A review on analytical methods with special reference to electroanalytical methods for the determination of some anticancer drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples.

It is widely accepted that cancer, the second leading cause of death, is a morbidity with big impacts on the global health. In the last few years, chemo-therapeutic treatment continually induces alone most lengthy consequents, which is extremely harmful for the physiological and psychological health of the patients. In the present research, we discuss the recent techniques for employed for extraction, and quantitative determination of such compounds in pharmaceutical, and biological specimens. In the frame of this information, this review aims to provide basic principles of chromatography, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs published in the last three years. The review also describes the recent developments regarding enhancing the limit of detection (LOD), the linear dynamic range, and so forth. The results show that the LOD for the chromatographic techniques with the UV detector was obtained equaled over the range 2.0 ng mL-1-0.2 µg mL-1, whereas the LOD values for analysis by chromatographic technique with the mass spectrometry (MS) detector was found between 10.0 pg mL-1-0.002 µg mL-1. The biological fluids could be directly injected to capillary electrophoresis (CE) in cases where the medicine concentration is at the contents greater than mg L-1 or g L-1. Additionally, electrochemical detection of the anticancer drugs has been mainly conducted by the voltammetry techniques with diverse modified electrodes, and lower LODs were estimated between 3.0 ng mL-1-0.3 µg mL-1. It is safe to say that the analyses of anticancer drugs can be achieved by employing a plethora of techniques such as electroanalytical, spectroscopy, and chromatography techniques.

Recent advances in ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

Nanostructured metal oxides, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), are considered as excellent materials for the fabrication of highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to their good properties, including a high specific surface area, high catalytic efficiency, strong adsorption ability, high isoelectric point (IEP, 9.5), wide band gap (3.2 eV), biocompatibility and high electron communication features. Thus, ZnO nanostructures are widely used to fabricate efficient electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of various analytes. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and the advances in various ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for medical diagnosis, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety, and environmental pollution monitoring.

A New Sensitive Method for Quantitative Determination of Cisplatin in Biological Samples by Kinetic Spectrophotometry.

This study describes a kinetic spectrophotometric method for accurate, sensitive and rapid determination of cisplatin in biofluids. The developed method is based on the inhibitory effect of cisplatin on the oxidization of Janus Green by bromate in acidic media. The change in absorbance as the criteria of the oxidation reaction was followed spectrophotometrically. To obtain the highest rate of sensitivity, efficient reaction parameters were optimized. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph was obtained linearly over the range 10.0 - 5750.0 µg L-1 and the limit of detection (3sb/m) was 4.2 µg L-1 of cisplatin. The interfering effect of diverse species was investigated. The developed method was used for the quantification of cisplatin in bio fluids of patients treated with cisplatin, spiked bio fluids and pharmaceutical samples and yielded satisfactory results.

A review: Recent advances in ultrasensitive and highly specific recognition aptasensors with various detection strategies.

One of the most studied topics in analytical chemistry and physics is to develop bio-sensors. Aptamers are small single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides (5-25 kDa), which have advantages in comparison to their antibodies such as physicochemical stability and high binding specificity. They are able to integrate with proteins or small molecules, including intact viral particles, plant lectins, gene-regulation factor, growth factors, antibodies and enzymes. The aptamers have reportedly shown some unique characteristics, including long shelf-life, simple modification to provide covalent bonds to material surfaces, minor batch variation, cost-effectiveness and slight denaturation susceptibility. These features led important efforts toward the development of aptamer-based sensors, known as apta-sensors classified into optical, electrical and mass-sensitive based on the signal transduction mode. This review provided a number of current advancements in selecting, development criteria, and aptamers application with the focus on the effect of apta-sensors, specifically for disease-associated analyses. The review concentrated on the current reports of apta-sensors that are used for evaluating different food and environmental pollutants.

Recent Advances in Applications of Voltammetric Sensors Modified with Ferrocene and Its Derivatives.

This study is on current developments concerning ferrocene (FC) and its derivatives on the basis of electrochemical biosensors and sensors. The distinct physiochemical characteristics of FC have enabled the development of new sensor devices, specifically electrochemical sensors. Several articles have focused on the implementation of FC as an electrode constituent while discussing its electrochemical behavior. Furthermore, typical FC-design-based biosensors and sensors are considered as well as practical examples. The favorable design of FC-based biosensors and general sensors needs adequate control of their chemical and physical characteristics in addition to their surface immobilization and functionalization.

Applications of nano-materials in diverse dentistry regimes.

Research and development in the applied sciences at the atomic or molecular level is the order of the day under the domain of nanotechnology or nano-science with enormous influence on nearly all areas of human health and activities comprising diverse medical fields such as pharmacological studies, clinical diagnoses, and supplementary immune system. The field of nano-dentistry has emerged due to the assorted dental applications of nano-technology. This review provides a brief introduction to the general nanotechnology field and a comprehensive overview of the synthesis features and dental uses of nano-materials including current innovations and future expectations with general comments on the latest advancements in the mechanisms and the most significant toxicological dimensions.

Developments and applications of nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes.

This review summarizes the progress that has been made in the past ten years in the field of electrochemical sensing using nanomaterial-based carbon paste electrodes. Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers sensors for biological species and pharmaceutical compounds (with subsections on sensors for antioxidants, catecholamines and amino acids). The next section covers sensors for environmental pollutants (with subsections on sensors for pesticides and heavy metal ions). Several tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods (differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, amperometry, etc.) and different nanomaterials available. A concluding section summarizes the status, addresses future challenges, and gives an outlook on potential trends.

Modified Screen Printed Electrode for Selective Determination of Folic Acid.

Folic acid (FA) as one of the water-soluble vitamins contributes to the construction of healthy cells, as FA deficiency is one of the leading causes of anaemia. Based on reports, reduced folate level can lead to development of carcinogenesis. Hence, its analysis from the clinical point of view is highly demanded. In the present work, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was successfully synthesized and used for modified novel voltammetric sensor for determination of folic acid. Differential pulse voltammetry response shows the linear increment of oxidation signals with an increase in the concentration of folic acid in the range of 1.0 × 10-7-5.0 × 10-4 M with limit of detection 3.4 × 10-8 M. The modified electrode displays an excellent selectivity towards the determination of FA even in the presence of various interfering species. Finally, the screen printed electrode (SPE) consists of three main parts which are a graphite counter electrode, a silver pseudo-reference electrode and a graphite working electrode modified by NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NFO) was applied for FA determination folic acid tablet and urine samples whose accuracy was attested by means of addition and recovery assays (97.0-103.5%) as well as by differential pulse voltammetry.