A supervised learning-assisted multi-scale study for thermal and mechanical behavior of porous Silica.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of mesoporous Silica utilizing a multi-scale modeling approach under periodic boundary conditions integrated with machine learning algorithms. The study begins with Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to extract Silica's elastic properties and thermal conductivity at the nano-scale, employing the Tersoff potential. Subsequently, the derived material characteristics are applied to a series of generated porous Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) at the microscale. This phase involves the exploration of porosity and void shape effects on Silica's thermal and mechanical properties, considering inhomogeneities' distributions along the X-axis and random dispersion of pore cells within a three-dimensional space. Furthermore, the influence of pore shape is examined by defining open and closed-cell models, encompassing spherical and ellipsoidal voids with aspect ratios of 2 and 4. To predict the properties of porous Silica, a shallow Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is deployed, utilizing geometric parameters of the RVEs and porosity. Subsequently, it is revealed that Silica's thermal and mechanical behavior is linked to pore geometry, distribution, and porosity model. Finally, to classify the behavior of porous Silica into three categories, quasi-isotropic, orthotropic, and transversely-isotropic, three methodologies of decision tree approach, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are employed. Among these, SVMs employing a quadratic kernel function demonstrate robust performance in categorizing the thermal and mechanical behavior of porous Silica.

Experimental and analytical investigation on forced and free vibration of sandwich structures with reinforced composite faces in an acidic environment.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of nanoparticles as reinforcement material on the vibrational behavior of sandwich structures in an acidic medium. The glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) faces were fabricated with and without the addition of 3 wt% nanoclay and nanosilica to determine the mechanical behaviors of the GFRP faces in the presence of an acidic medium. The obtained results showed adding 3 wt% of nanoclay caused better durability and less mass variation of composite specimens in sulfuric acid. The "Coefficient of acidic immersion expansion" (ßacid) is determined by measuring the length and mass variation of GFRP specimens in the immersion, and applied to low order piecewise shear deformation theory (LOPSDT) for the first time; Also the frequency results of LOPSDT have been shown good agreement in validation with the ANSYS numerical solution. It is shown that acidic environment reduces the frequency of the first mode of sandwich plates with reinforced face by 3 wt% nanosilica, and nanoclay has increased by 6.81 % and 4.66 %, respectively. This study indicates after one month of immersion, the natural frequency of the sandwich with pure, and 3 wt% nanoclay reduces about 1 %, and the natural frequency of the sandwich with the faces reinforced with 3 wt% nanosilica reduces by more than 3 %; Moreover, the frequency of forced vibrations, caused by acidic immersion expansion, was improved significantly by 10.04 % and 6.54 % in the first mode by incorporating 3 wt% of nanoclay, and nanosilica into the faces of the sandwich in one month of immersion compared to the sandwich with pure faces.

Data-driven supervised machine learning to predict the compressive response of porous PVA/Gelatin hydrogels and in-vitro assessments: Employing design of experiments.

The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a series of porous hydrogels by considering three independent variables using the Box-Behnken method. Accordingly, concentrations of the constituent macromolecules of the hydrogels, Polyvinyl Alcohol and Gelatin, and concentration of the crosslinking agent are varied to fabricate sixteen different porous samples utilizing the lyophilization process. Subsequently, the porous hydrogels are subjected to a battery of tests, including Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, morphology assessment, pore-size study, porosimetry, uniaxial compression, and swelling measurements. Additionally, in-vitro cell assessments are performed by culturing mouse fibroblast cells (L-929) on the hydrogels, where viability, proliferation, adhesion, and morphology of the L-929 cells are monitored over 24, 48, and 72 h to evaluate the biocompatibility of these biomaterials. To better understand the mechanical behavior of the hydrogels under compressive loadings, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are implemented to predict and capture their compressive stress-strain responses as a function of the constituent materials' concentrations and duration of the performed mechanical tests. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple variables in the design of porous hydrogels, provides a comprehensive evaluation of their mechanical and biological properties, and, particularly, implements DNNs in the prediction of the hydrogels' stress-strain responses.

A comprehensive investigation of the low-velocity impact response of enhanced GFRP composites with single and hybrid loading of various types of nanoparticles.

This study investigates the effects of incorporating various types of nanoparticles, both singularly and in hybrid form, on the low-velocity impact (LVI) response of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. GFRP composites were fabricated using the hand lay-up method and different weight percentages (wt. %) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), clay, TiO2, and CuO nanoparticles were added into the matrix of composites. To test the LVI response, 14 types of specimens were fabricated with single and hybrid nanoparticle loadings, and LVI tests were conducted using 5 and 10-cm span dimensions at two levels of subjected energy. The experimental results reveal that specimens with a single loading of MWCNT or nano-clay have a lower maximum contact force compared to pure specimens with fully rebounding behavior. This indicates that neither 5 nor 10 cm spans result in severe damages during the impact tests. Furthermore, incorporating more MWCNTs results in stiffer behavior and more brittleness. The study also explores the synergetic effect of adding hybrid nanoparticles in the fabricated composites and discusses the calculated results for absorbed energy. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are analyzed to evaluate the enhancement mechanisms resulting from the addition of nanoparticles to GFRP composite specimens.

Capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles embedded polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofibers as a controlled drug delivery nanoplatform for anticancer activity.

Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have been designed into various structures that can effectively prevent cancer progression and improve the therapeutic cancer index. However, most of these delivery systems are designed to be simple nanostructures with several limitations, including low stability and burst drug release features. A nano-in-nano delivery technique is explored to address the aforementioned concerns. Accordingly, this study investigated the release behavior of a novel nanoparticles-in-nanofibers delivery system composed of capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles embedded in polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofiber mats. First, alginate nanoparticles were prepared with different concentrations of cationic gemini surfactant and using nanoemulsion templates. The optimized formulation of alginate nanoparticles was utilized for loading capsaicin and exhibited a diameter of 19.42 ± 1.8 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 98.7 % ± 0.6 %. Likewise, blend polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofibers were prepared with different blend ratios of their solutions (i.e., 100:0, 80:20, 60:40) by electrospinning method. After the characterization of electrospun mats, the optimal nanofibers were employed for embedding capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles. Our findings revealed that embedding capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles in polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofibers, prolonged capsaicin release from 120 h to more than 500 h. Furthermore, the results of in vitro analysis demonstrated that the designed nanoplatform could effectively inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cells while being nontoxic to human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Collectively, the prepared nanocomposite drug delivery platform might be promising for the long-term and controlled release of capsaicin for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel hydrogel based on carboxymethyl chitosan/sodium alginate with the ability to release simvastatin for chronic wound healing.

Since wound dressing has been considered a promising strategy to improve wound healing, recent attention has been focused on the development of modern wound dressings based on synthetic and bioactive polymers. In this study, we prepared a multifunctional wound dressing based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)/sodium alginate (Alg) hydrogel containing a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) in which simvastatin (SIM) has been encapsulated. This dressing aimed to act as a barrier against pathogens, eliminate excess exudates, and accelerate wound healing. Among various fabricated composites of dressing, the hydrogel composite with a CMC/sodium Alg ratio of 1:2 had an average pore size of about 98.44 ± 26.9 µm and showed 707 ± 31.9% swelling and a 2116 ± 79.2 g m-2per day water vapor transfer rate (WVTR), demonstrating appropriate properties for absorbing exudates and maintaining wound moisture. The NLC with optimum composition and properties had a spherical shape and uniform particle size distribution (74.46 ± 7.9 nm). The prepared nanocomposite hydrogel displayed excellent antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureusas well as high biocompatibility on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. It can release the loaded SIM drug slowly and over a prolonged period of time. The highest drug release occurred (80%) within 14 d. The results showed that this novel nanocomposite could be a promising candidate as a wound dressing for treating various chronic wounds in skin tissues.

Fabrication and finite element simulation of antibacterial 3D printed Poly L-lactic acid scaffolds coated with alginate/magnesium oxide for bone tissue regeneration.

This study proposes 3D-printed Poly L-lactic acid (PLA) scaffolds coated with alginate/MgO, and includes three different cellular topologies. Three unique scaffold models were considered: Perovskite type 1 (P1), Perovskite type 2 (P2), and IWP. Each scaffold was coated with alginate/MgO at the concentrations of 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt%. For morphological and phase study, the microstructure of fabricated scaffolds was characterized using a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Besides, the biological characteristics of scaffolds, such as biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and cell survival were studied after 21 days of soaking in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The results of biological studies indicate that the apatite layer covered the majority of composite scaffold's surface and sealed the pores' surface. The material properties of Alginate/MgO RVEs were evaluated under PBC, and it described that the elastic modulus enhanced from 100 (pure Alginate) to 130 MPA by adding 20 wt% MgO nanoparticles. The presented findings were compared to the results obtained by the experimental procedure and revealed satisfactory agreement. RVE-achieved material properties were used in the additional studies on the scaffolds to find the best candidate due to the material properties and architectures. Furthermore, experiment and finite element simulation were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of scaffolds under the compressive deformation. According to the results, the compressive strength of structures follows the order σPerovskite type 1>σPerovskite type 2 >σIWP. The results indicate that increasing MgO content from 0 wt% to 20 wt% enhances each structure's compressive strength and elastic modulus. In conclusion, based on the biological findings and simulation results, PLA scaffold with Perovskite type 1 (P1) architecture coated with Alginate/ 20 wt% MgO had the best response which is the final research candidate.

Experimental Investigation on the Impacts of Fracture Roughness and Fluid Composition on the Formation of Bubble Bridges through the Microbubble Fluid Flow.

The colloidal gas Aphron (CGA) drilling fluids are an alternative to ordinary drilling mud to minimize formation damage by blocking rock pores with microbubbles in low-pressure or depleted reservoirs. Fractured formations usually have different characteristics and behavior in contrast to conventional ones and need to be investigated for Aphron applications. In this research, a series of core flood tests were conducted to understand the factors controlling the pore-blocking mechanisms of microbubbles in fractured formations. For the first time, a synthetic metal plug was used to simulate the fracture walls and eliminate the formation matrix effect. This study analyzed the effects of three fluid compositions, considering the polymer and surfactant concentrations at reservoir conditions, including temperature and overburden pressure. Additionally, fracture surface roughness as one of the parameters affecting the microbubble fluid penetration through the fracture path and bubble blockage were studied. The results indicated that microbubble fluid composition would not affect the bubble size or blockage probability. The different stable microbubble fluids resulted in the same pattern and conditions. Besides, fluid penetration would be more challenging if the fracture roughness decreased. Due to the accumulation of bubbles and the fact that some of them were trapped in the fracture's rough surface, the blockage possibility increased. According to the range of roughness for the steel core in previous studies and compared with the roughness of carbonate reservoir rocks, the roughness of fractured reservoir rocks is much higher than that of the steel surface. Accordingly, the observed trend in the experiments showed that when it is possible to form a bubble bridge in steel cores, then in carbonate rocks, we will definitely see blockage with any roughness, provided that other parameters are acceptable.

Fabrication of chitosan-gelatin films incorporated with thymol-loaded alginate microparticles for controlled drug delivery, antibacterial activity and wound healing: In-vitro and in-vivo studies.

Previously, studies have demonstrated the unique characteristics of chitosan-gelatin films as wound dressings applications. However, their application has been limited due to their inadequacy of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. To improve the intended multifunctional characteristics of chitosan-gelatin film, in this study, we designed a novel composite film with the capability of controlled and prolonged release of thymol as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial drug. Here, thymol-loaded ALG MPs (Thymol-ALG MPs) were prepared by electrospraying method and incorporated into the chitosan-gelatin film. The composite wound dressings of Thymol-ALG MPs incorporated in chitosan-gelatin film (CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs) were characterized by in vitro and in vivo evaluations. The Thymol-ALG MPs demonstrated spherical and uniform morphology, with high encapsulation efficiency (88.9 ± 1.1 %). The CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs exhibited high antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and no cytotoxicity for the L929 fibroblast cells. The release trend of thymol from CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs and Thymol-ALG MPs followed a pseudo-Fickian diffusion mechanism. This wound dressing effectively accelerates the wound healing process at rats' full-thickness skin excisions. Also, the histological analysis demonstrated that the CS-GEL/Thymol-ALG MPs could significantly enhance epithelialization, collagen deposition, and induce skin regeneration. The present antibacterial composite film has promising characteristics for wound dressings applications.

The correlation between osseointegration and bonding strength at the bone-implant interface: In-vivo & ex-vivo investigations on hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite/titanium coatings.

This study investigated the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) and hydroxyapatite/titanium (HA/Ti) coatings on osseointegration and bonding strength at the bone-implant interface. The coatings were made using air plasma spray (APS), and three study groups were examined: 1) Uncoated commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) rods; 2) HA-coated CP-Ti rods, and 3) Composite of 50 %wt HA + 50 %wt Ti coated CP-Ti rods. The rods were implanted into the distal femurs and proximal tibias of fifteen New Zealand white rabbits, and 8 weeks after the implantation, the samples were harvested. The results of pull-out tests showed that the ultimate strength of HA and HA/Ti coatings were significantly greater than the uncoated samples (P < 0.05). Moreover, even though the histological evaluations showed significantly greater osseointegration of HA/Ti composite coatings compared with HA coatings (P < 0.05), nonetheless, the composite of HA/Ti offers no significant increase in the ultimate strength, stiffness, and bonding strength at the bone-implant interface, compared with the HA group (P > 0.05). Thus, in an eight-week study, there was no linear correlation between the osseointegration and the bonding strength at the bone-implant interface. The results of this work may imply that the extent of osseointegration at the bone-implant interface does not necessarily determine the value of the bonding strength at the bone-implant interface. It is speculated that, in a longer-term study, a greater quality of bone formation may occur during osseointegration, between the implant and its adjacent bone, which can lead to a more enhanced bonding strength, compared with the 8-weeks post-surgery follow up.

Mechanistic Study of Micro-bubble Fluid Infiltration through the Fractured Medium.

Drilling in depleted reservoirs has many challenges due to the overbalance pressure. Another trouble associated with overbalance drilling is differential sticking and formation damage. Low-density drilling fluid is an advanced method for drilling these depleted reservoirs and pay zones with different pressures to balance the formation pore pressure and hydrostatic drilling fluid pressure. This study investigated the infiltration of a micro-bubble fluid as an underbalanced drilling method in fractured reservoirs. A novel method has been presented for drilling permeable formations and depleted reservoirs, leading to an impressive reduction in costs, high-tech facilities, and drilling mud invasion. It also reduces mud loss, formation damages, and skin effects during the drilling operation. This paper studied micro-bubble fluid infiltration in a single fracture, and a synthetic metal plug investigated the bridging phenomenon through the fractured medium. Moreover, the effects of fracture size, bubble size, and a pressure differential of fracture ends have been thoroughly analyzed, considering the polymer and surfactant concentrations at reservoir conditions, including the temperature and overburden pressure. In this study, nine experimental tests were designed using the design of experiment, Taguchi method. The results indicated that higher micro-bubble fluid mixing speed values make smaller bubbles with lower blocking ability in fracture (decrease the chance of blocking more than two times). On the other hand, a smaller fracture width increases the probability of bubble bridges in the fracture but is not as crucial as bubble size. As a result, drilling fluid infiltration in fractures and formation damages decreases in the condition of overbalanced drilling pressure differences of about 200 psi.

Application of artificial neural networks to predict Young's moduli of cartilage scaffolds: An in-vitro and micromechanical study.

In this study, four-phase Gelatin-Polypyrrole-Akermanite-Magnetite scaffolds were fabricated and analyzed using in-vitro tests and numerical simulations. Such scaffolds contained various amounts of Magnetite bioceramics as much as 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% of Gelatin-Polypyrrole-Akermanite biocomposite. X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were conducted. Swelling and degradation of the scaffolds were studied by immersing them in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS, solution. Magnetite bioceramics decreased the swelling percent and degradation duration. By immersing scaffolds in simulated body fluid, the highest formation rate of Apatite was observed in the 15 wt% Magnetite samples. The mean pore size was in an acceptable range to provide suitable conditions for cell proliferation. MG-63 cells were cultured on extracts of the scaffolds for 24, 48, and 72 h and their surfaces for 24 h. Cell viabilities and cell morphologies were assessed. Afterward, micromechanical models with spherical and polyhedral voids and artificial neural networks were employed to predict Young's moduli of the scaffolds. Based on the results of finite element analyses, spherical-shaped void models made the best predictions of elastic behavior in the 0, 5 wt% Magnetite scaffolds compared to the experimental data. Results of the simulations and experimental tests for the ten wt% Magnetite samples were well matched in both micromechanical models. In the 15 wt% Magnetite sample, models with polyhedral voids could precisely predict Young's modulus of such scaffolds.

Novel electrosprayed enhanced microcapsules with different nanoparticles containing healing agents in a single multicore microcapsule.

A novel method was employed to synthesize microcapsules containing both epoxy and hardener healing agents in a single microcapsule using a two-step electrospraying technique. Moreover, the sodium alginate microcapsule shell was enhanced with three types of nanoparticles, including MWCNT, nanoclay, and nanosilica. The surface morphology of fabricated microcapsules was examined using FESEM and AFM images. The TEM and elemental mapping images illustrated that the added nanoparticles into sodium alginate microcapsule shells were dispersed homogeneously. In addition, the mechanical properties of microcapsule shells were obtained using nanoindentation tests. Based on this research, the addition of nanoparticles increased the size and the roughness of microcapsules and improved the elastic modulus and the hardness of microcapsule's outer shells, significantly. For instance, the elastic modulus and the hardness of incorporated microcapsule shells with MWCNT increased by 85.5% and 91.3%, respectively, compared to neat sodium alginate multicore microcapsules, due to intrinsic high strength and high aspect ratio of MWCNT.

Development of Porous Photopolymer Resin-SWCNT Produced by Digital Light Processing Technology Using for Bone Femur Application.

BACKGROUND: Although bone tissue has the unique characteristic of self-repair in fractures, bone grafting is needed in some situations. The synthetic substances that are used in such situations should bond to the porous bones, be biocompatible and biodegradable, and do not stimulate the immune responses. Biomaterial engineering is the science of finding and designing novel products. In principle, the most suitable biodegradable matrix should have adequate compressive strength of more than two megapascals. At this degradation rate, the matrix can eventually be replaced by the newly formed bone, and the osteoprogenitor cells migrate into the scaffold. This study aimed to evaluate the fabrication of a scaffold made of polymer-ceramic nanomaterials with controlled porosity resembling that of spongy bone tissue. METHODS: A compound of resin polymer, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as reinforcement, and hydroxyapatite (HA) were dissolved using an ultrasonic and magnetic stirrer. A bio-nano-composite scaffold model was designed in the SolidWorks software and built using the digital light processing (DLP) method. Polymer-HA scaffolds with the solvent system were prepared with similar porosity to that of human bones. RESULTS: HA-polymer scaffolds had a random irregular microstructure with homogenizing porous architecture. The SWCNT improved the mechanical properties of the sample from 25 MPa to 36 MPa besides having a proper porosity value near 55%, which can enhance the transformation and absorption of protein in human bone. CONCLUSION: The combined bio-nanocomposite had a suitable porous structure with acceptable strength that allowed it to be used as a bone substitute in orthopedic surgery.

Investigation of the mechanical properties of a bony scaffold for comminuted distal radial fractures: Addition of akermanite nanoparticles and using a freeze-drying technique.

One of the methods of repairing the damaged bone is the fabrication of porous scaffold using synergic methods like three-dimensional (3D) printing and freeze-drying technology. These techniques improve the damaged and fracture parts rapidly for better healing bone lesions using bioactive ceramic and polymer. This research, due to the need to increase the mechanical strength of 3D bone scaffolds for better mechanical performance. Akermanite bioceramic as a bioactive and calcium silicate bioceramic has been used besides the polymeric component. In this study, the porous scaffolds were designed using solid work with an appropriate porosity with a Gyroid shape. The prepared Gyroid scaffold was printed using a 3D printing machine with Electroconductive Polylactic Acid (EC-PLA) and then coated with a polymeric solution containing various amounts of akermanite bioceramic as reinforcement. The mechanical and biological properties were investigated according to the standard test. The mechanical properties of the porous-coated scaffold showed stress tolerance up to 30 MPa. The maximum strain obtained was 0.0008, the maximum stress was 32 MPa and the maximum displacement was 0.006 mm. Another problem of bone implants is the impossibility of controlling bone cancer and tumor size. To solve this problem, an electroconductive filament containing Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) is used to release heat and control cancer cells. The mechanical feature of the porous scaffold containing 10 wt% akermanite was obtained as the highest stress tolerance of about 32 MPa with 46% porosity. Regarding the components and prepare the bony scaffold, the MNPs release heat when insert into the magnetic field and control the tumor size which helps the treatment of cancer. In general, it can be concluded that the produced porous scaffold using 3D printing and freeze-drying technology can be used to replace broken bones with the 3D printed EC-PLA coated with 10 wt% akermanite bioceramic with sufficient mechanical and biological behavior for the orthopedic application.

Therapy with new generation of biodegradable and bioconjugate 3D printed artificial gastrointestinal lumen.

OBJECTIVES: Many patients die due to vascular, gastrointestinal lumen problems, and coronary heart diseases. Synthetic vessels that are made of biodegradable-nanofiber polymers have significant properties such as proper biodegradability and efficient physical properties such as high strength and flexibility. Some of the best options for supporting cells in soft tissue engineering and design are applications of thermoplastic polyurethane polymer in the venous tissue. In this study, the first nanoparticle-reinforced polymeric artificial prosthesis was designed and tested to be used in the human body. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, artificial gastrointestinal lumen were fabricated and prepared using a 3D printer. To improve cell adhesion, wettability properties and mechanical stability of elastin biopolymer with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as well as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were prepared as separate filaments. MNPs were made in 5-7 mm sizes and then examined for mechanical, biological, and hyperthermia properties. Then, the obtained results of the gastrointestinal lumen were simulated using the Abaqus software package with a three-branch. The results were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology and phase analysis. RESULTS: The obtained results of the designed vessels showed remarkable improvement in mechanical properties of the SWCNT vessels and hyperthermia properties of the vessels containing the MNPs. The results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis showed that the artificial vessels had lower shear stress at the output. CONCLUSION: Five-mm MNP containing vessels showed noticeable chemical and biological properties along with ideal magnetic results in the treatment of thrombosis and vascular obstruction.

Mixed oxide nanotubes in nanomedicine: A dead-end or a bridge to the future?

Nanomedicine has seen a significant rise in the development of new research tools and clinically functional devices. In this regard, significant advances and new commercial applications are expected in the pharmaceutical and orthopedic industries. For advanced orthopedic implant technologies, appropriate nanoscale surface modifications are highly effective strategies and are widely studied in the literature for improving implant performance. It is well-established that implants with nanotubular surfaces show a drastic improvement in new bone creation and gene expression compared to implants without nanotopography. Nevertheless, the scientific and clinical understanding of mixed oxide nanotubes (MONs) and their potential applications, especially in biomedical applications are still in the early stages of development. This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of MONs in nanomedicine, particularly in advanced orthopedic implants. We first introduce the concept of MONs and then discuss the preparation strategies. This is followed by a review of the recent advancement of MONs in biomedical applications, including mineralization abilities, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, cell culture, and animal testing, as well as clinical possibilities. To conclude, we propose that the combination of nanotubular surface modification with incorporating sensor allows clinicians to precisely record patient data as a critical contributor to evidence-based medicine.

A Narrative Review of COVID-19: The New Pandemic Disease.

Nearly every 100 years, humans collectively face a pandemic crisis. After the Spanish flu, now the world is in the grip of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). First detected in 2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, COVID-19 causes severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Despite the initial evidence indicating a zoonotic origin, the contagion is now known to primarily spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. The precautionary measures recommended by the scientific community to halt the fast transmission of the disease failed to prevent this contagious disease from becoming a pandemic for a whole host of reasons. After an incubation period of about two days to two weeks, a spectrum of clinical manifestations can be seen in individuals afflicted by COVID-19: from an asymptomatic condition that can spread the virus in the environment, to a mild/moderate disease with cold/flu-like symptoms, to deteriorated conditions that need hospitalization and intensive care unit management, and then a fatal respiratory distress syndrome that becomes refractory to oxygenation. Several diagnostic modalities have been advocated and evaluated; however, in some cases, diagnosis is made on the clinical picture in order not to lose time. A consensus on what constitutes special treatment for COVID-19 has yet to emerge. Alongside conservative and supportive care, some potential drugs have been recommended and a considerable number of investigations are ongoing in this regard.

Bone Regeneration Using Bio-Nanocomposite Tissue Reinforced with Bioactive Nanoparticles for Femoral Defect Applications in Medicine.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the method of constructing and evaluating the properties of polymer nanocomposite and bioactive ceramics in tissue engineering such as biocompatible scaffolds was studied by some researchers. METHODS: In this study, the bio-nanocomposite scaffolds of Chitosan (CS)-Hydroxyapatite (HA)-Wllastonite (WS), incorporated with 0, 10, 20 and 30 wt% of zirconium were produced using a freeze-drying method. Also, the phase structure and morphology of scaffolds were investigated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). By analyzing the SEM images, the porosity of the scaffolds was observed in the normal bone area of the body. In the next step, bioactivity and biodegradability tests of the scaffolds were carried out. Due to the presence of hydrophilic components and the high-water absorption capacity of these materials, the bio-nanocomposite scaffolds were able to absorb water properly. After that, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were studied. RESULTS: The mechanical test results showed that the preparation of reinforced bionanocomposites containing 10 wt% of zirconium presented better properties compared to incorporated bio-nanocomposites with different loadings of zirconium. CONCLUSION: According to MTT assay results, the prepared scaffolds did not have cytotoxicity at different concentrations of scaffold extracts. Consequently, the investigated scaffold can be beneficial in bone tissue engineering applications because of its similarity to natural bone structure and its proper porosity.

Improvement in osseointegration of tricalcium phosphate-zircon for orthopedic applications: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Similar to metallic implant, using the compact bio-nanocomposite can provide a suitable strength due to its high stiffness and providing sufficient adhesion between bone and orthopedic implant. Therefore, using zirconia-reinforced calcium phosphate composites with new generation of calcium silicate composites was considered in this study. Additionally, investigation of microstructure, apatite formation, and mechanical characteristic of synthetic compact bio-nanocomposite bones was performed. Desired biodegradation, optimal bioactivity, and dissolution of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were controlled to optimize its mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to prepare the nanostructured TCP-wollastonite-zirconia (TCP-WS-Zr) using the space holder (SH) technique. The X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) was used to confirm the existence of favorable phases in the composite's structure. Additionally, the effects of calcination temperature on the fuzzy composition, grain size, powder crystallinity, and final coatings were investigated. Furthermore, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for fundamental analysis of the resulting powder. In order to examine the shape and size of powder's particles, particle size analysis was performed. The morphology and microstructure of the sample's surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to evaluate the dissolution rate, adaptive properties, and the comparison with the properties of single-phase TCP, the samples were immersed in physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) for 21 days. The results of in vivo evaluation illustrated an increase in the concentration of calcium ion release and proper osseointegration ratio, and the amount of calcium ion release in composite coatings was lower than that in TCP single phase. Nanostructured TCP-WS-Zr coatings reduced the duration of implant fixation next to the hardened tissue, and increased the bone regeneration due to its structure and dimensions of the nanometric phases of the forming phases. Finally, the animal evaluation shows that the novel bio-nanocomposite has increasing trend in healing of defected bone after 1 month.