A Review of Modifiable Risk Factors in Young Women for the Prevention of Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in women aged less than 40 years and the second most common cause of cancer death in this age group. Global rates of young onset breast cancer have risen steadily over the last twenty years. Although young women with breast cancer have a higher frequency of underlying pathogenic mutations in high penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes (CSG) than older women, the vast majority of young breast cancer patients are not found to have a germline CSG mutation. There is therefore a need to inform young women regarding non-genetic breast cancer risk factors which have the potential to be influenced by changes in individual behaviour. A Pubmed search was performed using the search terms "young" or "early onset", and "breast cancer" and "modifiable risk". Titles and abstracts from peer-reviewed publications were screened for relevance. This review presents evidence for potentially modifiable risk factors of breast cancer risk in young women, including lifestyle factors (physical activity, body habitus, alcohol use, smoking, shift work and socioeconomic factors), reproductive and hormonal factors and iatrogenic risks. The extent to which these factors are truly modifiable is discussed and interactions between genetic and non-genetic risk factors are also addressed. Health care professionals have an opportunity to inform young women about breast health and risk when presenting at a "teachable moment", including the benefits of physical activity and alcohol habits as risk factor. More focussed discussions regarding individual personal risk and benefit should accompany conversations regarding reproductive health and take into consideration both non-modifiable and iatrogenic BC risk factors.

Genetics of breast cancer: management strategies and risk-reducing surgery.

The last two decades have witnessed major advances in genetic sequencing which have led to more accurate identification of women at risk of developing breast cancer and calculating the associated cancer risk. This review discusses the current genetic mutations conferring risk of developing breast cancer and the management pathway for these women with identifiable mutations as well as those with a strong family history for breast cancer. Management of these individuals is complex and should involve a multidisciplinary team with interest and expertise in breast cancer genetics. There are several treatment options ranging from surveillance to risk-reducing surgery. Risk reduction surgery has been popularised by celebrities who are carriers of breast cancer genes, and raised public awareness of breast cancer genetics and associated risk.

A randomised controlled feasibility trial to evaluate local heat preconditioning on wound healing after reconstructive breast surgery: the preHEAT trial.

OBJECTIVE: preHEAT was a randomised controlled feasibility trial to determine how best to measure skin necrosis in breast reconstruction to inform the design of a larger multicentre trial. BACKGROUND: Mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN) is a serious complication resulting in prolonged wound healing. Local heat preconditioning of the MSF before surgery has been shown to reduce skin necrosis in immediate breast reconstruction patients (IBR). METHOD: preHEAT was a single-centre, randomised control two-arm single-blind parallel arm feasibility trial of local heat preconditioning in breast cancer patients undergoing SSM and NSM at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. All patients undergoing IBR above the age of 18 were included. Intervention patients heated breast skin to 43 °C in three, 30-min cycles interrupted by spontaneous cooling using hot water bottles. The primary aim was to compare measurement of skin necrosis using binary 'yes/no' assessment, the SKIN score, and wound area. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one patients were randomised over a 2-year period (71 heated group, 70 controls). There was near perfect agreement between assessors using the "yes/no" measurement of necrosis. The proportion of patients experiencing necrosis in controls was 35% (n = 23/66) in the heated 26% (n = 18/68]). In the control group, 17% (n = 4/23) patients experiencing necrosis required surgical intervention for necrosis compared to 11% (n = 2/18) in the heated group. CONCLUSION: The binary outcome of MSFN "yes/no" is a suitable and reliable primary outcome measure of necrosis and was superior to the SKIN Score or necrosis area. The trial study design is feasible for a larger definitive trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN15744669. Date of registration: 25/02/2018.

The use of meshes and matrices in breast reconstruction.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in the UK ( Cancer Research UK, 2018 ). Breast reconstruction following mastectomy can be performed with prosthetic devices or autologous tissue. In the UK implant-based breast reconstruction following mastectomy is the most common type of breast reconstruction, estimated to account for 70% of the reconstructive caseload in the UK. Since 2001 there has been a considerable increase in the number of prosthetic reconstructions performed with the use of mesh or matrix to augment the reconstructive pocket. This article introduces the main types of mesh and matrix used in implant-based breast reconstruction, reconstructive techniques and reviews the benefits and complications associated with their use.

Application of the Prevena™ Incision Management System Following Complex Ventral Hernia Repairs with Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a drain on the healthcare economy. A recent development for the primary prevention of wound infections is the use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) on closed wounds. The Prevena™ Incision Management System (KCI USA, Inc., San Antonio, TX) is a new NPWT designed for application on closed surgical incisions in order to prevent potential wound-related complications. We evaluated the use of this new technology on large abdominal incisions following complex ventral hernia repairs with abdominal wall reconstruction in patients with risk factors for developing wound complications and conducted a review of the current literature pertaining to the use of NPWT on closed incisions.

Stent graft types for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: The UK prevalence of thoracic aneurysm is estimated at 10.4 per 100,000 person-years. Progressive and unpredictable enlargement can lead to rupture. Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms involves a stent graft system being introduced via the femoral artery and manipulated within the aorta under radiological guidance. Following endograft deployment, a seal is formed at the proximal and distal landing zones to exclude the aneurysm sac from the circulation. With the increasing popularity of endovascular repair there has been an increase in the number of commercially available stent graft designs on the market. This is an update of the review first published in 2013. OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to assess the different stent graft types for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Vascular Group Trials Search Co-ordinator (TSC) searched the Specialised Register (last searched February 2015) and the Cochrane Register of Studies CENTRAL (2015, Issue 1). Trial databases were searched by the TSC for details of ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of stent graft types in the repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms were sought without language restriction. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data collection and analysis was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. It was not possible to assess the quality of the evidence in the absence of studies eligible for inclusion in the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Unfortunately, no data exist regarding direct comparisons of the performance of different stent graft types. High quality RCTs evaluating stent graft types in thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair are required.

Stent graft types for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: The UK prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is estimated at 4.9% in over 65-year olds. Progressive and unpredictable enlargement can lead to rupture. Endovascular repair of AAAs involves a stent graft system being introduced via the femoral artery and manipulated within the aorta under radiological guidance. Following endograft deployment, a seal is formed at the proximal and distal landing zones to exclude the aneurysm sac from the circulation. With the increasing popularity of endovascular repair there has been an increase in the number of commercially available stent graft designs on the market. This is an update of the review first published in 2013. OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to assess the different stent graft types for endovascular repair of AAA. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Vascular Group Trials Search Co-ordinator (TSC) searched the Specialised Register (last searched February 2015) and the Cochrane Register of Studies (2015, Issue 1). Trial databases were searched by the TSC for details of ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of stent graft types in the repair of AAAs were sought without language restriction and in consultation with the Cochrane Vascular Group TSC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We planned to conduct data collection and analysis in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. It was not possible to review the quality of the evidence in the absence of studies eligible for inclusion in the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Unfortunately, no data exist regarding direct comparisons of the performance of different stent graft types. High quality randomised controlled trials evaluating stent graft types in abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair are required.

Expanding Horizons for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

Recent technological advances have allowed researchers to interrogate the genetic basis of abdominal aortic aneurysms in great detail. The results from these studies are expected to transform our understanding of this complex disease with both multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Clinicians need to keep abreast of these genetic findings and understand the implications for their practice. Patients will become increasingly informed on genetic risk, and a new era of individualized risk assessment for AAA is just beginning. This brief update aims to provide the clinician with a succinct précis of the recent progress in this area.

Local heat preconditioning in skin sparing mastectomy: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Experimental data has shown an association with a reduction of flap necrosis after local heat-application to a supraphysiological level resulting from the up-regulation of heat shock proteins, such as HSP-32. The proteins maintained capillary perfusion and increased tissue tolerance to ischaemia. The purpose of this translational study was to evaluate the effect of local heat preconditioning before skin sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. METHODS: A prospective non-randomised trial was performed from July 2009-April 2010. 50 consecutive patients at risk of skin flap necrosis (BMI >30, sternal-to-nipple distance>26 cm or breast size>C-cup) were included. Twenty-five patients were asked to heat-precondition their breast 24-h prior to surgery using a hot water bottle with a water temperature of 43 °C (thermometers provided), in three 30-min cycles interrupted by spontaneous cooling to room temperature. Skin flap necrosis was defined by the need for surgical debridement. LDI images were taken pre- and post-mastectomy to demonstrate an increase in tissue vascularity. RESULTS: 36% of women (n=25) without local heat-treatment developed skin flap necrosis, 12% developed skin flap necrosis in the treatment group, resulting in a 24% difference (n=25; p=0.047 (95%CI 1%-47%)). LDI scanning of the heated breast demonstrated an increase in vascularity compared to the contralateral non-heated breast. Median length of inpatient stay for treatment group was 4 days (95%CI(4, 7)), controls 8 days (95%CI(8, 9) (p=<0.001)). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggests that in selected cases, local heat preconditioning is a simple and non-invasive method of reducing skin necrosis and length of hospital stay following skin sparing mastectomy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12612001197820. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Stent graft types for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: The UK prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is estimated at 4.9% in over 65-year olds. Progressive and unpredictable enlargement can lead to rupture. Endovascular repair of AAAs involves a stent graft system being introduced via the femoral artery and manipulated within the aorta under radiological guidance. Following endograft deployment, a seal is formed at the proximal and distal landing zones to exclude the aneurysm sac from the circulation. With the increasing popularity of endovascular repair there has been an increase in the number of commercially available stent graft designs on the market. OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to assess the different stent graft types for endovascular repair of AAA. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Trials Search Co-ordinator (TSC) searched the Specialised Register (last searched November 2012) and CENTRAL (2012, Issue 10). Trial databases were searched by the TSC for details of ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of stent graft types in the repair of AAAs were sought without language restriction and in consultation with the Peripheral Vascular Disease Group TSC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We planned to conduct data collection and analysis in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Unfortunately, no data exist regarding direct comparisons of the performance of different stent graft types. Therefore, this review cannot recommend guidance to clinicians in their selection of stent graft types. High quality randomised controlled trials evaluating stent graft types in abdominal endovascular aneurysm repair are required.

Stent graft types for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: The UK prevalence of thoracic aneurysm is estimated at 10.4 per 100,000 person-years. Progressive and unpredictable enlargement can lead to rupture. Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms involves a stent graft system being introduced via the femoral artery and manipulated within the aorta under radiological guidance. Following endograft deployment, a seal is formed at the proximal and distal landing zones to exclude the aneurysm sac from the circulation. With the increasing popularity of endovascular repair there has been an increase in the number of commercially available stent graft designs on the market. OBJECTIVES: This review aimed to assess the different stent graft types for endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Trials Search Co-ordinator (TSC) searched the Specialised Register (last searched November 2012) and CENTRAL (2012, Issue 11). Trial databases were searched by the TSC for details of ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of stent graft types in the repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms were sought without language restriction. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data collection and analysis was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Unfortunately, no data exist regarding direct comparisons of the performance of different stent graft types. Therefore, this review cannot recommend guidance to clinicians in their selection of stent graft types. High quality RCTs evaluating stent graft types in thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair are required.