated from Polygonum hydropiperâ L., is a known agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloidâ 1 (TRPV1). In this investigation a series of polygodial analogues were prepared and investigated for TRPV1-agonist and anticancer activities. These experiments led to the identification of 9-epipolygodial, which has antiproliferative potency significantly exceeding that of polygodial. 9-Epipolygodial was found to maintain potency against apoptosis-resistant cancer cells as well as those displaying the multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. In addition, the chemical feasibility for the previously proposed mechanism of action of polygodial, involving the formation of a Paal-Knorr pyrrole with a lysine residue on the target protein, was demonstrated by the synthesis of a stable polygodial pyrrole derivative. These studies reveal rich chemical and biological properties associated with polygodial and its direct derivatives. These compounds should inspire further work in this area aimed at the development of new pharmacological agents, or the exploration of novel mechanisms of covalent modification of biological molecules with natural products.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Doxorrubicina/toxicidade , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Sesquiterpenos/síntese química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Canais de Cátion TRPV/antagonistas & inibidores , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismoRESUMO
The absolute stereochemistry of the cystargolides was determined by total synthesis. Evaluation of synthetic cystargolides and derivatives showed that the natural (2S,3R) stereochemistry is essential for activity. Moreover, benzyl esters (-)-10 and (-)-15 were found to be about 100 times more potent, and to selectively kill MCF-7 cancerous cells.