Precontoured buttress plate vs reconstruction plate for acetabulum posterior wall fractures: A biomechanical study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of open reduction and internal fixation of acetabulum posterior wall fractures is to restore anatomical structure and stability of the hip joint, in order to start weight bearing as soon as possible and prevent hip arthrosis; restoration of the anatomy should preserve function of the joint as well. Although "special shaped precontoured plates" have been developed in recent years for surgical treatment of this region, studies comparing the traditional plates with the newly designed precontoured plates are lacking. AIM: To evaluate the biomechanical properties of precontoured anatomic buttress and conventional curved reconstruction plates (CCRPs) for posterior wall acetabulum fracture treatment. METHODS: Twelve pelvis models were created for testing plate treatment of fracture in the posterior wall of the acetabulum. These 12 pelvis models were used to create 24 hemipelvis models (experimental) by cutting from the sagittal plane and passing over the center of gravity, after which the posterior wall acetabular fractures (of similar type and size) were created. In these experimental models, the right acetabulum was fixed with a 5-hole CCRP, while the left was fixed with a precontoured anatomic buttress plate (PABP). Samples were placed through the test device and were subjected to static load testing, with a constant testing velocity of 2 mm/min until the load reached 2.3 kN or the acetabular fixation failed. Dynamic tests were also performed with sinusoidal wave load, with a maximal load of 2.3 kN and a load ratio of 0.1. RESULTS: The average stiffness values were 460.83 ± 95.47 N/mm for the PABP and 291.99 ± 118.58 N/mm for the 5-hole CCRP. The precontoured anatomic acetabulum buttress plates had significantly higher rigidity than the CCRPs (P = 0.022). There was a statistically significant difference between the unloaded and 2.3 kN-loaded values of AL (posterosuperior fracture line vertical to the ground surface) and CL (posteroinferior fracture line vertical to the ground surface) parameters for both the PABPs and the 5-hole CCRPs (P = 0.036 and P = 0.045, respectively). According to the static tests, the amount of total displacement was significantly less in the PABPs than in the CCRPs. Comparative analysis of the displacement in the BL (posterior wall fracture line horizontal to the ground) parameter yielded no statistically significant differences between the PABP and the 5-hole CCRPs (P = 0.261). CONCLUSION: PABP provides more stable fixation in acetabulum posterior wall fractures than 5-hole CCRP, allowing for proximal or distal fracture line screw application without reshaping.

The protective effect of Montelukast against skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury: An experimental rat model.

BACKGROUND: Montelukast is a selective leukotriene D-4 receptor antagonist, which specifically and reversibly inhibits cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Montelukast on skeletal muscle reperfusion injury created as acute ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in Wistar-albino rats. METHODS: The study comprised 16 male Wistar-albino rats. The rats were randomly separated into two groups as control (IR) and treatment (IR+Montelukast). Ischemia was obtained using a femoral artery clamp. After reperfusion following a 2-hour ischemia, muscle samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological analyses. RESULTS: Malondialdehyde levels were determined to be at statistically higher levels in the control compared with that in the Montelukast group (p=0.002, p<0.01). The superoxide dismutase levels were determined to be at statistically higher level in the Montelukast group compared with that in the control group (p=0.001, p<0.01). In the histopathological examination of the ischemic muscles, edema, polymorinfiltration and erythrocyte extravasation levels were found to be statistically significant higher in the control group than in the Montelukast group. Edema, polymorphonuclear infiltration, and erythrocyte extravasation levels were observed to be significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with that in the control. CONCLUSION: In this model of skeletal muscle acute IR injury, the protective effect of Montelukast against skeletal muscle reperfusion injury was emphasized. We concluded that Montelukast could accelerate functional recovery in the extremity by limiting the local and systemic complications caused by reperfusion in cases such as extremity trauma with vascular injuries and extremity surgery with prolonged tourniquet application. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to confirm this effect.

Is internal fixation of the intertrochanteric fractures reliable option in patients with cognitive dysfunction?

The purpose of this study was to compare the results of hemiarthroplasty with those of treatment internal fixation devices for stable intertrochanteric fractures in patients with moderate and severe cognitive dysfunction. 155 patients were evaluated retrospectively. 54 patients were treated with proximal femoral nail (PFN), 57 with dynamic hip screw (DHS) and 44 were underwent hemiarthroplasty (HA). Activities of daily living (ADL) were evaluated with the Barthel Activity Index (BI) score and the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) with the Euroquol-5D (EQ-5D) test. The BI scores in HA patients were found to be at significantly high compared to the PFN and DHS groups both at the one and two years. A significant difference was also found in the EQ-5D scores in favor of HA group at one year. The most common complications in internal fixation patients were malunion (7/54 for PFN, 9/57 for DHS group), fixation failure (8/54 for PFN, 12/57 for DHS group) and dislocation (10/44), deep infection (8/44) for HA group. The strong predictive variables on ADL in dementia patients were, duration time to surgery and pre-operative MMSE score. In conclusion, HA is the prefered treatment for stable intertrochanteric fractures but that the dislocation (10/44) and infection rates (8/44) are very high in dementia.

Comparação entre fio de kirshner e hastes elásticas de titânio em fraturas pediátricas da diáfase femoral / Kirschner wire versus titanium elastic nails in pediatric femoral shaft fractures

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da fixação intramedular usando o fio deKirschner em comparação com hastes elásticas de titânio (HET)nas fraturas pediátricas da diáfise do fêmur. Métodos: Pacientespediátricos com fraturas da diáfise femoral foram submetidos àfixação intramedular usando o fio de Kirschner ou HET em umgrupo de 42 crianças com idade média de 6,55±2,42 (4-11) anos.Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos,onde 16 (38,1%) pacientes foram tratados com fio de Kirschner e26 (61,9%) pacientes com HET em termos de duração de união.Ademais, nenhum dos pacientes demonstrou má união ou uniãoretardada. Conclusões: O uso do fio de Kirschner ajustado em vezde HET na fixação intramedular de fraturas diafisárias do fêmurem crianças selecionadas pode ser uma opção cirúrgica vantajosadevido ao menor custo, fácil acessibilidade e ausência da necessidadede uma segunda cirurgia para remoção do implante. Nívelde Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of intramedullary fixationusing the Kirschner-wire (K-wire) compared to the titaniumelastic nail (TEN) in pediatric femoral shaft fractures. Methods:A sample of 42 pediatric patients with a mean age of 6.55±2.42years (range 4-11 years) presenting femoral shaft fractures underwentintramedullary fixation using the K-wire or TEN. Results:There was no significant difference found between groups, ofwhich 16 (38.1%) patients were treated with K-wire and 26(61.9%) patients were treated with TEN in terms of union duration.Moreover, none of the patients showed nonunion or adelayed union. Conclusions: The use of adjusted K-wire insteadof TEN in the intramedullary fixation of femoral shaft fracturesin selected children may be an advantageous surgical optiondue to the lower cost, easy accessibility and no need for asecond surgery for implant removal. Level of Evidence III,Retrospective Study.

KIRSCHNER WIRE VERSUS TITANIUM ELASTIC NAILS IN PEDIATRIC FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intramedullary fixation using the Kirschner-wire (K-wire) compared to the titanium elastic nail (TEN) in pediatric femoral shaft fractures. METHODS: A sample of 42 pediatric patients with a mean age of 6.55±2.42 years (range 4-11 years) presenting femoral shaft fractures underwent intramedullary fixation using the K-wire or TEN. RESULTS: There was no significant difference found between groups, of which 16 (38.1%) patients were treated with K-wire and 26 (61.9%) patients were treated with TEN in terms of union duration. Moreover, none of the patients showed nonunion or a delayed union. CONCLUSIONS: The use of adjusted K-wire instead of TEN in the intramedullary fixation of femoral shaft fractures in selected children may be an advantageous surgical option due to the lower cost, easy accessibility and no need for a second surgery for implant removal. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.

Treatment of diaphyseal forearm atrophic nonunions with intramedullary nails and modified Nicoll's technique in adults.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of tricorticocancellous autologous bone grafting with intramedullary forearm nails in the treatment of radius or ulna aseptic nonunion. METHODS: The study included 8 patients (mean age: 39 years; range: 19 to 55 years) who underwent plate-screw osteosynthesis for the treatment of nonunion (6 ulna, 2 radius) following forearm fracture. In all cases, the length of the applied tricortical graft was below 3 cm. Patients were evaluated using the visual analog scale, Grace and Eversmann scale and DASH score. Wrist flexion and extension and postoperative hand and forearm grip strength were assessed. RESULTS: Graft incorporation and union was completed at a mean of 22 (range: 18 to 28) weeks. No patient had nonunion, deep infection or radioulnar synostosis. Follow-up ranged from 18 to 52 months. Radiographic union was achieved in all patients. Mean visual analog scale pain score was 1 (range: 0 to 3). Grace and Eversmann ratings were excellent in 5 and good in 3 patients. Mean DASH score was 10.7 (range: 1.7 to 21.7) points. CONCLUSION: Intramedullary nailing and tricorticocancellous iliac bone block grafting appears to be a technically easy and reliable procedure that enables early postoperative rehabilitation in the treatment of nonunion of the forearm.

Comparison of lag screw versus buttress plate fixation of posterior malleolar fractures.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to report the results of selective open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the posterior malleolus with a posterolateral approach and to compare the results of the 2 techniques. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 40 patients who underwent posterior malleolar fracture fixation between 2008 and 2012. The patients were treated with a posterolateral approach. We assigned alternating patients to receive plate fixation and the next screw fixation, consecutively, based on the order in which they presented to our institution. Fixation of the posterior malleolus was made with lag screws in 20 patients and a buttress plate in 20 patients. We used American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, range of motion (ROM) of the ankle, and radiographic evaluations as the main outcome measurements. The mean follow-up was 38.2 (range, 24-51) months. RESULTS: Full union without any loss of reduction was obtained in 38 of the 40 patients. We detected a union with a step-off of 3 mm in 1 patient in the screw group and a step-off of 2 mm in 1 patient in the plate group. At the final follow-up, the mean AOFAS score of the patients regardless of fixation type was 94.1 (range, 85-100). The statistical results showed no significant difference between the patients regardless of the fixation type of the posterior malleolus in terms of AOFAS scores and ROM of the ankle (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Good (AOFAS score of 94/100) and equivalent (within 3 points) results were obtained using the 2 techniques (screws or plate) for fixation after open reduction of posterior malleolar fragments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective case series.

A comparison of epidural analgesia and local infiltration analgesia methods in pain control following total knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of epidural analgesia with infiltration analgesia in postoperative pain control for total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Thirty patients (28 female, 2 male; mean age: 69.37±5.11 years, range: 61 to 80 years) undergoing total knee arthroplasty between May 2011 and September 2011 were randomly divided into 2 groups. All patients received spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine. Postoperative analgesia of 72 ml 0.9% NaCl + 48 ml bupivacaine (1 ml = 5 mg, total 120 ml) was administered throughout 24 hours to Group 1 (n=15) by epidural catheter and to Group 2 (n=15) by ON-Q infiltration pump. Groups were compared based on the Bromage scores and visual analog scale (VAS), blood pressure, postoperative analgesia requirement and side effects. RESULTS: Demographic data were similar in both groups. Rates of additional analgesia requirement at the postoperative 60th minute and 2nd hour were significantly higher in Group 2 than Group 1 (p<0.05). Rates of nausea-vomiting at the postoperative 60th minute and 2nd hour were significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Bromage scores at 60 minutes and 2 hours was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p<0.01). Mean VAS scores at 60 minutes and 2 hours were significantly higher in Group 2 than Group 1 (p<0.05). While a statistically significant difference was found between systolic arterial pressure measurements at 60 minutes (p<0.05), there was no significant difference in diastolic arterial pressure and peak heart rate. CONCLUSION: Although the analgesic effect of local infiltration is provided later than by epidural analgesia, the same level of pain control can be achieved with initial additional analgesia. Local infiltration is superior to epidural analgesia in respect of few side effects and early mobilization.

Disagreements in surgical planning still exist between spinal surgeons in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a multisurgeon assessment.

PURPOSE: Determining a surgical plan for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can be challenging. Despite treatment recommendations and classification systems (such as the Lenke classification system) there is still no consensus on the optimal surgical plan for each curve type. The main objective of this study is to analyze the disagreements in surgical planning between spinal surgeons in AIS. METHODS: In a monthly meeting, four orthopaedic spine surgeons from different institutions analyzed a consecutive series of AIS patients. The differences in surgical plans were evaluated for each patient. The primary physician of the patient presented the case and specifically stated the Lenke type of the deformity in the presentation. We wanted to specifically document the disagreements between surgeons despite knowing the Lenke type of the deformity. RESULTS: One hundred consecutive AIS patients were reviewed over a 10-month period. There was a difference of at least one surgical plan from at least one surgeon in 31 of the cases; 30 of these disagreements in surgical planning were about fusion levels; 19 of these 30 disagreements were in only the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV), while seven were disagreements in only the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV). In four cases, both the UIV and LIV levels varied. CONCLUSIONS: There was at least one difference in surgical planning in 31 of the 100 cases (31 %). This shows that despite treatment algorithms and the Lenke classification system, disagreements in surgical planning still exist between spinal surgeons.

A new method for the measurement of anteversion of the acetabular cup after total hip arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: Many methods of determining the anteversion of the acetabular cup have been described in the literature. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are discussed in this paper. We present a new method of measuring the acetabular anteversion at the anteroposterior hip. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The formula designed by the authors was anteversion angle (α) = arc sin |PK|/√ |AK| × |BK|. The formula was tested using the AutoCAD software, and an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy. Three groups were created, and 16 X-ray images were taken and coded. Ten orthopaedic surgeons measured the acetabular anteversion from these X-rays using our formula. RESULTS: The results in Group 1 were closer to the actual value; in contrast, the results in Group 2 differed from the actual values. The results in Group 3 were as close to the actual anteversion values as were those in Group 1. CONCLUSION: Developments in technology often bring an increase in complications. Despite newly developed surgical methods and technology, the position of the acetabular cup is still used to determine the results of a total hip arthroplasty. Our method is simple, cost-effective and achieves almost 100 % accuracy.

Can radiation exposure to the surgeon be reduced with freehand pedicle screw fixation technique in pediatric spinal deformity correction? A prospective multicenter study.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multicenter study of patients who underwent pediatric spinal deformity correction with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation. OBJECTIVE: To quantify radiation exposure to the surgeon during pedicle screw fixation using the freehand technique in pediatric spinal deformity surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Pedicle screw placement in thoracic and lumbar spine for spinal deformity is technically demanding and involves radiation exposure. Many experienced spinals surgeons use the freehand technique for pedicle screw fixation in spinal deformity surgery. There are no studies analyzing radiation exposure to the surgeon regarding freehand pedicle screw fixation technique. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study was designed to evaluate radiation exposure to the operating spinal surgeon who uses the freehand pedicle screw fixation technique in pediatric spinal deformity correction. All of the operating surgeons placed a gamma radiation dosimeter on their chest outside the lead apron during surgery. Surgeons placed pedicle screws in the pediatric spinal deformity using the freehand technique. We included patients who had undergone correction with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation with all pedicle screw constructs in this study. RESULTS: We analyzed 125 patients with pediatric spinal deformity who were operated on between 2008 and 2012. The average fluoroscopic time was 40.5 ± 21 seconds. The overall average fluoroscopic time for placement of a single pedicle screw and per fixation level were 2.6 ± 1.7 seconds and 3.9 ± 2.5 seconds, respectively. In each surgery, the recorded radiation exposure to the surgeon was less than the minimum reportable dose (<0.010 mSv) with an average of 0.0005 ± 0.00013 mSv per surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of freehand technique for pedicle screw fixation in spinal deformity correction requires a minimum amount of fluoroscopic use, hence decreasing radiation exposure to the surgeon and patient. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Treatment of isolated diaphyseal fractures of the radius with an intramedullary nail in adults.

BACKGROUND: The goal of the radius diaphysis fractures in surgical treatment is restoration of bone length, rotation correction and to secure fixation that allows early mobilization. The purpose of this study is evaluating the results of intramedullary (IM) radius nail for the treatment of isolated adult diaphyseal fractures of the radius. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed adults with isolated fractures of the radius, who were treated with closed or mini open reduction with a IM radius nail between May 2008 and November 2011 and who were followed for a least 1 year. Patients with a Galeazzi fracture, a pathological fracture, or patients with nonunion after previous surgeries were excluded. All patients were allowed full range of motion without any external support. Primary outcomes were Grace and Eversmann rating, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. RESULTS: Twenty-three enrolled patients (mean age 34 years; 17 men) had 23 isolated radius fractures. Mean time to fracture union was 12 weeks (range 10-13 weeks) for radius fractures. No patient had nonunion, deep infections, or radioulnar synostosis. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 42 months. Grace and Eversmann ratings of 21 patients were excellent or good, and 2 patients were medium. Mean DASH score was 4.2 points (range 0-13.3). CONCLUSIONS: Our experience indicates that this new IM radius nail may be considered as an alternative to plate osteosynthesis for fractures of the radius diaphysis in adults. IM nailing of radius fractures provides reliable bony union and excellent postoperative clinical results in adults.

New interlocking intramedullary radius and ulna nails for treating forearm diaphyseal fractures in adults: a retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment goal for diaphyseal forearm fractures in adults is to restore axial and rotational stability. The treatment of these fractures with intrmaedullary locked nailing remains sparse. We therefore evaluated IM nails for treating forearm diaphyseal fractures in adults. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed adult patients with isolated unilateral or bilateral fractures of the radius, ulna, or both, who were treated with closed or mini open reduction with a new IM nail between May 2008 and January 2012 and who were followed for a least 1 year. Patients with a Galeazzi fracture, a pathological fracture or patients with nonunion after previous surgeries were excluded. All patients were allowed full range of motion without any external support. Primary outcomes were Grace and Eversmann rating, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. RESULTS: The 43 enrolled patients (mean age, 37 years; 32 men) had 59 forearm fractures: 14 isolated radius fractures, 17 isolated ulna fractures (2 bilateral), and 28 fractures of both the radius and ulna. Mean time to fracture union was 13 weeks (range 10-14 weeks) for ulnar fractures and 12 weeks (range 10-13 weeks) for radial fractures. No patient had nonunion, deep infections, or radioulnar synostosis. Followup ranged from 12 to 44 months. Grace and Eversmann ratings were excellent in 38 patients and good in 5. Mean DASH score was 6.5 points (range 0-13.3). CONCLUSIONS: Intramedullary nailing of adult forearm diaphyseal fractures appears to be a good alternative to plate osteosynthesis. The advantages are short operative time, minimal invasive techniques, and sufficient stability in all planes that allows early motion without additional fracture support.

Medial humeral condyle fractures in adolescents: treatment and complications.

The very rare isolated medial humeral condyle fractures in children and adolescents pose significant problems to orthopedic surgeons such as ulnar nerve injury, trochlear irregularities, fishtail deformity and motion loss. Six adolescent boys with displaced medial humeral condyle fractures with an average age of 14.8 (range 12-17) were included in this study. Patients were followed-up with a mean of 39.8 months (range 21-72). In three patients, there were clinical signs of ulnar nerve dysfunction at initial presentation. Of these, two had only mild hypoesthesia on the ulnar side. The other patient had sensory and motor loss of ulnar nerve at initial presentation complicated by hypothenar atrophy and anhydrosis during follow-up. Complete recovery was seen in this patient only at 2 years. One patient without a neurologic compliant at initial presentation developed mild hypoesthesia on the ulnarly innervated areas postoperatively with complete resolution. Medial skin incision was used for open reduction and internal fixation. No signs of gross morphologic damage were seen on the nerve. The symptoms resolved postoperatively in 3 months time in three of the patients, but in the remaining one, it took 2 years for complete resolution of the symptoms. Also, trochlear irregularity and fishtail deformity were seen on radiographs of two different patients. In all but one patients, motion loss ranging from 10° to 20° was evident on physical examination. The most important finding of this study revealed that transient ulnar nerve dysfunction was seen two-thirds of the patients in this series than any other series reported previously. In three series, only one case of ulnar nerve injury was reported from a total of 19 patients. A possible explanation for such a difference may be the older age in this series.

Paediatric lateral humeral condyle fractures: internal oblique radiographs alter the course of conservative treatment.

INTRODUCTION: At first presentation of paediatric humeral lateral condyle fractures, radiological methods such as computerised tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, arthrography, and internal oblique radiography are used to determine stability. Very few studies show which radiological method should be used to evaluate displacement at follow-up for conservatively treated patients. This study aimed to show that internal oblique radiography is a simple, effective method to determine the subsequent development of fracture displacement in patients with an initially non-displaced or minimally displaced fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 27 paediatric patients with non-displaced or minimally displaced (<2 mm) humerus lateral condyle fracture were evaluated by elbow anteroposterior radiograph. The degree of fracture displacement was evaluated by anteroposterior then by internal oblique radiographs. The first follow-up was made between the 5th and 8th day and thereafter at intervals of 7-10 days. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients identified with non-displaced or minimally displaced (<2 mm) fracture from the initial anteroposterior radiograph, 16 were accepted as displacement >2 mm as a result of the evaluation of the internal oblique radiography and underwent surgery. At follow-up, 2 of 11 patients were defined with displacement from anteroposterior and internal oblique radiographs and 4 from the internal oblique radiographs and underwent surgery. Conservative treatment was applied to 5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Internal oblique radiography is the best imaging showing subsequent fracture displacement in initially non-displaced or minimally displaced humerus lateral condyle fractures. At the first week follow-up, anteroposterior and particularly internal oblique radiographs should be taken of conservatively treated patients.

[Measurement of screw length through drilling technique in osteosynthesis of the proximal humerus fractures]. / Proksimal humerus kiriklarinin osteosentezinde vida boyunun sondaj teknigi ile ölçülmesi.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of screw length measurement through drilling technique on the reduction of intraarticular screw penetration and fluoroscopy time in osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and June 2012, 98 patients (34 males, 64 females; mean age 64.4 years; range 35 to 81 years) who underwent osteosynthesis using locking anatomical proximal humerus plates (PHILOS) in our clinic with the diagnosis of Neer type 2, 3 or 4 were included. Two different surgical techniques were used to measure proximal screw length in the plate and patients were divided into two groups based on the technique used. In group 1, screw length was determined by a 3 mm blunt tipped Kirschner wire without fluoroscopic control. In group 2, bilateral fluoroscopic images for each screw at least were obtained. RESULTS: Intraarticular screw penetration was detected in five patients (10.6%) in group 1, and in 19 patients (37.3%) in group 2. The mean fluoroscopic imaging time was 10.6 seconds in group 1 and 24.8 seconds in group 2, indicating a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Screw length measurement through the drilling technique significantly reduces the intraarticular screw penetration and fluoroscopy time in osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures using PHILOS plates.

Interlocking intramedullary ulna nails in isolated ulna diaphyseal fractures: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of multifunctional intramedullary (IM) ulna nailing following diaphyseal fracture of the ulna. METHODS: Adult patients with isolated fractures of the ulna treated with closed or mini-open reduction using the new IM ulna nail between May 2008 and January 2011 and who were followed for a least one year were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a pathological fracture or nonunion after previous surgeries were excluded. Functional outcome was assessed using the Grace and Eversmann rating system, patient-reported outcomes using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Wrist flexion and extension was evaluated using a goniometer. RESULTS: The 18 patients (13 male, 5 female; mean age: 28 years, range: 18 to 64 years) had a total of 20 isolated ulna fractures (two bilateral). Mean time to fracture union was 13 (range: 10 to 14) weeks. No patient had nonunion, deep infection or radioulnar synostosis. Follow-up time ranged from 12 to 36 months. Grace and Eversmann ratings were excellent in 15 patients, good in 2 and poor in one. Mean DASH score was 8.08 (range: 0 to 17.5) points. CONCLUSION: The new IM ulna nails may be considered an alternative method for isolated diaphyseal fractures of the ulna. Advantages of this method include its short operative time, insertion by closed and minimal invasive techniques, use of scope only in reduction and locking control, as well as minimal cosmetic defect, small operative scar and early mobilization without additional fixation.

Tips and tricks in the diagnostic workup and the removal of foreign bodies in extremities.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges during the removal of foreign bodies in extremities, and to provide relevant tips and tricks. METHODS: The medical records of 295 patients (150 men, 145 women; mean 26.82 ± 16.84 years; range: 3 to 79 years) who underwent foreign body removal from their limbs between February 2005 and July 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. Side of the extremity, foreign body type, location, complaints, imaging technique, the season of injury, the effects of foreign body in the body, the time between injury and extraction, indication for extraction, type of anesthesia, the use of fluoroscopy during the surgical procedure, and complications of surgical intervention were analyzed. RESULTS: The injury was in the right limb in 157 patients and in the left limb in 138 patients. Foreign bodies were in the elbow in 4 cases, in the forearm in 6, in the wrist in 6, in the hand in 75, in the hip in 1, in the thigh in 7, around the knee joint in 11, in the knee joint in 6, in the lower leg in 10, in the ankle in 8, and in the foot sole in 161. The season of injury was summer in 148 cases, winter in 107, spring in 35, and autumn in 5. The removed foreign bodies were needles in 216 cases, metallic objects in 33, pieces of glasses in 28, pieces of wood in 10, pieces of plastic in 4, and pieces of stone in 4. The time between the injury and foreign body removal was 1 day in 135 cases, 2 to 10 days in 114, 11 to 30 days in 22, and 30 to 365 days in 13. The removal time was longer than 1 year such in 11 cases. CONCLUSION: Foreign body injuries may result in serious complications such as infection, migration and joint stiffness. A throughout history and physical and radiological examinations are of tremendous importance to achieve the best outcome in these patients.

A tuber ischium avulsion fracture treated with modified subgluteal approach: a case report.

We report a 16-year-old soccer player with a displaced avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity sustained during a soccer match. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed using a longitudinal incision and subgluteal approach. The patient returned to sports 6 months following the operation and returned to his preoperative performance at the 16th month postoperative follow-up. Surgical treatment is often avoided for these types of fractures due to complications associated with the sciatic nerve and exposure difficulty. However, we believe that this incision is a safer alternative to existing methods, providing sufficient exposure and avoiding damage to the neurovascular structures. This article aims to review this alternative incision in the surgical treatment of avulsion fractures of the ischial tuberosity.

A newly designed intramedullary nail with distal interlocking system for tibia fractures in adults - the clinical results.

BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of fractures of the tibia includes reamed and unreamed options. Reamed nails have mechanical advantages but they significantly harm the endosteal circulation. Unreamed nails spare the endosteal circulation, but provide a less stable fixation. In both systems, immediate full weight-bearing is not possible due to instability related to distal interlocking (DI). Further, DI is responsible for the majority of the fluoroscopy requirement and a significant loss of surgical time. In our study, we present the clinical results of a new intramedullary (IM) nail and system, which allows stable fixation with an unreamed technique that permits immediate full weight-bearing, with a minimum fluoroscopy requirement for DI. METHODS: Fifty tibia fractures (49 patients) operated using our new IM system between 2008 and 2010 were evaluated retrospectively. They were allowed full weight-bearing the day after surgery. The patients were followed at least 10 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean fluoroscopy time was 18 seconds (min: 10, max: 30) for DI. Mean union time was 9 weeks (min: 6, max: 12). There was no neurovascular injury, deep infection, malunion, delayed union, or nonunion. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that our newly developed IM nail and new DI system may be an option to solve the stability problems sourced from the DI screw. It also significantly decreases the requirement of fluoroscopy.