Does type of bone graft matter? A retrospective review of the use of biological bone grafts in patients undergoing elective 1-3 level spinal interbody fusion.

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of strong evidence for use of expensive bone substitutes. This study compares perioperative data and patient reported quality-of-life outcomes across the varied types of bone graft extenders. The study analyzes the existing Quality and Outcomes Database and evaluates patient reported outcomes for 1-3 level lumbar fusion procedures comparing across different types of biologics bone graft. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected data registry. Bone graft implant data were collected and grouped into the following categories: (1) Autograft with basic allograft (2) Enhanced, synthetic, or cellular allograft (3) Use of BMP. Preoperative and 1 year patient reported outcomes and perioperative data from the prospective collected registry were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 384 patients included in this study. There were 168 (43.8%) patients in group 1, 133 (34.6%) patients in group 2, and 83 (21.6%) in group 3. There were no group differences in baseline or 1 year back pain, leg pain, ODI, or EQ-5D. The GLM Repeated Measures results indicate a significant difference within each of the three groups between the preoperative and postoperative measures for back pain, leg pain, ODI, and EQ-5D. The change over time was not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bone graft extenders are a significant contributor to the cost of lumbar fusion. This study demonstrates no difference in preoperative, and 1 year patient reported outcomes between the three groups. There was no significant difference in rate of reoperations across the three groups.

Microendoscopic Posterior Cervical Laminoforaminotomy for C4 Radiculopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Cervical microendoscopic laminoforaminotomy (MELF) has been proven to be an effective, motion preserving procedure for the surgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy. Cervical 4 (C4) radiculopathies are often unrecognized by the initial evaluating physician and may be misdiagnosed as axial neck pain. In this study, we compare MELF to anterior cervical disk fusion (ACDF) for C4 radiculopathy in the largest series of minimally invasive foraminotomy for C4 radiculopathy to date. METHODS: This is a single-institution retrospective chart review of 42 cases for C4 radiculopathy, 21 MELF and 21 ACDF. Primary outcome measures were length of surgery, length of hospital stay, and time to return to work. Secondary outcome measures were visual analog scale (VAS) neck pain and reoperation rate. RESULTS: All patients were diagnosed with a unilateral C4 radiculopathy using magnetic resonance imaging or steroid injections. The length of surgery and length of hospital stay were significantly decreased in the MELF group compared with ACDF. VAS neck pain significantly decreased for patients in both groups, but the difference between MELF and ACDF was not statistically significant. There were no major complications. No patient underwent revision at the index level or adjacent levels in the MELF group. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that C4 radiculopathy can be identified with appropriate history, physical examination, and targeted nerve root injections. When identified, these radiculopathies that fail conservative therapy can be effectively treated with cervical microendoscopic laminoforaminotomy, with comparable outcomes to ACDF. The length of surgery and length of stay are reduced when compared with ACDF.

Feasibility and Safety of Microendoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy in an Ambulatory Surgery Center: A Longitudinal Experience with 1000 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) have become an increasingly attractive setting for spine surgery in recent decades. Although posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) is widely performed in ASCs, there are no studies supporting the safety of this practice. We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of microendoscopic (MED)-PCF in a large cohort of patients at a freestanding ASC. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing MED-PCF for unilateral cervical radiculopathy at a single freestanding ASC from January 2013 to December 2020 were queried. Standard demographic and perioperative data were collected. Outcomes included need for inpatient transfer, perioperative complications, 30-day readmission, 30-day reoperation, and clinical improvement according to the Odom criteria. RESULTS: A total of 1106 patients underwent MED-PCF during the study period. Mean age was 53.3 ± 10.3 years. Most patients underwent decompression at C5-6 (31.4%) or C6-7 (51.9%). Approximately 10% underwent surgery at multiple levels. Mean operative time was 40.0 ± 16.4 minutes. There were no intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications. All patients were discharged home within a few hours of surgery. The rates of 30-day readmission (0.81%) and reoperation (0.36%) were exceedingly low. Nearly 3 quarters of patients (73.7%) achieved a good or excellent clinical outcome (73.7%) according to the Odom criteria. CONCLUSIONS: MED-PCF can be performed in a freestanding ASC with exceedingly low rates of perioperative complications and short-term readmission or reoperation. Our findings support the ongoing migration of PCF from the hospital to the ambulatory setting. Future studies assessing patient-reported outcomes and long-term reoperation rates are necessary.

Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion in the Ambulatory Setting with an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol.

OBJECTIVE: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multidisciplinary approach to surgical care that aims to improve outcomes and reduce costs. Its application to spine surgery has been increasing in recent years, with a notable focus on lumbar fusion. This study describes the development, implementation, and outcomes of the first ERAS pathway for ambulatory spine surgery and the largest ambulatory minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF) series to date. METHODS: A comprehensive protocol for ambulatory lumbar fusion is described, including patient selection criteria, a multimodal analgesia regimen, and discharge assessment. Consecutive patients undergoing 1- or 2-level MIS TLIF using the described protocol at a single ambulatory surgery center (ASC) over a five-year period were queried. RESULTS: A total of 215 patients underwent ambulatory MIS TLIF over the study period. There were no intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications. All but one patient (99.5%) were discharged home from the ASC. Almost three-quarters (71.2%) were discharged on the day of surgery. Thirty- and 90-day readmission rates were 1.4% and 2.8%, respectively. Only one readmission (0.5%) was for intractable back pain. There were no reoperations or mortalities within 90 days of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: MIS TLIF can be performed safely in a freestanding ambulatory surgery center with minimal perioperative and short-term morbidity. The addition of comprehensive ERAS protocols to the ambulatory setting can promote the transition of fusion procedures to this lower cost environment in an effort to provide higher value care.

Long-term outcomes following lumbar total disc replacement with M6-L.

Background: The motion preserving benefits of lumbar total disc replacement (LTDR) are well established. There is a paucity of long-term follow-up data on the M6-L prosthesis. The aim was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients undergoing LTDR with M6-L and make comment about its effectiveness and durability. Methods: A retrospective single center chart review was performed of all patients who underwent LTDR with M6-L between January 1, 2011, and January 1, 2021, either as standalone device or combined with a caudal anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) (hybrid procedure). Preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) (VAS back, VAS leg, ODI, and SF-12) and patient satisfaction were recorded prospectively. Device range of motion (ROM), adjacent segment degeneration/disease and heterotopic ossification (HO) were obtained from flexion and extension lumbar radiographs at most recent follow-up. Results: Sixty patients underwent LTDR with the M6-L device. Mean age was 41 [16-71] years and 38 (63%) were male. Sixteen (26.7%) underwent standalone LTDR, 42 (70.0%) a hybrid procedure, and 2 (3.3%) a 3-level procedure. Twenty-three (38.3%) patients were lost to follow-up. Thirty-seven (61.7%) were followed for a mean of 4.3 [1-10] years with 36/37 reviewed at a minimum of 2-years and 13/37 followed for over 5-years. Only one patient with osteopenia needed index level revision LTDR surgery for subsidence requiring supplemental posterior instrumentation. There were no osteolysis induced device related failures. Thirty patients obtained long-term follow-up radiographic data. Six patients had adjacent segment degeneration; none required surgery for adjacent segment disease (ASD). Three patients presented with clinically significant HO (2 with McAfee class III, 1 with class IV). The average M6-L ROM was 8.6 degrees. Mean preoperative baseline PROMs demonstrated statistically significant improvements postoperatively and were sustained at last follow-up (P<0.05). Conclusions: Total disc replacement (TDR) with M6-L showed clinically significant improvement in PROMs that were sustained at long-term follow-up. There were no osteolysis induced device related failures. The device ROM was maintained and showed a downward trend over the 10-year study follow-up period. This paper demonstrated that the M6-L was an effective and durable arthroplasty device in this series.

Negotiating for new technologies: guidelines for the procurement of assistive technologies in spinal surgery: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: This is a narrative review with the objective to discuss available assistive technologies for spinal surgery. Characteristics, costs, and compatibility of the different systems are summarized and recommendations made regarding acquiring these technologies. The availability of assistive technologies in spine surgery continues to evolve rapidly. The literature is lacking a collective summary of the available technologies and guidelines for acquisition. This is a narrative review which (I) presents an up-to-date summary of the currently available assistive technologies in spinal surgery; (II) makes comment on the utility of imaging, navigation, and robotics; (III) makes recommendations for the utility of the platform based on hospital size and (IV) discuss factors involved in negotiating for the purchase of these new technologies. Methods: We assemble the most up-to-date collection of description, characteristics and pricing of assistive technologies in spinal surgery. We compare and contrast these technologies and make recommendations regarding acquisition. Key Content and Findings: These technologies require a learning-curve for the surgeon and the operating room staff to understand how to use them efficiently. Surgeons need to be involved in the process of purchase decisions. Surgeons occupy a unique position in the health care infrastructure as their approach to care has significant ramifications on both the quality and cost of care. Surgeons should maintain conviction that their training and practice has allowed the use of these technologies to provide safer and more effective care for patients. Conclusions: Assistive technologies and prostheses for spinal fusion are evolving rapidly. This article serves as an encompassing reference to the current technologies. These technologies will play a significant role in the delivery of spinal health care in the future. All stakeholders stand to benefit from the increased value these technologies bring to patient care.

Percutaneous, Navigated Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Pedicle Screw Fixation.

BACKGROUND: Cervical pedicle screws provide significant biomechanical advantage but can be technically challenging and associated with morbid exposure. Improvements in intraoperative navigation guidance and instrumentation have made feasible this biomechanically robust, but technically challenging procedure. We present our initial experience with minimally invasive (MIS) percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in the cervical atlantoaxial and subaxial spine. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 27 cases that involved a novel MIS percutaneous cervical pedicle screw technique. Small lateral skin incisions were made bilaterally on the neck using intraoperative navigation guidance. Subsequently, navigated, percutaneous screws were placed using the Proficient Minimally Invasive System (PROMIS; Spine Wave, Shelton, CT). Computed tomography (CT)-guided navigation was used for cervical pedicle screw placement with subsequent placement of percutaneous rods. RESULTS: Indications for surgery included type II odontoid fractures, subaxial fracture dislocations and burst fracture, metastatic pathological burst fracture, and degenerative spondylosis with stenosis. There were 15 men and 12 women, with an average age 63.5 years. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 24 months (average = 16.7 months). One screw was revised intraoperatively. Two patients (7.7%) required reoperation, 1 patient required repositioning of a C5 pedicle screw, and 1 suffered a C7 body fracture. No nerve root injury, spinal cord injury, or vertebral artery injuries were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous cervical pedicle screw fixation is a feasible and safe technique when performed with CT-guided intraoperative navigation techniques. Cervical pedicle screw fixation provides a biomechanically superior construct in comparison with a lateral mass technique. In addition, the lack of paraspinal muscle disruption preserves important stabilizers of the posterior ligamentous complex and may reduce wound-healing issues in high-risk cases (eg, trauma patients). Although the current role for percutaneous instrumentation is relatively narrow, the advancement of MIS posterior cervical techniques may provide expanded opportunities in the future.

Neuroforaminal Bone Growth Following Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion With BMP: A Computed Tomographic Analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Computed tomographic analysis. OBJECTIVE: To identify radiographic patterns of symptomatic neuroforaminal bone growth (NFB) in patients who have undergone a single-level minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) augmented with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) utilizing computed tomography (CT). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: BMP induces osteoblast differentiation leading to new bone formation. The association of BMP utilization and heterotopic bone formation after an MIS-TLIF has been described. However, studies have been limited in their patient population and details regarding diagnosis and treatment of NFB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postoperative CT scans of the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were analyzed to identify patterns of heterotopic bone growth on axial and sagittal views. The area of bone growth at the disk level, lateral recess, adjacent foramen, and retrovertebral area were measured. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the areas of bone growth between cohorts. RESULTS: Postoperative CT images between 18 symptomatic and 13 asymptomatic patients were compared. On axial views, the symptomatic patients demonstrated greater areas of bone growth at the disk level (164.0±92.4 vs. 77.0±104.9 mm), and lateral recess (69.6±70.5 and 5.9±12.5 mm) as well as in the total cross-sectional area (290.3±162.1 vs. 119.4±115.6 mm). On sagittal imaging, the mean bone growth at the subarticular level (148.7±185.1 vs. 35.8±37.4 mm) and the total cross-sectional area (298.4±324.4 vs. 85.8±76.3 mm) were greater in symptomatic patients (P<0.01). Amount of BMP utilized and operative levels were no different between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study suggest that an anatomic association exists between recalcitrant postoperative radiculopathy and NFB following an MIS-TLIF with BMP. Increased total bone growth as measured on serial axial and sagittal sections was associated with postoperative radiculopathy. The association between radiculopathy and the extension of BMP-induced bone growth toward the traversing nerve root appeared the most significant.

Cortical stimulation parameters for functional mapping.

PURPOSE: There is significant variation in how patients respond to cortical electrical stimulation. It has been hypothesized that individual demographic and pathologic factors, such as age, sex, disease duration, and MRI findings, may explain this discrepancy. The purpose of our study is to identify specific patient characteristics and their effect on cortical stimulation, and discover the extent of variation in behavioral responses that exists among patients with epilepsy. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed data from 92 patients with medically intractable epilepsy who had extra-operative cortical electrical stimulation. Mapping records were evaluated and information gathered about demographic data, as well as the thresholds of stimulation for motor, sensory, speech, and other responses; typical seizure behavior; and the induction of afterdischarges. RESULTS: Ninety-two patient cortical stimulation mapping reports were analyzed. The average of the minimum thresholds for motor response was 4.15mA±2.67. The average of the minimum thresholds for sensory response was 3.50mA±2.15. The average of the minimum thresholds for speech response was 4.48mA±2.42. The average of the minimum thresholds for afterdischarge was 4.33mA±2.37. Most striking were the degree of variability and wide range of thresholds seen between patients and within the different regions of the same patient. CONCLUSION: Wide ranges of thresholds exist for the different responses between patients and within different regions of the same patient. With multivariate analysis in these series, no clinical or demographic factors predicted physiological response or afterdischarge threshold levels.

Incidence and risk factors for pneumonia following anterior cervical decompression and fusion procedures: an ACS-NSQIP study.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Postoperative pneumonia has important clinical consequences for both patients and the health-care system. Few studies have examined pneumonia following anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) procedures. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors for development of pneumonia following ACDF procedures. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A retrospective cohort study of data collected prospectively by the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was carried out. PATIENT SAMPLE: This study comprised 11,353 patients undergoing ACDF procedures during 2011-2013. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was diagnosis of pneumonia in the first 30 postoperative days. METHODS: Independent risk factors for the development of pneumonia were identified using multivariate regression. Readmission rates were compared between patients who did and did not develop pneumonia using multivariate regression that adjusted for all demographic, comorbidity, and procedural characteristics. RESULTS: The incidence of pneumonia was 0.45% (95% confidence interval=0.33%-0.57%). In the multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for the development of pneumonia were greater age (p<.001), dependent functional status (relative risk [RR]=5.3, p<.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR=4.4, p<.001), and greater operative duration (p=.020). Patients who developed pneumonia following discharge had a higher readmission rate than other patients (72.7% vs. 2.4%, adjusted RR=24.5, p<.001). In total, 10.2% of all readmissions were caused by pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia occurs in approximately 1 in 200 patients following ACDF procedures. Patients who are older, are functionally dependent, or have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at greater risk. These patients should be counseled, monitored, and targeted with preventative interventions accordingly. Greater operative duration is also an independent risk factor. Approximately three in four patients who develop pneumonia following hospitalization for ACDF procedures are readmitted. This elevated readmission rate has implications for bundled payments and hospital performance reports.

Economic factors in the future delivery of spinal healthcare.

The current trajectory of healthcare-related spending in the United States is unsustainable. Currently, the predominant form of reimbursement is the form of a fee-for-service system in which surgeons are reimbursed for each discrete unit of care provided. This system does factor the cost, quality, or outcomes of service provided. For the purposes of cost containment, the bundled episode reimbursement has gained popularity as a potential alternative to the current fee-for-service system. In the newer model, the spinal surgeon will become increasingly responsible for controlling costs. The bundled payment system will initially offer financial incentives to initiate a meaningful national transition from the fee-for-service model. The difficulty will be ensuring that the services of surgeons continue to be valued past this initiation period. However, greater financial responsibilities will be placed upon the individual surgeon in this new system. Over time, the evolving interests of hospital systems could result in the devaluation of the surgeons' services. Significant cooperation on behalf of all involved healthcare providers will be necessary to ensure that quality of care does not suffer while efforts for cost containment continue.