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1.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 69(5): 2544-2558, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34724337

RESUMO

Poultry and poultry-derived products such as meat and eggs are among the main sources of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) transmission to humans. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and used random-effects meta-analyses to (1) estimate the prevalence of NTS in poultry samples from birds, products and subproducts and environmental samples, (2) examine the diversity and frequency of their serovars and (3) estimate the prevalence and profiles of anti-microbial resistance (AMR) in NTS isolates reported in studies from the Americas. We included 157 studies from 15 countries comprising 261,408 poultry samples and estimated an overall pooled prevalence of 17.9% (95% Confidence Interval: 10.8-26.3) in birds, 21.8% (17.7-26.1) in products and subproducts and 29.5% (24.2-35.1) in environmental samples. At the national level, the prevalence of NTS was heterogeneous across countries with the highest values in Mexico, the United States and Canada. In total, 131 serovars were identified from 13,388 isolates; Heidelberg, Kentucky, Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most prevalent in the overall top 10 ranking (range 6.5%-20.8%). At the national level, Enteritidis and Typhimurium were identified in most of the countries, though with national differences in their ranks. The prevalence of AMR increased from 24.1% for 1 antibiotic to 36.2% for 2-3 antibiotics and 49.6% for ≥ 4 antibiotics. Kentucky, Heidelberg, Typhimurium and Enteritidis were the serovars with the highest prevalence of AMR. Besides, tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, ceftiofur and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were the most frequent antibiotics to which NTS showed resistance. In conclusion, NTS was distributed through the avian production chain with high and heterogeneous values of prevalence in poultry samples. Besides, there were distinctive patterns of serovars distribution across countries and an alarming prevalence of AMR among zoonotic serovars.


Assuntos
Aves Domésticas , Salmonelose Animal , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio , Ampicilina , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Humanos , Óvulo , Prevalência , Salmonella , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Sorogrupo , Estreptomicina , Tetraciclina , Estados Unidos
2.
Prev Vet Med ; 169: 104709, 2019 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31311634

RESUMO

Reproductive management practices that use hormones, sociosexual biostimulation, nutritional management, or abiotic factors are used to induce the resumption of reproduction in anestrous does. However, their overall efficacy remains uncertain; therefore, the identification of evidence-based management recommendations to manipulate anestrous in goats is important. Electronic databases were searched to retrieve reports on studies using interventions based on hormonal, sociosexual, nutritional, and abiotic factors. Only experimental studies in which a group of anestrous does was treated and compared against an untreated group were included. Estrus, ovulation, and pregnancy were primary outcomes, whereas the onset of estrus after treatment, the ovulation rate, and the number of anovulatory days were secondary outcomes. Odds ratio (OR) and mean differences were used to synthesize pooled data, and random effects models were used to calculate them. Seventy studies involving 3974 goats met the inclusion criteria. Unclear risk of bias for random sequence generation and allocation concealment predominated across studies. Pooled data for hormonal, sociosexual, and abiotic interventions showed a significant, though variable, increase in estrus (OR range 7.15-144.80), ovulation (OR range 6.08-56.95), and pregnancy (OR range 3.94-30.8). Hormonal treatments significantly reduced the onset of estrus, whereas abiotic interventions failed to reduce the number of anovulatory days. Secondary outcomes were not assessed in trials using sociosexual approaches. Finally, except for pregnancy, no significant efficacy was observed for studies using nutritional management. In conclusion, reproductive management practices using sociosexual approaches showed the highest efficacy for restoring reproductive activity in anestrous does.


Assuntos
Anestro , Doenças das Cabras/terapia , Indução da Ovulação/veterinária , Anestro/efeitos dos fármacos , Anestro/fisiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Dietoterapia/veterinária , Meio Ambiente , Estro , Feminino , Cabras , Hormônios/uso terapêutico , Ovário , Ovulação , Indução da Ovulação/métodos , Fotoperíodo , Gravidez , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Reprodução , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Resultado do Tratamento
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