Important functional role of the protein osteopontin in the progression of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Background: Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer of the mesothelial lining associated with exposure to airborne non-degradable asbestos fibers. Its poor response to currently available treatments prompted us to explore the biological mechanisms involved in its progression. MPM is characterized by chronic non-resolving inflammation; in this study we investigated which inflammatory mediators are mostly expressed in biological tumor samples from MPM patients, with a focus on inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and matrix components. Methods: Expression and quantification of Osteopontin (OPN) was detected in tumor and plasma samples of MPM patients by mRNA, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The functional role of OPN was investigated in mouse MPM cell lines in vivo using an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model. Results: In patients with MPM, the protein OPN was significantly more expressed in tumors than in normal pleural tissues and predominantly produced by mesothelioma cells; plasma levels were elevated in patients and associated with poor prognosis. However, modulation of OPN levels was not significantly different in a series of 18 MPM patients receiving immunotherapy with durvalumab alone or with pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy, some of whom achieved a partial clinical response. Two established murine mesothelioma cell lines: AB1 and AB22 of sarcomatoid and epithelioid histology, respectively, spontaneously produced high levels of OPN. Silencing of the OPN gene (Spp1) dramatically inhibited tumor growth in vivo in an orthotopic model, indicating that OPN has an important promoting role in the proliferation of MPM cells. Treatment of mice with anti-CD44 mAb, blocking a major OPN receptor, significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that OPN is an endogenous growth factor for mesothelial cells and inhibition of its signaling may be helpful to restrain tumor progression in vivo. These findings have translational potential to improve the therapeutic response of human MPM.

Hepatotoxicity in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Risk factors for hepatic immune-related adverse events (HIRAEs) in patients with advanced/unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are unclear. We investigated: (i) clinical and morpho-pathological predictors of HIRAEs in 27 pretreatment tumor specimens, including surrogate biomarkers of the HCC immune class (based on intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures, and glutamine synthase, CD3, and CD79 expression); and (ii) the relationship between HIRAE onset and subsequent treatment outcomes. Fifty-eight patients were included-20 (34%) received ICIs alone, and 38 (66%) received ICIs plus targeted agents as first- or further-line treatment. After a median time of 0.9 months (range, 0.4-2.7), nine patients (15.5%) developed grade ≥ 3 hepatitis, which was significantly associated with higher baseline ALT levels (p = 0.037), and an infectious HCC etiology (p = 0.023). ICIs were safely resumed in six out of nine patients. Time to treatment failure (TTF) was not significantly different in patients developing grade ≥ 3 hepatitis vs. lower grades (3.25 vs. 3.91 months, respectively; p = 0.81). Biomarker surrogates for the HCC immune class were not detected in patients developing grade ≥ 3 hepatitis. Grade ≥ 3 hepatitis has a benign course that does not preclude safe ICI reintroduction, without any detrimental effect on TTF.

Single-cell profiling defines the prognostic benefit of CD39high tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells in luminal-like breast cancer.

Luminal-like breast cancer (BC) constitutes the majority of BC subtypes, but, differently from highly aggressive triple negative BC, is poorly infiltrated by the immune system. The quality of the immune infiltrate in luminal-like BCs has been poorly studied, thereby limiting further investigation of immunotherapeutic strategies. By using high-dimensional single-cell technologies, we identify heterogeneous behavior within the tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells infiltrating luminal-like tumors. A subset of CD127- CD39hi Trm cells, preferentially present in the tumor compared to the adjacent normal breast tissue or peripheral blood, retains enhanced degranulation capacity compared to the CD127+ CD39lo Trm counterpart ex vivo, and is specifically associated with positive prognosis. Nevertheless, such prognostic benefit is lost in the presence of highly-suppressive CCR8hi ICOShi IRF4+ effector Tregs. Thus, combinatorial strategies aiming at boosting Trm function and infiltration while relieving from Treg-mediated immunosuppression should be investigated to achieve proper tumor control in luminal-like BCs.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and reasons for or against adherence among dentists.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has spread widely among health care workers. Oral health care workers have an increased risk of being infected owing to dental practice characteristics. New, effective vaccines against COVID-19 have been approved for use. The authors aim was to evaluate intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in a population of dentists and identify factors associated with their intentions. METHODS: The authors conducted an anonymous online survey among 761 dentists enrolled at the Board of Physicians and Dentists of the District of Monza Brianza, Monza, Italy. The authors collected data on demographic characteristics, influenza vaccine uptake, COVID-19 history, vaccine attitudes, and specific reasons for their intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or not. RESULTS: Overall, 421 dentists completed the survey. More than 82% of the participants declared their intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The multivariate logistic regression model reported a positive association with receiving the influenza vaccine in the 2020-2021 influenza season (odds ratio, 5.15; 95% CI, 2.14 to 12.39) and a negative association with receiving a diagnosis of COVID-19 previously (odds ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.66). The participants' main reason for supporting vaccination was to protect their family and friends (87%) and their main reason for opposing vaccination was the lack of information (39%). CONCLUSIONS: It is fundamental to consider vaccine hesitancy in health care workers and address it properly because they must provide recommendations to patients and promote adherence to vaccination programs. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The vaccination of dental practitioners should be prioritized owing to the high risk related to dental practice.

Development of a Deep-Learning Pipeline to Recognize and Characterize Macrophages in Colo-Rectal Liver Metastasis.

Quantitative analysis of Tumor Microenvironment (TME) provides prognostic and predictive information in several human cancers but, with few exceptions, it is not performed in daily clinical practice since it is extremely time-consuming. We recently showed that the morphology of Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs) correlates with outcome in patients with Colo-Rectal Liver Metastases (CLM). However, as for other TME components, recognizing and characterizing hundreds of TAMs in a single histopathological slide is unfeasible. To fasten this process, we explored a deep-learning based solution. We tested three Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), namely UNet, SegNet and DeepLab-v3, with three different segmentation strategies, semantic segmentation, pixel penalties and instance segmentation. The different experiments are compared according to the Intersection over Union (IoU), a metric describing the similarity between what CNN predicts as TAM and the ground truth, and the Symmetric Best Dice (SBD), which indicates the ability of CNN to separate different TAMs. UNet and SegNet showed intrinsic limitations in discriminating single TAMs (highest SBD 61.34±2.21), whereas DeepLab-v3 accurately recognized TAMs from the background (IoU 89.13±3.85) and separated different TAMs (SBD 79.00±3.72). This deep-learning pipeline to recognize TAMs in digital slides will allow the characterization of TAM-related metrics in the daily clinical practice, allowing the implementation of prognostic tools.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical and pathological overview.

HCC incidence rates have been rising in the past 3 decades and by 2025 > 1 million individuals will be affected annually. High-throughput sequencing technologies led to the identification of several molecular HCC subclasses that can be broadly grouped into 2 major subgroups, each characterized by specific morphological and phenotypical features. It is likely that this increasing knowledge and a more appropriate characterization of HCC at the pathological level will impact HCC patient management.

Digital Pathology During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy: Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Transition to digital pathology usually takes months or years to be completed. We were familiarizing ourselves with digital pathology solutions at the time when the COVID-19 outbreak forced us to embark on an abrupt transition to digital pathology. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe how the abrupt transition to digital pathology might affect the quality of diagnoses, model possible causes by probabilistic modeling, and qualitatively gauge the perception of this abrupt transition. METHODS: A total of 17 pathologists and residents participated in this study; these participants reviewed 25 additional test cases from the archives and completed a final psychologic survey. For each case, participants performed several different diagnostic tasks, and their results were recorded and compared with the original diagnoses performed using the gold standard method (ie, conventional microscopy). We performed Bayesian data analysis with probabilistic modeling. RESULTS: The overall analysis, comprising 1345 different items, resulted in a 9% (117/1345) error rate in using digital slides. The task of differentiating a neoplastic process from a nonneoplastic one accounted for an error rate of 10.7% (42/392), whereas the distinction of a malignant process from a benign one accounted for an error rate of 4.2% (11/258). Apart from residents, senior pathologists generated most discrepancies (7.9%, 13/164). Our model showed that these differences among career levels persisted even after adjusting for other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are in line with previous findings, emphasizing that the duration of transition (ie, lengthy or abrupt) might not influence the diagnostic performance. Moreover, our findings highlight that senior pathologists may be limited by a digital gap, which may negatively affect their performance with digital pathology. These results can guide the process of digital transition in the field of pathology.

Insights for the application of TILs and AR in the treatment of TNBC in routine clinical practice.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), usually presenting with a very aggressive phenotype, is a heterogeneous entity. We aim to discuss new biomarkers, suitable for prognostic and predictive purposes. We retrospectively collected clinical variables and immunohistochemical characteristics of early TNBCs, specifically focusing on the prognostic and predictive significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and androgen receptor (AR) expression, assessing their correlation with clinical variables. Among 159 patients, TILs were significantly higher in younger patients and with lower BMI, and in tumors with higher ki-67 and greater nodal involvement; conversely, AR was significantly higher in older patients and in tumors with lower ki-67. Interestingly and in line with literature, both TILs level and ARs expression were lower within metastatic sites, in patients who developed distant metastases, compared to those found in the primary site. Small (pT1) and node negative tumors were highly represented and no correlation of either TILs or AR with prognosis could be observed. Our findings support the use of stromal TILs to identify a more aggressive, but chemo-sensitive phenotype, mostly represented in younger women, while AR may identify a less aggressive, slow-growing luminal TNBC subtype, more common among older patients. TILs and AR are worth implementing in routine clinical practice to refine prognosis even if, in our case series, we couldn't identify a significant correlation of the two variables with either disease-free and overall survival.

Macrophage morphology correlates with single-cell diversity and prognosis in colorectal liver metastasis.

It has long been known that in vitro polarized macrophages differ in morphology. Stemming from a conventional immunohistology observation, we set out to test the hypothesis that morphology of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) represents a correlate of functional diversity with prognostic significance. Density and morphological metrics of TAMs were measured and correlated with clinicopathological variables. While density of TAMs did not correlate with survival of CLM patients, the cell area identified small (S-TAM) and large (L-TAM) macrophages that were associated with 5-yr disease-free survival rates of 27.8% and 0.2%, respectively (P < 0.0001). RNA sequencing of morphologically distinct macrophages identified LXR/RXR as the most enriched pathway in large macrophages, with up-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, scavenger receptors, MERTK, and complement. In single-cell analysis of mononuclear phagocytes from CLM tissues, S-TAM and L-TAM signatures were differentially enriched in individual clusters. These results suggest that morphometric characterization can serve as a simple readout of TAM diversity with strong prognostic significance.

How Are We Facing It? Dispatches From Pathology Residents in a COVID-19 Lombardy Hospital.

At the end of February, the Italian National Health Service reported a hot spot of Coronavirus disease in the Lombardy region. COVID-19 is a highly pathogenic viral infection which poses some challenges for healthcare workers. Indeed, Pathology Departments are involved in reorganizing samples' management, from their delivery until their processing, according to National and WHO guidelines. Since Lombardy has been declared COVID-19 hot spot, due to decreasing number of surgical procedures, our Department adopted a policy to reduce personnel, allowing pathologists to work remotely during the outbreak. Lacking clear information about viral load on tissue samples, all human specimens must be considered potentially infectious, as well as patients during post-mortem examinations, and clinical information on COVID-19 status is mandatory. It is also important that Pathology staff receive an adequate training, and adherence to rules should be always accompanied by common sense.

Intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma with radiological enhancement patterns mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma.

Non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients requires demonstration of wash-in and wash-out on contrast-enhanced imaging. Recent studies have reported misclassification of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (MFCCC) as HCC. We aimed to analyze the contrast enhancement patterns of MFCCC, focusing especially on lesions mimicking HCC. We retrospectively evaluated all consecutive patients with MFCCC who underwent surgery between 2007 and 2017. Patients with mixed HCC-MFCCC were excluded. Two expert radiologists reviewed preoperative CT and MRI. Full-nodule hyperenhancement in the arterial phase in conjunction with hypoenhancement in the portal/late phase was classified as an "HCC-like pattern". Imaging of MFCCCs with an HCC-like pattern was reviewed by an additional radiologist blinded to clinical data. Ninety-two patients were analyzed. All patients were investigated with multiphase CT and 85 with MRI. Twelve tumors (13%) showed full-nodule arterial hyperenhancement. Of these, four were hypoenhancing in the portal/late phase. Overall, 4/92 (4%) MFCCCs (4/45 in patients with cirrhosis/hepatitis, 9%) showed an HCC-like pattern accounting for misclassification as HCC on imaging review. HCC-like MFCCCs accounted for 9% of single tumors ≤ 50 mm. All HCC-like MFCCCs occurred in patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis, whereas only 47% of non-HCC-like MFCCCs did so (p = 0.053). After a median follow-up of 29 months, all patients with HCC-like MFCCCs are alive and disease free (median 64 months). In conclusion, MFCCC was misdiagnosed as typical HCC in 4% of all cases and in 9% of patients with single tumors ≤ 50 mm or with cirrhosis/hepatitis. The risk of misdiagnosis should be considered prior to treatment planning.

Early Hepatic Lesions Display Immature Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Show Elevated Expression of Immune Inhibitory and Immunosuppressive Molecules.

PURPOSE: The impact of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is being extensively investigated. However, their presence during the early steps of human liver carcinogenesis remains unknown. We thus aimed to determine whether TLS are induced in preneoplastic/early hepatic lesions (EHL), and whether they are associated with a particular immune profile. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A series of 127 EHLs (low/high-grade dysplastic nodules, early HCC, and small and progressed HCC) was included in the study. TLSs were investigated by pathologic reviewing. Densities of immune cells were assessed using IHC. A subset of lesions was microdissected and gene expression profiling was performed with a custom NanoString panel. RESULTS: Compared with surrounding cirrhotic nodules, EHL of all stages displayed increased densities of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells. Immature TLSs were identified in 24% of EHL. Gene expression profiling identified a subset of EHL with elevated mRNA levels of various cytokines involved in immune cells' recruitment and TLS induction. This subgroup of EHL also showed overexpression of genes related to T- and B-cells' activation and antigen presentation, as well as those related to immunosuppression and immune exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS: Local immune activation occurs in the very early steps of liver carcinogenesis; however, it may not be fully efficient and paradoxically favor immune evasion and progression to full-blown HCC. These results have implications for the development of anti-HCC chemopreventive strategies in cirrhotic patients.

Surgical Treatment of Hepatocholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) is a rare liver malignancy that contains features of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma (MFCCC). Three classification systems for HCC-CC are described in literature and the majority of these tumors appear to be of the transitional type. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of transitional HCC-CC and to compare long-term oncological outcomes with HCC and MFCCC in surgically treated patients. SUMMARY: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies analyzing demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with transitional HCC-CC and evaluating treatments and outcomes associated with this neoplasm. Only comparative, retrospective analyses were included. A total of 14 studies, involving 13,613 patients with primary liver malignancy, were analyzed. All patients underwent surgery, either liver resection or transplantation. Four hundred and thirty-seven patients were affected by transitional HCC-CC (3.2%). For further analysis, patients with transitional HCC-CC were divided into 2 groups, the resection group and the transplantation group. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients were analyzed and compared to long-term oncological outcomes of patients with HCC and/or MFCCC, who underwent the same treatment. In the resection group, DFS rate at 5-year was 15, 31.6, and 20.3% for patients with transitional HCC-CC, HCC, and MFCCC, respectively; OS rate at 5-year was 32.7, 47.5, and 30.3% for patients with transitional HCC-CC, HCC, and MFCCC, respectively. In the transplantation group, DFS rate at 5-year was 40.9 and 87.4% for patients with transitional HCC-CC and HCC, respectively; OS rate at 5-year was 49.4 and 80.3% for patients with transitional HCC-CC and HCC, respectively. KEY MESSAGES: Transitional HCC-CC patients have significantly worse DFS and OS rates compared to HCC patients in both the resection group and the transplantation group. However, in the resection group, both DFS and OS rates of transitional HCC-CC patients are not statistically different from those of MFCCC patients.

Metabolome of Pancreatic Juice Delineates Distinct Clinical Profiles of Pancreatic Cancer and Reveals a Link between Glucose Metabolism and PD-1+ Cells.

Better understanding of pancreatic diseases, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is an urgent medical need, with little advances in preoperative differential diagnosis, preventing rational selection of therapeutic strategies. The clinical management of pancreatic cancer patients would benefit from the identification of variables distinctively associated with the multiplicity of pancreatic disorders. We investigated, by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, the metabolomic fingerprint of pancreatic juice (the biofluid that collects pancreatic products) in 40 patients with different pancreatic diseases. Metabolic variables discriminated PDAC from other less aggressive pancreatic diseases and identified metabolic clusters of patients with distinct clinical behaviors. PDAC specimens were overtly glycolytic, with significant accumulation of lactate, which was probed as a disease-specific variable in pancreatic juice from a larger cohort of 106 patients. In human PDAC sections, high expression of the glucose transporter GLUT-1 correlated with tumor grade and a higher density of PD-1+ T cells, suggesting their accumulation in glycolytic tumors. In a preclinical model, PD-1+ CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes differentially infiltrated PDAC tumors obtained from cell lines with different metabolic consumption, and tumors metabolically rewired by knocking down the phosphofructokinase (Pfkm) gene displayed a decrease in PD-1+ cell infiltration. Collectively, we introduced pancreatic juice as a valuable source of metabolic variables that could contribute to differential diagnosis. The correlation of metabolic markers with immune infiltration suggests that upfront evaluation of the metabolic profile of PDAC patients could foster the introduction of immunotherapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer.

Vessels Encapsulating Tumor Clusters (VETC) Is a Powerful Predictor of Aggressive Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

We investigated the clinical significance of a vascular growth pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the vessels that encapsulate tumor clusters (VETC), previously linked to HCC metastatic dissemination. VETC was assessed in a large multi-institutional cohort of 541 resected HCCs from Italy, Korea and Japan, and matched against a full spectrum of clinical and pathological variables. The VETC phenotype (defined as ≥ 55% tumor area by CD34 immunostaining) was easily reproducible and reliably detectable in whole sections and small-sized tissues of tissue microarray. VETC HCCs represented 18.9% of the whole series, the lowest proportion occurring in the cohort with smallest tumors (8.7%, Japanese series). VETC was significantly associated with several clinical and pathological features such as high alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) level, tumor size greater than 5 cm, poor differentiation, macrotrabecular pattern, less compact pattern, less inflammatory infiltrates, and frequent microvascular invasion. VETC was associated with early recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.52 [1.06-2.19], P = 0.023), disease-free survival (HR: 1.66 [1.21-2.27], P = 0.002), and overall survival (HR: 2.26 [1.37-3.72], P = 0.001) at multivariable analysis. VETC affected the survival in HCC patients stratified for etiology (hepatitis C virus/hepatitis B virus), vascular invasion, and specific molecular phenotypes (ß-catenin/GS+). This distinct vascular pattern was enriched in the recently reported macrotrabecular massive HCC subtype, which was seen in 7.8% (42 of 541) of patients and associated with high AFP levels and poor differentiation. Conclusion: The VETC pattern was found to be easily detectable in a consistent fraction of HCC and a powerful pathological finding affecting survival. This study suggests that the heterogeneous pattern of angiogenesis is involved in HCC behavior.

Peri-tumoural CD3+ Inflammation and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predict Overall Survival in Patients Affected by Colorectal Liver Metastases Treated with Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Systemic and local inflammation plays an important role in many cancers and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). While the role of local immune response mediated by CD3+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes is well-established, new evidence on systemic inflammation and cancer, such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), is emerging. The aim of this study is to seek an association between the CD3+ lymphocytes and NLR with patients' prognosis and possibly stratifying it accordingly. METHODS: From January 2005 to January 2013, 128 consecutive patients affected by CRLM and treated with chemotherapy and surgery were included in the study. Different cutoff levels were calculated with ROC curves for each of the biomarkers, and their relative outcome in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was determined. Associating the two biomarkers, three risk groups were determined: low risk (two protective biomarkers), intermediate risk (one protective biomarker) and high risk (no protective biomarker). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 45 months, median OS and RFS were 44 and 9 months, respectively. For OS, 29 (22.66%), 59 (46.09%) and 40 (31.25%) patients were in the low, intermediate and high-risk groups, respectively. Adjusted Cox regression analysis showed an increased risk of death in the intermediate group (HR 2.67 p = 0.007 95% CI 1.31-5.42) and high-risk group (HR 2.86 p = 0.005 95% CI 1.37-5.99) compared to the low-risk group (reference). CONCLUSION: Systemic and local immune response index allows stratification of patients in different OS and RFS risk groups.

Modulation of Biliary Cancer Chemo-Resistance Through MicroRNA-Mediated Rewiring of the Expansion of CD133+ Cells.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Changes in single microRNA (miRNA) expression have been associated with chemo-resistance in biliary tract cancers (BTCs). However, a global assessment of the dynamic role of the microRNome has never been performed to identify potential therapeutic targets that are functionally relevant in the BTC cell response to chemotherapy. APPROACH AND RESULTS: High-throughput screening (HTS) of 997 locked nucleic acid miRNA inhibitors was performed in six cholangiocarcinoma cell lines treated with cisplatin and gemcitabine (CG) seeking changes in cell viability. Validation experiments were performed with mirVana probes. MicroRNA and gene expression was assessed by TaqMan assay, RNA-sequencing, and in situ hybridization in four independent cohorts of human BTCs. Knockout of microRNA was achieved by CRISPR-CAS9 in CCLP cells (MIR1249KO) and tested for effects on chemotherapy sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. HTS revealed that MIR1249 inhibition enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity across all cell lines. MIR1249 expression was increased in 41% of cases in human BTCs. In validation experiments, MIR1249 inhibition did not alter cell viability in untreated or dimethyl sulfoxide-treated cells; however, it did increase the CG effect. MIR1249 expression was increased in CD133+ biliary cancer cells freshly isolated from the stem cell niche of human BTCs as well as in CD133+ chemo-resistant CCLP cells. MIR1249 modulated the chemotherapy-induced enrichment of CD133+ cells by controlling their clonal expansion through the Wnt-regulator FZD8. MIR1249KO cells had impaired expansion of the CD133+ subclone and its enrichment after chemotherapy, reduced expression of cancer stem cell markers, and increased chemosensitivity. MIR1249KO xenograft BTC models showed tumor shrinkage after exposure to weekly CG, whereas wild-type models showed only stable disease over treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MIR1249 mediates resistance to CG in BTCs and may be tested as a target for therapeutics.

NKp46-expressing human gut-resident intraepithelial Vδ1 T cell subpopulation exhibits high antitumor activity against colorectal cancer.

γδ T cells account for a large fraction of human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) endowed with potent antitumor activities. However, little is known about their origin, phenotype, and clinical relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC). To determine γδ IEL gut specificity, homing, and functions, γδ T cells were purified from human healthy blood, lymph nodes, liver, skin, and intestine, either disease-free, affected by CRC, or generated from thymic precursors. The constitutive expression of NKp46 specifically identifies a subset of cytotoxic Vδ1 T cells representing the largest fraction of gut-resident IELs. The ontogeny and gut-tropism of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs depends both on distinctive features of Vδ1 thymic precursors and gut-environmental factors. Either the constitutive presence of NKp46 on tissue-resident Vδ1 intestinal IELs or its induced expression on IL-2/IL-15-activated Vδ1 thymocytes are associated with antitumor functions. Higher frequencies of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs in tumor-free specimens from CRC patients correlate with a lower risk of developing metastatic III/IV disease stages. Additionally, our in vitro settings reproducing CRC tumor microenvironment inhibited the expansion of NKp46+/Vδ1 cells from activated thymic precursors. These results parallel the very low frequencies of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs able to infiltrate CRC, thus providing insights to either follow-up cancer progression or to develop adoptive cellular therapies.

Clinical Application of a Real-Time Telepathology System for Frozen Section Diagnosis in Comparison With Optical Microscope.

Background: The imbalance between the increasing demand of highly specialized service and the reduction of specialists able to release this service is a global challenge for Pathology. This situation applies also to the setting of intra-operatory diagnostic: here the broad presence of Surgical divisions contrasts with the contraction of Pathology departments, progressively concentrated in few hospitals. The use of e-pathology device, such as remote-control microscopes, offers a possible solution to this imbalance. Aim: To prove the non-inferiority of function of a remote-control, real-time microscope named Nano-Eye Device (NED) with the optical microscope (OM) for intra-operatory histological diagnosis. Methods: The study was designed into two phases: discovery and validation. During the discovery phase features influencing the process of adaptation to NED were investigated in detail, focusing on the turnaround time (TAT). Validation phase investigated the diagnostic concordance between NED and OM; as well as sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of NED in intra-operatory histological diagnosis. Results: During the discovery phase 250 cases were examined. TAT of NED was longer than that of OM (112 ± 89.8 vs. 36 ± 37.9 s) and influenced by the difficulty of the specimen, age of pathologist and the type of the specimen. In the validation phase (185 cases) TAT of NED reduced significantly to 92 ± 86.3 s (p: 0.01). NED showed a concordance rate of 98% with OM; the sensitivity (95.65%), specificity (100%), and diagnostic accuracy (98.87%) of NED were equal to that of OM. NED failed to work in 6% during the discovery phase and 4% in the validation. Conclusions: Taken as a whole, the functionality of NED is comparable to OM. It can be the alternative choice for hospital lacking on-site pathology services and one of the tool of e-pathology.