Long-term clinical, virological and immunological outcomes following planned treatment interruption in HIV-infected children.

OBJECTIVES: Planned treatment interruption (PTI) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adults is associated with adverse outcomes. The PENTA 11 trial randomized HIV-infected children to continuous ART (CT) vs. CD4-driven PTIs. We report 5 years' follow-up after the end of main trial. METHODS: Post-trial, all children resumed ART. Clinical, immunological, virological and treatment data were collected annually. A sub-study investigated more detailed immunophenotype. CT and PTI arms were compared using intention-to-treat. Laboratory parameters were compared using linear regression, adjusting for baseline values; mixed models were used to include all data over time. RESULTS: In all, 101 children (51 CT, 50 PTI) contributed a median of 7.6 years, including 5.1 years of post-trial follow-up. Post-trial, there were no deaths, one pulmonary tuberculosis and no other CDC stage B/C events. At 5 years post-trial, 90% of children in the CT vs. 82% in the PTI arm had HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL (P = 0.26). A persistent increase in CD8 cells was observed in the PTI arm. The sub-study (54 children) suggested that both naïve and memory populations contributed to higher CD8 cells following PTI. Mean CD4/CD8 ratios at 5 years post-trial were 1.22 and 1.08 in CT and PTI arms, respectively [difference (CT - PTI) = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.34-0.05), P = 0.14]. The sub-study also suggested that during the trial and at early timepoints after the end of the trial, reduction in CD4 in the PTI arm was mainly from loss of CD4 memory cells. CONCLUSIONS: Children tolerated PTI with few long-term clinical, virological or immunological consequences.

Anti-HBV DNA vaccination does not prevent relapse after discontinuation of analogues in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial--ANRS HB02 VAC-ADN.

OBJECTIVE: The antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogues whose main limitation is relapse after discontinuation requires long-term therapy. To overcome the risk of relapse and virological breakthrough during long-term therapy, we performed a phase I/II, open, prospective, multicentre trial using a HBV envelope-expressing DNA vaccine. DESIGN: 70 patients treated effectively with nucleos(t)ide analogues for a median of 3 years (HBV DNA <12 IU/mL for at least 12 months) were randomised into two groups: one received five intramuscular injections of vaccine (weeks 0, 8, 16, 40 and 44) and one did not receive the vaccine. Analogues were stopped after an additional 48 weeks of treatment in patients who maintained HBV DNA <12 IU/mL with no clinical progression and monthly HBV DNA for 6 months. The primary endpoint was defined as viral reactivation at week 72 (HBV DNA >120 IU/mL) or impossibility of stopping treatment at week 48. RESULTS: Reactivation occurred in 97% of each group after a median 28 days without liver failure but with an HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL in 33%; 99% of adverse reactions were mild to moderate. Immune responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and proliferation assays: there was no difference in the percentage of patients with interferon-γ secreting cells and a specific T-cell proliferation to HBcAg but not to HBsAg after reactivation in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is fairly well tolerated, the HBV DNA vaccine does not decrease the risk of relapse in HBV-treated patients or the rate of virological breakthrough, and does not restore the anti-HBV immune response despite effective viral suppression by analogues. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00536627.

Lamivudine/abacavir maintains virological superiority over zidovudine/lamivudine and zidovudine/abacavir beyond 5 years in children.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the long-term efficacy over 5 years of regimens including combinations of abacavir, lamivudine and/or zidovudine in previously untreated children in the PENTA 5 trial. DESIGN: PENTA 5 was a 48-week randomised controlled trial comparing three dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) combinations as part of first triple antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: 128 ART-naïve children were randomised to zidovudine\lamivudine (n = 36), zidovudine\abacavir (45) or lamivudine\abacavir (47). Asymptomatic children (n = 55) were also randomised to nelfinavir or placebo; all other children received open-label nelfinavir. Analyses are intent-to-treat and adjusted for minor baseline imbalances and receipt of nelfinavir/placebo. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 5.8 years. By 5 years, 17 (47%), 28 (64%) and 18 (39%) children had changed their randomised NRTIs in the zidovudine\lamivudine, zidovudine\abacavir and lamivudine\abacavir groups respectively, but 18%, 50% and 50% of these changes were either early single drug substitutions for toxicity or switches with viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/ml; e.g. to simplify regimen delivery). At 5 years, 55%/32% zidovudine\lamivudine, 50%/25% zidovudine\abacavir and 79%/63% lamivudine\abacavir had HIV-1 RNA < 400/< 50 copies/ml respectively (p = 0.03/p = 0.003). Mean increase in height-for-age 0.42, 0.68, 1.05 (p = 0.02); weight-for-age 0.03, 0.13, 0.75 (p = 0.02). Reverse transcriptase resistance mutations emerging on therapy differed between the groups: zidovudine\lamivudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, M184V, L210W, T215Y); zidovudine\abacavir (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219Q); lamivudine\abacavir (K65R, L74V, Y115F, M184V). CONCLUSIONS: Five year data demonstrate that lamivudine\abacavir is more effective in terms of HIV-1 RNA suppression and growth changes, with lower rates of switching with detectable HIV-1 RNA than zidovudine\lamivudine or zidovudine\abacavir, and should be preferred as first-line NRTI backbone.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy started in infants under 3 months of age: 72-week follow-up for CD4 cell count, viral load and drug resistance outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) started in vertically HIV-1-infected infants less than 3 months of age. DESIGN: A multicentre, phase I/II, non-randomized, open-label study (PENTA 7). METHODS: Adverse events, plasma HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell counts, CD4 cell percentage (CD4%) and clinical progression were recorded at baseline and prospectively to 72 weeks in order to assess the toxicity, tolerability and efficacy of a combination of stavudine, didanosine and nelfinavir. Selection of genotypic resistance was also investigated. RESULTS: Twenty infants, of whom only three had Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stage B, initiated HAART at median age 2.5 months (range, 0.9-4.7) with median HIV-1 RNA concentration 5.5 log10 copies/ml (range, 3.2-6.8) and CD4% 33% (range, 11-66). Median follow-up was 96 weeks (range, 60-144). At week 72, 11 infants were still taking the original treatment. Few adverse events were reported related to treatment, all minor and causing treatment interruption in only three infants. No AIDS-defining events occurred; one child died of non-HIV-related causes (prematurity). All but two had CD4% > 25% at 72 weeks; however, 14 infants had virological failure and six acquired resistance mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with stavudine, didanosine and nelfinavir was well tolerated and associated with good clinical and immunological outcomes at week 72. However, a high rate of virological failure with emergence of genotypic resistance is of great concern. More palatable drug combinations for infants and closer drug monitoring are required.

Interrelationships between postprandial lipoprotein B:CIII particle changes and high-density lipoprotein subpopulation profiles in mixed hyperlipoproteinemia.

We studied the relationships postprandially between triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in 11 mixed hyperlipoproteinemia (MHL) and 11 hypercholesterolemia (HCL) patients. The high and prolonged postprandial triglyceridemia response observed in MHL but not HCL patients was essentially dependent on very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) changes. This abnormal response was related to decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity (-48.7%, P<.01) in MHL compared with HCL subjects. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity was postprandially enhanced only in MHL patients, and this elevation persisted in the late period (+19% at 12 hours, P<.05), sustaining the delayed enrichment of VLDL with cholesteryl ester (CE). The late postprandial period in MHL patients was also characterized by high levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins with apoCIII ([LpB:CIII] +36% at 12 hours, P<.01) and decreased levels of apoCIII contained in HDL ([LpCIII-HDL] -34% at 12 hours, P<.01), reflecting probably a defective return of apoCIII from TRL toward HDL. In MHL compared with HCL patients, decreased HDL2 levels were related to both HDL2b and HDL2a subpopulations (-57% and -49%, respectively, P<.01 for both) and decreased apoA-I levels (-53%, P<.01) were equally linked to decreased HDL2 with apoA-I only (LpA-I) and HDL2 with both apoA-I and apoA-II ([LpA-I:A-II] -55% and -52%, respectively, P<.01 for both). The significant inverse correlations between the postprandial magnitude of LpB:CIII and HDL2-LpA-I and HDL2b levels in MHL patients underline the close TRL-HDL interrelationships. Our findings indicate that TRL and HDL abnormalities evidenced at fasting were postprandially amplified, tightly interrelated, and persistent during the late fed period in mixed hyperlipidemia. Thus, these fasting abnormalities are likely postprandially originated and may constitute proatherogenic lipoprotein disorders additional to the HCL in MHL patients.

Hyperalphalipoproteinemia: characterization of a cardioprotective profile associating increased high-density lipoprotein2 levels and decreased hepatic lipase activity.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) structural characteristics and metabolism in hyperalphalipoproteinemic (HALP) patients (HDL-cholesterol [HDL-C], 92 +/- 14 mg/dL) with combined elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (LDL-C, 181 +/- 33 mg/dL). Patients were subjected to a complete cardiovascular examination, including ultrasonographic investigation of carotid arteries. Two HALP profiles were identified according to the HDL2/HDL3 ratio. HALP profile A was characterized in 28 patients by increased HDL2/HDL3 ratio, HDL2b, and lipoprotein (Lp)A-I levels compared with normolipidemic subjects, and HALP profile B, including the 12 remaining patients, was characterized by a HDL2/HDL3 ratio within the normal range and by the increase of all HDL subclasses (HDL(2b,2a,3a,3b,3c)), LpA-I, and LpA-I:A-II levels. With regard to the exploration of carotid arteries, in HALP profile A, 20 patients were free from lesions and eight had only intimal wall thickening. In HALP profile B, only one patient was free from lesions, four had intimal wall thickening, and seven displayed plaques, but none had stenosis. Taking into account the number of patients with plaques within each group, HALP profile A was associated with a low prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions, whereas HALP profile B was less cardioprotective (odds ratio, 77.7 [95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 1,569.7]; P < .0001). For both HALP profiles, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency was discarded and activities of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were normal. However, hepatic lipase (HL) activity was significantly decreased in HALP profile A, but within the normal range for HALP profile B. In conclusion, an HALP profile A with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis was characterized by an increased HDL2/HDL3 ratio, HDL2b, and LpA-I levels associated with decreased HL activity.

Characterization of two HDL subfractions and LpA-I, LpA-I:A-II distribution profiles and clinical characteristics of hyperalphalipoproteinemic subjects without cholesterol ester transfer protein deficiency.

The aims of the present study were (i) to characterize the HDL2, HDL3 and the LpA-I, LpA-I:A-II distribution, (ii) to investigate the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and (iii) to assess the activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in 29 hyperalphalipoproteinemic (HALP) patients (HDL-C=90+/-11 mg/dl) with combined hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C=180+/-16 mg/dl). According to the HDL2/HDL3 and LpA-I/LpA-I:A-II ratios, two HALP profiles (A and B) were defined: in 22 patients (HALP profile A) these ratios were increased compared to the normolipidemic control subjects (1.19+/-0.11 versus 0.53+/-0.19, P < 0.001 and 1.01+/-0.2 versus 0.51+/-0.25, P < 0.001, respectively) and in seven patients (HALP profile B) these ratios were within the normal range (0.64+/-0.20 and 0.69+/-0.2, respectively). The atherosclerotic lesions were assessed by ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. Amongst patients with HALP profile A, 17 were free from lesions, five had intimal wall thickening and none displayed plaques, whereas for patients within the HALP profile B, only one was free from lesions, two had intimal wall thickening and four displayed plaques. CETP activities (348+/-116 versus 371+/-75%/ml/h) and CETP concentrations (2.4+/-0.5 versus 2.5+/-0.6 microg/ml) were similar in HALP profiles A and B, however these values were both higher than in control subjects (190+/-40%/ml/h, P < 0.001 and 1.8+/-0.3 microg/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). Hence the hyperalphalipoproteinemic profiles (A and B) described here were not related to CETP deficiency. In conclusion, the HALP profile A was characterized by both increased HDL2/HDL3 and LpA-I/LpA-I:A-II ratios and was associated with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis, whereas the HALP profile B, characterized by HDL2/HDL3 and LpA-I/LpA-I:A-II ratios within the normal range, was less cardioprotective.

Rapid electrophoretic separation of pre-beta-migrating high density lipoproteins using automated PhastSystem: application to analysis of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient plasma.

To identify pre-beta-high density lipoproteins, a rapid two-dimensional separation by electrophoresis (1 hour 30 minutes) was performed on an automated Phast System. This procedure used commercially available polyacrylamide gradient gels (4-15%) and allows sensitive and reproducible results. Pre-beta-1- and pre-beta-2-high density lipoproteins were clearly identified by this method. In addition, our procedure was successfully applied to diagnosis of a patient with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, characterized by the absence of alpha-high density lipoproteins.

Direct isolation of labeled low density lipoproteins for the determination of cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.

The measurement of the activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), is of high clinical interest and this study reports the use of a direct LDL isolation (d-LDL) technique to determine in one step the amount of radiolabeled cholesteryls esters ([3H]-CE) transferred from exogenous HDL3 to LDL, avoiding the conveniences of the usually used ultracentrifugation or precipitation of apo-B containing lipoproteins in the CETP methodologies. The d-LDL technique providing a specific immunoprecipitation of VLDL, IDL and HDL allowed to directly determine the [3H]-CE transferred on LDL (d-[3H]-CE-LDL). Two methodologies were assayed for the CETP activity using either exogenous or endogenous lipoproteins, and the results with the d-LDL technique were compared with those obtained using the ultracentrifugation (u-[3H]-CE-LDL) considered as the reference method. The intra- and inter-assays were similar in both techniques for the two CETP activity assays. Strong positive correlations were established between values obtained with d-[3H]-CE-LDL and u-[3H]-CE-LDL isolation procedures for CETP activities with exogenous or endogenous lipoproteins (r = 0.972; p = 0.0001 and r = 0.965; p = 0.0001 respectively). In conclusion, the d-LDL technique represents an easy and accurate procedure to measure directly, in normotriglyceridemic plasmas, the amount of [3H]-CE transferred from HDL to LDL by the CETP.