NRF2-mediated regulation of lipid pathways in viral infection.

The first line of defense against viral infection of the host cell is the cellular lipid membrane, which is also a crucial first site of contact for viruses. Lipids may sometimes be used as viral receptors by viruses. For effective infection, viruses significantly depend on lipid rafts during the majority of the viral life cycle. It has been discovered that different viruses employ different lipid raft modification methods for attachment, internalization, membrane fusion, genome replication, assembly, and release. To preserve cellular homeostasis, cells have potent antioxidant, detoxifying, and cytoprotective capabilities. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), widely expressed in many tissues and cell types, is one crucial component controlling electrophilic and oxidative stress (OS). NRF2 has recently been given novel tasks, including controlling inflammation and antiviral interferon (IFN) responses. The activation of NRF2 has two effects: it may both promote and prevent the development of viral diseases. NRF2 may also alter the host's metabolism and innate immunity during viral infection. However, its primary function in viral infections is to regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). In several research, the impact of NRF2 on lipid metabolism has been examined. NRF2 is also involved in the control of lipids during viral infection. We evaluated NRF2's function in controlling viral and lipid infections in this research. We also looked at how lipids function in viral infections. Finally, we investigated the role of NRF2 in lipid modulation during viral infections.

A computational study on the mercaptopurine drug interaction with aluminum nitride nanostructures: analyzed by Marcus theory of electron-transfer.

We analyzed the mercaptopurine adsorption on AlN nanostructures consisting of zero-dimensional nanoclusters, one-dimensional nanotubes, and two-dimensional nanosheets using calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energy, energy band gap, fluctuations in the energy band gap, charge transfers, and types of interactions that take place after mercaptopurine is adsorbed on the AlN nanostructures have all been calculated using DFT. The results show MP adsorption energies on AlN nanoparticles are -4.22, -5.95, and -8.70 eV. In this situation, MP molecules have been drawn to the surface due to the higher adsorption energies available on the AlN nanosheet (a process known as chemisorption). The Atoms in Molecules inquiry was conducted to learn more about and better comprehend the binding properties of the investigated AlN nanostructures utilizing mercaptopurine. Our findings indicate the mercaptopurine/AlN nanosheet bonding's electrostatic properties. Additionally, the electrical conductivity of the AlN nanostructures increases whenever mercaptopurine is adsorbed on them. This shows that the AlN nanoparticles might function as chemical sensors and offer an electrical signal in mercaptopurine. The following is the order of sensitivity: AlN nanosheet > AlN nanotube > AlN nanocluster. The outcomes indicate that the nanosheet has the most potential for mercaptopurine detection among the AlN nanostructures.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.