Working memory expedites the processing of visual signals within the extrastriate cortex.

Working memory is the ability to maintain information in the absence of sensory input. In this study, we investigated how working memory benefits processing in visual areas. Using a measure of phase consistency to detect the arrival time of visual signals to the middle temporal (MT) area, we assessed the impact of working memory on the speed of sensory processing. We recorded from MT neurons in two monkeys during a spatial working memory task with visual probes. When the memorized location closely matches the receptive field center of the recording site, visual input arrives sooner, but if the memorized location does not match the receptive field center then the arrival of visual information is delayed. Thus, working memory expedites the arrival of visual input in MT. These results reveal that even in the absence of firing rate changes, working memory can still benefit the processing of information within sensory areas.

A portable gas sensor based on In2O3@CuO P-N heterojunction connected via Wi-Fi to a smartphone for real-time carbon monoxide determination.

This research presents a compact portable electronic gas sensor that can be monitored through a smartphone application. The smart sensor utilizes three state-of-the-art sensors. The sensors integrate an ESP8266 microcontroller within the same device. This facilitates their integration with the electronics and enhances their performance. Herein, primarily focuses on utilizing the sensor to detect carbon monoxide. This article outlines the fabrication process of a gas sensor utilizing a P-N heterojunction, eliminating the need for a binder. The sensor consists of CuO/copper foam nanowires and hierarchical In2O3. In order to verify the system's functionality, it underwent testing with various levels of CO concentrations (10-900 ppm), including particular tests designed to examine the device's performance in different humidity and temperature circumstances. A mobile application for the provision of monitoring services has been developed at last. To process the information obtained from the gas sensor, an algorithm has been constructed, trained, and integrated into a smartphone for this purpose. This research demonstrated that a smartphone-coupled gas sensor is a viable system for real-time monitoring and the detection of CO gas.

Wireless wearable potentiometric sensor for simultaneous determination of pH, sodium and potassium in human sweat.

This paper reports on the development of a flexible-wearable potentiometric sensor for real-time monitoring of sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), and pH in human sweat. Na0.44MnO2, polyaniline, and K2Co[Fe(CN)6] were used as sensing materials for Na+, H+ and K+ monitoring, respectively. The simultaneous potentiometric Na+, K+, and pH sensing were carried out by the developed sensor, which enables signal collection and transmission in real-time to the smartphone via a Wi-Fi access point. Then, the potentiometric responses were evaluated by a designed android application. Na+, K+, and pH sensors illustrated high sensitivity (59.7 ± 0.8 mV/decade for Na+, 57.8 ± 0.9 mV/decade for K+, and 54.7 ± 0.6 mV/pH for pH), excellent stability, and good batch-to-batch reproducibility. The results of on-body experiments demonstrated that the proposed platform is capable of real-time monitoring of the investigated ions.