Long-term outcome of bicuspid aortic valve disease.

AIMS: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital condition that is frequently associated with aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic regurgitation (AR), as well as aortic aneurysms, but specific outcome data are scarce. The present study sought to assess outcomes in a large cohort of consecutive patients with BAV. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 581 consecutive patients (median age 29 years, 157 female) with BAV were included in the study and followed prospectively in a heart valve clinic follow-up programme. The overall survival rate after 10 years was 94.5%. During follow-up, 158 patients developed an indication for surgery. Event-free survival rates were 97%, 94%, 87%, and 73% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, event rates were independently predicted by AS [subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 2.3 per degree of severity], AR (SHR 1.5 per degree of severity), baseline aortic dilatation ≥ 40 mm (SHR 1.9), and age (SHR 1.3) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: BAV disease is associated with a high rate of cardiac events, but state-of-the-art care results in good survival with low rates of infective endocarditis, aortic dissection, and sudden death. Incremental degrees of AS and regurgitation, the presence of aortic dilatation, and age are predictive of cardiac events.

The multidisciplinary Heart Team approach for patients with cardiovascular disease: a step towards personalized medicine.

AIMS: Despite general agreement on the benefits of the Heart Team approach for patients with cardiac diseases, few data are available on its real impact on the decision-making process. The aim of the study is to define the evolution over time of the level of agreement with the systematic discussion of patients in the Heart Team and to evaluate the adherence to the Heart Team recommendations and the impact of the Heart Team on the clinical outcome of the patients. METHODS: In 2015--2016, an experienced cardiac surgeon and a cardiologist independently reviewed clinical data of a series of 100 patients (Group 1, G1) and subsequently for each patient recommended treatment (surgical, percutaneous, hybrid or medical therapy) or further diagnostic investigations. The next day, each case was discussed by the Hospital Heart Team. The Heart Team recommendation, the subsequent treatment received by the patient and the in-hospital outcome were recorded. The same study procedure was repeated in 2017 in a second (G2) and in 2018 in a third (G3) group, both of them including 100 patients. RESULTS: Complete agreement in treatment selection by the cardiac surgeon, cardiologist and the Heart Team was observed in 43% of cases in G1 and in 70% and 68% in G2 and G3, respectively (G1 vs. G2: P  < 0.001, G1 vs. G3: P  = 0.01, G2 vs. G3: P  = 0.30). Agreement was less frequent in patients with a higher risk profile and in patients with aortic valve stenosis. The Heart Team decision was implemented in 95% of cases with a 30-day mortality of 0.67%. CONCLUSION: Agreement in treatment selection among the cardiac surgeon, cardiologist and Heart Team appears to be low in the initial experience. Subsequently, it seems to steadily increase over time up to a limit, when it reaches a plateau of stable results. Heart Team clinical cases discussion, based on both guidelines and multidisciplinary experience, represents a key step in defining the best patient treatment pathway, potentially improving the decision-making process and clinical results.

Left atrial size predicts outcome in severe but asymptomatic mitral regurgitation.

Patients with severe asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation (MR) can be safely managed with an active surveillance strategy. Left atrial (LA) size is affected by MR severity, left ventricular function and is also associated with the risk of atrial fibrillation and may be an integrative parameter for risk stratification. The present study sought to determine the predictive value of LA size in a large series of asymptomatic patients with severe MR. 280 consecutive patients (88 female, median age 58 years) with severe primary MR and no guideline-based indications for surgery were included in a follow-up program until criteria for mitral surgery were reached. Event-free survival was determined and potential predictors of outcome were assessed. Survival free of any indication for surgery was 78% at 2 years, 52% at 6 years, 35% at 10 years and 19% at 15 years, respectively. Left atrial (LA) diameter was the strongest independent echocardiographic predictor of event-free survival with incremental predictive value for the thresholds of 50, 60 and 70 mm, respectively. In a multivariable analysis that encompassed age at baseline, previous history of atrial fibrillation, left ventricular end systolic diameter), LA diameter, sPAP > 50 mmHg and year of inclusion, LA diameter was the strongest independent echocardiographic predictor of event-free survival (adjusted HR = 1.039, p < 0.001). LA size is a simple and reproducible predictor of outcome in asymptomatic severe primary MR. In particular, it may help to identify patients who may benefit from early elective valve surgery in heart valve centers of excellence.

A streamlined, machine learning-derived approach to risk-stratification in heart failure patients with secondary tricuspid regurgitation.

AIMS: Secondary tricuspid regurgitation (sTR) is the most frequent valvular heart disease and has a significant impact on mortality. A high burden of comorbidities often worsens the already dismal prognosis of sTR, while tricuspid interventions remain underused and initiated too late. The aim was to examine the most powerful predictors of all-cause mortality in moderate and severe sTR using machine learning techniques and to provide a streamlined approach to risk-stratification using readily available clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS: This large-scale, long-term observational study included 3359 moderate and 1509 severe sTR patients encompassing the entire heart failure spectrum (preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction). A random survival forest was applied to investigate the most important predictors and group patients according to their number of adverse features.The identified predictors and thresholds, that were associated with significantly worse mortality were lower glomerular filtration rate (<60 mL/min/1.73m2), higher NT-proBNP, increased high sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum albumin < 40 g/L and hemoglobin < 13 g/dL. Additionally, grouping patients according to the number of adverse features yielded important prognostic information, as patients with 4 or 5 adverse features had a fourfold risk increase in moderate sTR [4.81(3.56-6.50) HR 95%CI, P < 0.001] and fivefold risk increase in severe sTR [5.33 (3.28-8.66) HR 95%CI, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: This study presents a streamlined, machine learning-derived and internally validated approach to risk-stratification in patients with moderate and severe sTR, that adds important prognostic information to aid clinical-decision-making.

Reverse Remodeling Following Valve Replacement in Coexisting Aortic Stenosis and Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Dual pathology of severe aortic stenosis (AS) and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR) is increasingly recognized. Evolution of symptoms, biomarkers, and myocardial mechanics in AS-ATTR following valve replacement is unknown. We aimed to characterize reverse remodeling in AS-ATTR and compared with lone AS. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) underwent ATTR screening by blinded 99mTc-DPD bone scintigraphy (Perugini Grade-0 negative, 1-3 increasingly positive) before intervention. ATTR was diagnosed by DPD and absence of monoclonal protein. Reverse remodeling was assessed by comprehensive evaluation before TAVR and at 1 year. RESULTS: One hundred twenty patients (81.8±6.3 years, 51.7% male, 95 lone AS, 25 AS-ATTR) with complete follow-up were studied. At 12 months (interquartile range, 7-17) after TAVR, both groups experienced significant symptomatic improvement by New York Heart Association functional class (both P<0.001). Yet, AS-ATTR remained more symptomatic (New York Heart Association ≥III: 36.0% versus 13.8; P=0.01) with higher residual NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) levels (P<0.001). Remodeling by echocardiography showed left ventricular mass regression only for lone AS (P=0.002) but not AS-ATTR (P=0.5). Global longitudinal strains improved similarly in both groups. Conversely, improvement of regional longitudinal strain showed a base-to-apex gradient in AS-ATTR, whereas all but apical segments improved in lone AS. This led to the development of an apical sparing pattern in AS-ATTR only after TAVR. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of reverse remodeling differ from lone AS to AS-ATTR, with both groups experiencing symptomatic improvement by TAVR. After AS treatment, AS-ATTR transfers into a lone ATTR cardiomyopathy phenotype.

Guideline directed medical therapy and reduction of secondary mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is the recommended initial treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR), however, supported by only little comprehensive evidence. This study, therefore, sought to assess the effect of GDMT titration on SMR and to identify specific substance combinations able to reduce SMR severity. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 261 patients who completed two visits with an echocardiographic exam available within 1 month at each visit. After comprehensively defining GDMT titration as well as SMR reduction, logistic regression analysis was applied in order to assess the effects of overall GDMT titration and specific substance combinations on SMR severity. SMR severity improved by at least 1° in 39.3% of patients with subsequent titration of GDMT and was accompanied by reverse remodelling and clinical improvement. The effects of GDMT titration were significantly associated with SMR reduction (adj. odds ratio 2.91, 95% confidence interval 1.34-6.32, P = 0.007). Moreover, angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi) as well as the combined dosage effects of (i) renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists (MRA), (ii) beta-blockers (BB) and MRA, as well as (iii) RASi, BB, and MRA were all significantly associated with SMR improvement (P < 0.044 for all). CONCLUSION: The present study provides comprehensive evidence for the effectiveness of contemporary GDMT to specifically improve SMR. Our data indicate that GDMT titration conveys a three-fold increased chance of reducing SMR severity. Moreover, the dosage effects of ARNi, as well as the combination of RASi and MRA, BB and MRA, and all three substances in the aggregate are able to significantly improve SMR.

Clinical Impact of Pre-Procedural Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Low- and Intermediate-Risk Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Recipients.

The clinical relevance of as well as the optimal treatment strategy for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) are unclear. Current data are conflicting, and mainly derived from high-risk patients. We aimed to investigate the feasibility and safety of complete revascularization prior to TAVR for severe AS in low- and intermediate-risk patients. We enrolled 449 patients at low (STS score < 4%) and intermediate risk (STS score 4-8%) undergoing TAVR for severe AS and investigated the influence of recent (<3 months) and prior (>3 months) complete revascularization on clinical outcome. Primary study endpoint was all-cause mortality. Overall, 58% of patients had no or non-significant CAD; 18% had a history of complete revascularization prior to TAVR and 24% had complete revascularization shortly before TAVR. Two-year all-cause mortality was not different between patients with recent revascularization prior to TAVR and patients with no or non-significant CAD (13.7% vs. 14.2%, p = 0.905). Cox regression did not reveal an effect on all-cause mortality for recent revascularization. The present analysis reassures that percutaneous complete revascularization prior to TAVR procedures is neutral in terms of all-cause mortality in patients at low and intermediate surgical risk.

Endurance Training Improves Oxygen Uptake and Endurance Capacity in Patients With Moderate to Severe Valvular Disease.

Aim: Peak oxygen uptake (peakVO2) is one of the strongest predictors of survival in patients with valvular heart disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endurance training improves peakVO2 and endurance capacity in patients with moderate-severe aortic and mitral valve disease. Methods: 30 patients with moderate-severe valvular heart disease were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of endurance training (TG) (n = 16) or standard care (SC) (n = 14). PeakVO2 and maximum working capacity (Wattmax) were assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, as well as submaximal endurance test at 80% of peakVO2 at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: There was a significant improvement in peakVO2 from 27.2 ± 5.9 ml/kg to 30.4 ± 6.3 ml/kg (P < 0.001) in TG compared to the SC (peakVO2 from 24.6 ± 4.4 to 24.7 ± 3.8) and in the Wattmax from 151.8 ± 41.0 Watt to 171.2 ± 49.7 Watt in the TG compared to the SC (152.9 ± 35.6 Watt to 149.2 ± 28.4 Watt). The endurance capacity increased significantly from 17.0 ± 9.4 min to 32.8 ± 16.8 min (p = 0.003) in the TG compared to the SC (11.7 ± 6.2 min to 11.2 ± 7.6 min). The heart rate during the endurance test decreased in the TG from 154 ± 14 b/min to 142 ± 20 b/min for the same workload. No changes could be seen in the SC. Conclusion: Endurance training in patients with moderate to severe valvular heart disease increased significantly the peakVO2 as well as the endurance capacity.

Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery in Octogenarians: Reliable Option or Fallback Solution?

OBJECTIVE: Aortic valve disease is more and more common in western countries. While percutaneous approaches should be preferred in older adults, previous reports have shown good outcomes after surgery. Moreover, advantages of minimally invasive approaches may be valuable for octogenarians. We sought to compare outcomes of conventional aortic valve replacement (CAVR) versus minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (MIAVR) in octogenarians. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of 75 consecutive octogenarians who underwent primary, elective, isolated aortic valve surgery through conventional approach (41 patients, group CAVR) or partial upper sternotomy (34 patients, group MIAVR). RESULTS: Mean age was 81.9 ± 0.9 and 82.3 ± 1.1 years in CAVR and MIAVR patients, respectively (P = 0.09). MIAVR patients had lower 24-hour chest drain output (353.4 ± 207.1 vs 501.7 ± 229.9 mL, P < 0.01), shorter mechanical ventilation (9.6 ± 2.4 vs 11.3 ± 2.3 hours, P < 0.01), lower need for blood transfusions (35.3% vs 63.4%, P = 0.02), and shorter hospital stay (6.8 ± 1.6 vs 8.3 ± 4.3 days, P < 0.01). Thirty-day mortality was zero in both groups. Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 89.9%, 80%, and 47%, respectively, in the CAVR group, and 93.2%, 82.4%, and 61.8% in the MIAVR group, with no statistically significant differences (log-rank test, P = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Aortic valve surgery in older patients provided excellent results, as long as appropriate candidates were selected. MIAVR was associated with shorter mechanical ventilation, reduced blood transfusions, and reduced hospitalization length, without affecting perioperative complications or mid-term survival.

Essential information on surgical heart valve characteristics for optimal valve prosthesis selection: Expert consensus document from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Valve Labelling Task Force.

Comprehensive information on the characteristics of surgical heart valves (SHVs) is essential for optimal valve selection. Such information is also important in assessing SHV function after valve replacement. Despite the existing regulatory framework for SHV sizing and labelling, this information is challenging to obtain in a uniform manner for various SHVs. To ensure that clinicians are adequately informed, the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) set up a Task Force comprised of cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulatory bodies, representatives of the International Organization for Standardization and major valve manufacturers. Previously, the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force identified the most important problems around SHV sizing and labelling. This Expert Consensus Document formulates recommendations for providing SHV physical dimensions, intended implant position and hemodynamic performance in a transparent, uniform manner. Furthermore, the Task Force advocates for the introduction and use of a standardized chart to assess the probability of prosthesis-patient mismatch and calls valve manufacturers to provide essential information required for SHV choice on standardized Valve Charts, uniformly for all SHV models.

Essential Information on Surgical Heart Valve Characteristics for Optimal Valve Prosthesis Selection: Expert Consensus Document From the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Valve Labelling Task Force.

Comprehensive information on the characteristics of surgical heart valves (SHVs) is essential for optimal valve selection. Such information is also important in assessing SHV function after valve replacement. Despite the existing regulatory framework for SHV sizing and labelling, this information is challenging to obtain in a uniform manner for various SHVs. To ensure that clinicians are adequately informed, the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) set up a Task Force comprised of cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulatory bodies, representatives of the International Organization for Standardization and major valve manufacturers. Previously, the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force identified the most important problems around SHV sizing and labelling. This Expert Consensus Document formulates recommendations for providing SHV physical dimensions, intended implant position and hemodynamic performance in a transparent, uniform manner. Furthermore, the Task Force advocates for the introduction and use of a standardized chart to assess the probability of prosthesis-patient mismatch and calls valve manufacturers to provide essential information required for SHV choice on standardized Valve Charts, uniformly for all SHV models.

Essential information on surgical heart valve characteristics for optimal valve prosthesis selection: expert consensus document from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Valve Labelling Task Force.

Comprehensive information on the characteristics of surgical heart valves (SHVs) is essential for optimal valve selection. Such information is also important in assessing SHV function after valve replacement. Despite the existing regulatory framework for SHV sizing and labelling, this information is challenging to obtain in a uniform manner for various SHVs. To ensure that clinicians are adequately informed, the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) set up a Task Force comprised of cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulatory bodies, representatives of the International Organization for Standardization and major valve manufacturers. Previously, the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force identified the most important problems around SHV sizing and labelling. This Expert Consensus Document formulates recommendations for providing SHV physical dimensions, intended implant position and haemodynamic performance in a transparent, uniform manner. Furthermore, the Task Force advocates for the introduction and use of a standardized chart to assess the probability of prosthesis-patient mismatch and calls valve manufacturers to provide essential information required for SHV choice on standardized Valve Charts, uniformly for all SHV models.

Isolated tricuspid valve regurgitation: old concepts, new insights and innovation.

: Tricuspid valve regurgitation is usually progressive and associated with reduced long-term survival. International guidelines recommend surgery in cases of isolated severe regurgitation associated with symptoms or progressive worsening of right ventricular function. In addition, several percutaneous strategies have been reported with promising results in the last decade. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current state of the art in the management of isolated functional or degenerative tricuspid valve insufficiency, from the preoperative assessment to the results of both surgical and transcatheter approaches and explore future directions.

Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients with Severe Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis.

Long and mid-term data in Low-Flow Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis (LFLG-AS) are scarce. The present study sought to identify predictors of outcome in a sizeable cohort of patients with LFLG-AS. 76 consecutive patients with LFLG-AS (defined by a mean gradient <40 mmHg, an aortic valve area ≤1 cm2 and an ejection fraction ≤50%) were prospectively enrolled and followed at regular intervals. Events defined as aortic valve replacement (AVR) and death were assessed and overall survival was determined. 44 patients underwent AVR (10 transcatheter and 34 surgical) whilst intervention was not performed in 32 patients, including 9 patients that died during a median waiting time of 4 months. Survival was significantly better after AVR with survival rates of 91.8% (CI 71.1-97.9%), 83.0% (CI 60.7-93.3%) and 56.3% (CI 32.1-74.8%) at 1,2 and 5 years as compared to 84.3% (CI 66.2-93.1%), 52.9% (CI 33.7-69.0%) and 30.3% (CI 14.6-47.5%), respectively, for patients managed conservatively (p = 0.017). The presence of right ventricular dysfunction (HR 3.47 [1.70-7.09]) and significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (HR 2.23 [1.13-4.39]) independently predicted overall mortality while the presence of significant TR (HR 3.40[1.38-8.35]) and higher aortic jet velocity (HR 0.91[0.82-1.00]) were independent predictors of mortality and survival after AVR. AVR is associated with improved long-term survival in patients with LFLG-AS. Treatment delays are associated with excessive mortality, warranting urgent treatment in eligible patients. Right ventricular involvement characterized by the presence of TR and/or right ventricular dysfunction, identifies patients at high risk of mortality under both conservative management and after AVR.

Contemporary Presentation and Management of Valvular Heart Disease: The EURObservational Research Programme Valvular Heart Disease II Survey.

BACKGROUND: Valvular heart disease (VHD) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity and has been subject to important changes in management. The VHD II survey was designed by the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology to analyze actual management of VHD and to compare practice with guidelines. METHODS: Patients with severe native VHD or previous valvular intervention were enrolled prospectively across 28 countries over a 3-month period in 2017. Indications for intervention were considered concordant if the intervention was performed or scheduled in symptomatic patients, corresponding to Class I recommendations specified in the 2012 European Society of Cardiology and in the 2014 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology VHD guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 7247 patients (4483 hospitalized, 2764 outpatients) were included in 222 centers. Median age was 71 years (interquartile range, 62-80 years); 1917 patients (26.5%) were ≥80 years; and 3416 were female (47.1%). Severe native VHD was present in 5219 patients (72.0%): aortic stenosis in 2152 (41.2% of native VHD), aortic regurgitation in 279 (5.3%), mitral stenosis in 234 (4.5%), mitral regurgitation in 1114 (21.3%; primary in 746 and secondary in 368), multiple left-sided VHD in 1297 (24.9%), and right-sided VHD in 143 (2.7%). Two thousand twenty-eight patients (28.0%) had undergone previous valvular intervention. Intervention was performed in 37.0% and scheduled in 26.8% of patients with native VHD. The decision for intervention was concordant with Class I recommendations in symptomatic patients with severe single left-sided native VHD in 79.4% (95% CI, 77.1-81.6) for aortic stenosis, 77.6% (95% CI, 69.9-84.0) for aortic regurgitation, 68.5% (95% CI, 60.8-75.4) for mitral stenosis, and 71.0% (95% CI, 66.4-75.3) for primary mitral regurgitation. Valvular interventions were performed in 2150 patients during the survey; of them, 47.8% of patients with single left-sided native VHD were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. Transcatheter procedures were performed in 38.7% of patients with aortic stenosis and 16.7% of those with mitral regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Despite good concordance between Class I recommendations and practice in patients with aortic VHD, the suboptimal number in mitral VHD and late referral for valvular interventions suggest the need to improve further guideline implementation.

Improved Patient Recovery With Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite conflicting evidence available, minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (MIAVR) is increasingly used as an alternative to full sternotomy. We sought to compare early outcomes of aortic valve replacement through a full sternotomy (conventional aortic valve replacement [CAVR]) and upper ministernotomy (MIAVR). METHODS: We analyzed 297 patients having undergone primary, elective, isolated MIAVR or CAVR between January 2014 and June 2018. Following propensity score matching, 120 patients remained in each group. RESULTS: MIAVR required longer bypass (93 ± 26 vs 81 ± 24 minutes, P < 0.01) and operative times (214 ± 39 vs 182 ± 37 minutes, P < 0.01). However, aortic cross-clamp times were comparable (57 ± 17 vs 54 ± 14 minutes for MIAVR and CAVR, respectively, P = 0.14). MIAVR had less 24-hour blood loss (253 ± 204 vs 323 ± 296 mL, P = 0.03), less red blood cells transfusions [1.4 packs (1.1 o 1.9) vs 2.1 packs (1.8 to 2.7), P = 0.01], and shorter assisted ventilation time (7.1 ± 3.3 vs 9.7 ± 3.8 hours, P < 0.01) when compared to CAVR. These results led to significantly shorter intensive care unit and hospital stays for MIAVR patients (2.5 ± 1.3 vs 3.4 ± 1.1 days, P < 0.01 and 6.9 ± 4.1 vs 8.2 ± 4.8 days, P = 0.03, respectively). Thirty-day mortality and clinical outcomes did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSIONS: MIAVR through upper ministernotomy was shown to be as safe and reliable as CAVR. Patient recovery time was improved by shortening mechanical ventilation and reducing blood loss and transfusions. These results may be significant for high-risk patients undergoing aortic valve surgery.

Characteristics of Surgical Prosthetic Heart Valves and Problems Around Labelling: A Document From the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Valve Labelling Task Force.

Intraoperative surgical prosthetic heart valve (SHV) choice is a key determinant of successful surgery and positive postoperative outcomes. Currently, many controversies exist around the sizing and labelling of SHVs rendering the comparison of different valves difficult. To explore solutions, an expert Valve Labelling Task Force was jointly initiated by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS). The EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force, comprising cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulators and representatives from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and major valve manufacturers, held its first in-person meeting in February 2018 in Paris, France. This article was derived from the meeting's discussions. The Task Force identified the following areas for improvement and clarification: reporting of physical dimensions and characteristics of SHVs determining and labelling of SHV size, in vivo and in vitro testing and reporting of SHV hemodynamic performance and thrombogenicity. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of the regulatory background and the role of the applicable ISO standards, together with close cooperation between all stakeholders (including regulatory and standard-setting bodies), is necessary to improve the current situation. Cardiac surgeons should be provided with appropriate information to allow for optimal SHV choice. This first article from the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force summarizes the background of SHV sizing and labelling and identifies the most important elements where further standardization is necessary.

Characteristics of surgical prosthetic heart valves and problems around labeling: A document from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Valve Labelling Task Force.

Intraoperative surgical prosthetic heart valve (SHV) choice is a key determinant of successful surgery and positive postoperative outcomes. Currently, many controversies exist around the sizing and labeling of SHVs rendering the comparison of different valves difficult. To explore solutions, an expert Valve Labelling Task Force was jointly initiated by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS). The EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force, comprising cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulators and representatives from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and major valve manufacturers, held its first in-person meeting in February 2018 in Paris, France. This article was derived from the meeting's discussions. The Task Force identified the following areas for improvement and clarification: reporting of physical dimensions and characteristics of SHVs determining and labeling of SHV size, in vivo and in vitro testing, and reporting of SHV hemodynamic performance and thrombogenicity. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of the regulatory background and the role of the applicable ISO standards, together with close cooperation between all stakeholders (including regulatory and standard- setting bodies), is necessary to improve the current situation. Cardiac surgeons should be provided with appropriate information to allow for optimal SHV choice. This first article from the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force summarizes the background of SHV sizing and labeling and identifies the most important elements where further standardization is necessary.

Characteristics of surgical prosthetic heart valves and problems around labelling: a document from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)-The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) Valve Labelling Task Force.

Intraoperative surgical prosthetic heart valve (SHV) choice is a key determinant of successful surgery and positive postoperative outcomes. Currently, many controversies exist around the sizing and labelling of SHVs rendering the comparison of different valves difficult. To explore solutions, an expert Valve Labelling Task Force was jointly initiated by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS). The EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force, comprising cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, regulators and representatives from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and major valve manufacturers, held its first in-person meeting in February 2018 in Paris, France. This article was derived from the meeting's discussions. The Task Force identified the following areas for improvement and clarification: reporting of physical dimensions and characteristics of SHVs determining and labelling of SHV size, in vivo and in vitro testing and reporting of SHV haemodynamic performance and thrombogenicity. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of the regulatory background and the role of the applicable ISO standards, together with close cooperation between all stakeholders (including regulatory and standard-setting bodies), is necessary to improve the current situation. Cardiac surgeons should be provided with appropriate information to allow for optimal SHV choice. This first article from the EACTS-STS-AATS Valve Labelling Task Force summarizes the background of SHV sizing and labelling and identifies the most important elements where further standardization is necessary.

Aortic stenosis is an independent predictor for outcome in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic tools for decision-making whether to continue advanced life support or limit life sustaining interventions in In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (IHCA), remain scarce and inconclusive. In this regard it seems intuitive that the presence of aortic stenosis (AS) impacts on both central and peripheral perfusion during resuscitative attempts and might worsen outcome. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of AS on outcome after IHCA. METHODS: Out of 11,641 patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, a total of 151 patients were identified that received a standardized echocardiographic diagnostic immediately prior to an IHCA. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to elucidate the prognostic impact of AS on outcome. RESULTS: Within the entire study population, a total of 51 individuals with AS (mild: n = 19 [12.5%]; moderate: n = 11 [7.2%]; severe: n = 21 [13.8%]) were identified. We observed that 81% of patients with severe AS did not survive until hospital discharge. Additionally, the presence of AS showed a strong and independent inverse association with return of spontaneous circulation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] of 0.10 [95%CI:0.03-0.36], p < 0.001), survival (adj. OR of 0.14 [95%CI: 0.04-0.48]; p = 0.002) and favourable neurological outcome (OR of 0.16 [95%CI: 0.06-0.49]; p = 0.001). The observed prognostic impact remained stable irrespective of AS severity. CONCLUSION: AS proved to be a strong and independent predictor for mortality and poor outcome after IHCA. Therefore, the presence of AS mirrors an easily available predictive tool for risk stratification and decision-making.