Remediation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with nano ceramic clay: Synthesis, characterization, scale-up and regenerations.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the ecosystem, resulting from industrial effluent and water bodies, has attracted greater concern. An economical treatment is in demand to optimize the current issue. In this research work, Perfluorooctanoic Acid was treated from drinking water sources with nano-ceramic clay. The ceramic clay was synthesized and characterized with Fourier infrared transformation, scanning electron micrograph, transmission electron micrograph, x-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. An adsorption process was performed in batch and continuous modes for the effective conditions for maximum removal. In batch mode 82 ± 12 nm ceramic clay particle size; 3.0 initial pH; 210 rpm agitation 1.2 mg/L PFOA concentration; 100 mg/L clay dosage; 27 °C temperature, and 20hrs experimental time shows maximum 99.15% adsorption. The experimental data is well fitted with kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics calculated data. In fixed bed, continuous column study 10 h treatment time, 10 cm of bed height, and 2 ml/min were adsorbed 99.99% of PFOA. The experimental data from the fixed bed adsorption equipment was correlated using a number of different mathematical models, including the Thomas, Adams-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson, and Clark models. Overall nano ceramic clay was found to potential adsorbent for Perfluorooctanoic acid removal.

Feasibility assessment for E-commerce: A data collection from developing country (Ethiopia).

This methodology work has been made to investigate the factors which affect the feasibility and readiness of e-commerce in developing nations. An online and offline survey has been carried out to collect feedback from the banks, government bodies, consumers, and e-retailers all over Ethiopia and their responses have been analyzed through descriptive statistics by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software program. The results and finding give a clear understanding of the feasibility and readiness of e-commerce and reveals that the technological and organizational aspects, lack of Information and Communications Technology infrastructure, cross-country legal and regulatory differences, lack of digital literacy among consumers and businesses in terms of computer literacy, language barriers, lack of distribution system, lack of trust on e-commerce are the factors which affect the feasibility of e-commerce in Ethiopia. The feasibility can be improved by providing suitable information and communications technology infrastructure, improving cross-country regulatory differences, promoting ICTs in education targeting all levels of the educational system, facilitating foreign direct investment drive in ICTs, making a website attractive and user-friendly. The results of statistical analyses indicate that Ethiopia has significant potential for the feasibility of e-commerce.•E-Commerce offers potential in the form of enhanced participation in the international value chain and public relations.•The feasibility can be improved by providing suitable ICT infrastructure, improving cross-country regulatory differences.•This research study reveals interesting facts about the potential and opportunity of e-commerce in Ethiopia.

Synthesized bioadsorbent from fish scale for chromium (III) removal.

Presence of heavy metal in industrial wastewater is hazardous to the surrounding environment. Biosorption of heavy metal is an effective technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater. This research work has been carried out on removal of chromium (III) metal ions by employing waste fish scales as bioadsorbent. A batch adsorption process was carried out with different adsorbent dosage, solution pH and contact time. The results show the highest 99.7518 % chromium (III) metal ions at bioadsorbent dosage 0.8 g, pH of the solution 5 and contact time 90 min, initial concentration 150 mg/l chromium ion. The adsorption isotherms data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 = 0.9998, qmax = 18.3486 mg/g, and RL = 0.00007325. As well as pseudo-first and second kinetics model was also analyzed for the description of adsorption and found to be well fitted (R2 = 1) for adsorption kinetics. The surface properties activated fish scales and chromium loaded fish scale were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis and agree with outcomes.

Chemically synthesized biofuels from agricultural waste: Optimization operating parameters with surface response methodology (CCD).

Bioethanol is one of the most important alternative renewable energy sources that substitute the fossil fuels. Sugarcane bagasse has a content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. The objective of work is ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by the fermentation process. Eight laboratory experiments were conducted to produce bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse. By using Design Expert, it was formulated the dilute acid hydrolysis step to investigate the effects of hydrolysis parameters on a yield of ethanol and optimum condition. All the three hydrolysis parameters were significant variables for the yield of ethanol. The optimum combinations of the three factors maximum ethanol yield were 10.86 ml at 50 g sample, 92.59 °C hydrolysis temperature, 30 min hydrolysis time and 1%v/v acid concentration. From this study following point were concluded: •Lignocellulosic containing material are sustainable for clean energy production•Production of bioethanol from waste sugarcane baggage's is possible•Operating parameters (time, temperature and acid concentration) can be optimized by surface response methodology.•Process parameters hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation have significant role on bioethanol yield.

Significance of fermentation process on biochemical properties of Phaseolus vulgaris (red beans).

Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans have been characterized as a nearly perfect food in all around the world. It is consider functional in terms of providing nutrients and energy to sustain daily life. Red bean contain high protein, mineral, fibres and chemically diverse micronutrient composition, which can be affected by processing. The main aim of this work is to investigate the effect of open and controlled fermentation on the proximate composition, mineral elements, antinutritional factors and flatulence- causing oligosaccharides of a domesticated bean (Anger, conscope and Loko). Open fermentation was done using endogenous microorganism present in the seed of beans, while controlled fermentation was done on autoclaved beans flour inoculated with thermophilic lactic culture which is a mixed strain culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus thermophillus. The result shows that the open and controlled fermentation increased the protein digestibility up to 90% in all samples and 4 days of fermentation time, loko red bean was found to more suitable. The chemical compositions and mineral contain was also high as compared to remaining two verities.

Sorption of phenol from synthetic aqueous solution by activated saw dust: Optimizing parameters with response surface methodology.

Organic pollutants have an adverse effect on the neighboring environment. Industrial activates are the major sources of different organic pollutants. These primary pollutants react with surrounding and forms secondary pollutant, which persists for a long time. The present investigation has been carried out on the surface of activated sawdust for phenol eliminations. The process parameters initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH were optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM). The numerical optimization of sawdust (SD), initial concentration 10 mg/l, contact time 1.5 h, adsorbent dose 4 g and pH 2, the optimum response result was 78.3% adsorption. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to judge the adequacy of the central composite design and quadratic model found to be suitable. The coefficient of determination values was found to be maximum Adj R2 0.7223, and Pre R2 0.5739 and significant regression at 95% confidence level values.

Treatment of sugar processing industry effluent up to remittance limits: Suitability of hybrid electrode for electrochemical reactor.

Sugar industry is an oldest accommodates industry in the world. It required and discharges a large amount of water for processing. Removal of chemical oxygen demand and color through the electrochemical process including hybrid iron and aluminum electrode was examined for the treatment of cane-based sugar industry wastewater. Most favorable condition at pH 6.5, inter-electrode gap 20 mm, current density 156 A m-2, electrolyte concentration 0.5 M and reaction time 120 min, 90% COD and 93.5% color removal was achieved. The sludge generated after treatment has less organic contain, which can be used as manure in agricultural crops. Overall the electrocoagulation was found to be reliable, efficient and economically fit to treat the sugar industry wastewater. •Electrocoagulation method for sugar processing industry wastewater treatment Optimization of operating parameters for maximum efficiency.•Physicochemical analysis of sludge and scum.•Significance of hydride metal electrode for pollutant removal.

Treatment of wastewater by electrocoagulation: a review.

The electrocoagulation (EC) process is an electrochemical means of introducing coagulants and removing suspended solids, colloidal material, and metals, as well as other dissolved solids from water and wastewaters. The EC process has been successfully employed in removing pollutants, pesticides, and radionuclides. This process also removes harmful microorganisms. More often during EC operation, direct current is applied and electrode plates are sacrificed (dissolved into solution). The dissolution causes an increased metal concentration in the solution that finally precipitates as oxide precipitates. Due to improved process design and material of construction, the EC process is being widely accepted over other physicochemical processes. Presently, this process has gained attention due to its ability to treat large volume and for its low cost. The aim of this study is to review the mechanism, affecting factors, process, and application of the electrocoagulation process.