Novel grading system for CADASIL severity: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

Background: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited progressive cerebral microangiopathy with considerable phenotypic variability. The purpose of this study was to describe the generalizability of a recently proposed grading system of CADASIL across multiple centers in the United States. Methods: Electronic medical records (EMR) of an initial neurological assessment of adult patients with confirmed CADASIL were reviewed across 5 tertiary referral medical centers with expertise in CADASIL. Demographic, vascular risk factors, and neuroimaging data were abstracted from EMR. Patients were categorized into groups according to the proposed CADASIL grading system: Grade 0 (asymptomatic), Grade 1 (migraine only), Grade 2 (stroke, TIA, or MCI), Grade 3 (gait assistance or dementia), and Grade 4 (bedbound or end-stage). Inter-rater reliability (IRR) of grading was tested in a subset of cases. Results: We identified 138 patients with a mean age of 50.9 ± 13.1 years, and 57.2% were female. The IRR was acceptable over 33 cases (κ=0.855, SD 0.078, p<0.001) with 81.8% being concordant. There were 15 patients (10.9%) with Grade 0, 50 (36.2%) with Grade 1, 61 (44.2%) with Grade 2, 12 (8.7%) with Grade 3, and none with Grade 4. Patients with a lower severity grade (grade 0 vs 3) tended to be younger (49.5 vs. 61.9 years) and had a lower prevalence of hypertension (50% vs. 20%, p = 0.027) and diabetes mellitus (0% vs. 25%, p = 0.018). A higher severity grade was associated with an increased number of vascular risk factors (p = 0.02) and independently associated with hypertension and diabetes (p<0.05). Comparing Grade 0 vs. 3, cortical thickness tended to be greater (2.06 vs. 1.87 mm; p = 0.06) and white matter hyperintensity volume tended to be lower (54.7 vs. 72.5 ml; p = 0.73), but the differences did not reach significance. Conclusion: The CADASIL severity grading system is a pragmatic, reliable system for characterizing CADASIL phenotype that does not require testing beyond that done in standard clinical practice. Higher severity grades tended to have a higher vascular risk factor burden. This system offers a simple method of categorizing CADASIL patients which may help to describe populations in observational and interventional studies.

Balamuthia mandrillaris Encephalitis Presenting as a Symptomatic Focal Hypodensity in an Immunocompromised Patient.

We present the case of a 61-year-old woman with a history of orthotopic heart transplant who was hospitalized with new-onset headache. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed T2 hyperintense signal involving the left occipital lobe with leptomeningeal enhancement and mild vasogenic edema. Initial neurologic examination was normal; however, after 7 days she developed imbalance, visual disturbances, night sweats, bradyphrenia, alexia without agraphia, and right hemianopsia. Brain MRI showed enlargement of the left occipital mass and worsening edema. Stereotactic needle biopsy showed nondiagnostic necrosis. The patient continued to deteriorate despite dexamethasone. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggested infection, and cytomegalovirus CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive. The patient received vancomycin, imipenem, and ganciclovir. After obtaining a positive serum beta-D-glucan (Fungitell), amphotericin was added. Despite best medical efforts, the patient died. Postmortem broad-range PCR sequencing of the brain tissue was positive for rare amoeba Balamuthia mandrillaris.

Yield of Head Imaging in Ambulatory and Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2: A Multi-Center Study of 8675 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To describe the neurological and cerebrovascular findings in patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and underwent head imaging in ambulatory and inpatient settings. METHODS: Consecutive patients aged ≥18 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed or treated at Mayo Clinic sites from 3/11/2020 to 7/23/2020 with head CT or brain MRI within 30 days of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis were included. Demographics, medical history, indication for SARS-CoV-2 testing, neurologic symptoms, indication for brain imaging, neuroimaging findings, etiology of cerebrovascular events, and hospital course were abstracted from medical records. RESULTS: Of 8,675 patients with SARS-CoV-2, 180 (2.07%) had head imaging. Mean age of the entire cohort was 42 ± 18 years, whereas mean age of those with head imaging was 62 ± 19 years. Common indications for imaging were headache (34.4%), encephalopathy (33.4%), focal neurologic symptom (16.7%), and trauma (13.9%). While 86.1% of patients who underwent head imaging had normal exams, cerebrovascular events occurred in 18 patients (0.21% of the total cohort). Of patients with cerebrovascular events, 8 (44.5%) had acute infarct; 6 (33.3%), acute intracranial hemorrhage; 5 (2.8%), subacute infarct; and 1 (0.6%) posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. In the thirteen patients with ischemic stroke, 6 (46.2%) had cryptogenic stroke; 3 (23.1%), other defined causes; 2 (15.4%), small vessel stroke; 1 (7.7%), large vessel stroke; and 1 (7.7%) cardioembolic stroke. CONCLUSION: In ambulatory and hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the rate of head imaging is low, with common indications of encephalopathy and headache. Cerebrovascular events occurred rarely, and cryptogenic stroke was the most common stroke mechanism.

Neurological Complications in Patients with Heart Transplantation.

Neurological complications after heart transplantation are common and include cerebrovascular events (ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes, and transient ischemic attacks), seizures, encephalopathy, central nervous system (CNS) infections, malignancies, and peripheral nervous system complications. Although most neurological complications are transient, strokes and CNS infections can result in high mortality and morbidity. Early recognition and timely management of these serious complications are crucial to improve survival and recovery. Diagnosing CNS infections can be challenging because their clinical presentation can be subtle in the setting of immunosuppression. Immunosuppressive medications themselves can cause a broad spectrum of neurological complications including seizures and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. This article provides a review of the diagnosis and management of neurological complications after cardiac transplantation.

Acute Coma.

An acutely comatose patient constitutes a medical emergency until proved otherwise. Managing these emergencies requires organized teamwork to recognize and treat life-threatening situations and reversible causes of coma. Once vital functions have been stabilized, information from the history and physical examination should be used to rationally guide subsequent testing. Identifying causes of coma for which emergency treatment is possible should be the priority. The treatment and prognosis depend on the cause.

COVID-19 in Northeast Bosnia and Herzegovina and patient's length of hospitalization.

BACKGROUND: Since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, clinical data from various parts of the world have been reported. Up till now, there has been no clinical data with regards to COVID-19 from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The aim was to report on the first cohort of patients from B&H and to analyze factors that influence COVID-19 patient's length of hospitalization (LOH). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Tuzla University Clinical Center (UKC), B&H. It involved 25 COVID-19 positive patients that needed hospitalisation between March 28th and April 27th 2020. The LOH was measured from the time of admission to discharge. Factors analyzed induced age, BMI, presence of known comorbidities, serum creatinine and O2 saturation upon admission. RESULTS: The mean age was 52.92 ± 19.15 years and BMI 28.80 ± 4.22. LOH for patients with BMI < 25 was 9 ± SE2.646 days (CI 95% 3.814-14.816) vs 14.182 ± SE .937 (CI 95% 12.346-16.018 p < 0.05; HR 5.148 CI95% 1.217 to 21.772 p = 0.026) for ≥25 BMI. The mean LOH of patients with normal levels of O2 ≥ 95% was 11.667 ± SE1.202 (CI95% 8.261 to 13.739; p = 0.046), while LOH for patients with < 95% was 14.625 ± SE 1.231 CI95% 12.184 to 16.757 p = 0.042; HR 3.732 CI95%1.137-12.251 p = 0.03). Patients without known comorbidities had a mean LOH of 11.700 ± SE1.075 (CI 95% 9.592-13.808), while those with comorbidities had a mean of 14.8 ± 1.303 (CI 95% 12.247-17.353; p = 0.029) with HR2.552. CONCLUSION: LOH varied among COVID-19 patients and was prolonged when analyzed for BMI ≥25, comorbidities, elevated creatinine, and O2 saturation < 95%. Furthermore, risk factors for COVID-19 patients in B&H do not deviate from those reported in other countries.

Functional outcome after critical illness in older patients: a population-based study.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of disability among ICU survivors one year after admission, and which factors influence functional outcome. METHODS: We examined consecutive patients enrolled in the population-based Mayo Clinic Olmsted Study of Aging and then admitted to medical or surgical adult ICUs at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2014 to determine one-year functional outcomes. RESULTS: 831cases were included. Mean age was 84 years (IQR 79-88). 569 (68.5%) patients were alive one year after ICU admission. Of them, 546 patients had functional assessment at one year and 367 (67.2%) had good functional outcome. On multivariable analysis, poor one-year functional outcome (death or disability) was more common among women, older patients, and patients with baseline cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia), higher Carlson scores, and longer ICU stay (all P <.01). After excluding deceased patients, these associations remained unchanged. In addition, 120 (32.3%) of 372 patients who had post-ICU cognitive evaluation experienced cognitive decline after the ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: On a population-based cohort of older, predominantly elderly patients, approximately two-thirds of survivors maintained or regained good functional status 1 year after ICU hospitalization. However, older age, female sex, greater comorbidities, abnormal baseline cognition, and longer ICU stay were associated with poor functional recovery and cognitive decline was common.

Rapid, multimodal, critical care knowledge-sharing platform for COVID-19 pandemics.

In many areas of the world, critical care providers caring for COVID-19 patients lacked specific knowledge and were exposed to the abundance of new and unfiltered information. With support from the World Health Organization, we created a multimodal tele-education intervention to rapidly share critical care knowledge related to COVID-19 targeting providers in a region of Southeastern Europe. We delivered 60-minute weekly interactive tele-education sessions over YouTubeTM between March 2020 and May 2020, supplemented by a dedicated webpage. The intervention was reinforced using a secure social media platform (ViberTM), providing continuous rapid knowledge exchange among faculty and learners. A high level of engagement was observed, with over 2000 clinicians participating and actively interacting over a 6-week period. Surveyed participants were highly satisfied with the intervention. Tele-education interventions using social media platforms are feasible, low-cost, and effective methods to share knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Risk Factors for Persistent Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness, Nested Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVES: Persistent cognitive impairment after critical illness is an important healthcare problem forecasted to worsen in the near future. However, the epidemiology is insufficiently explored. We aimed to determine potentially modifiable risk factors during ICU hospitalization that play a significant role in developing persistent cognitive impairment. DESIGN: An observational case-control study. SETTINGS: Mayo Clinic ICUs between July 1, 2004, and November 20, 2015. PATIENTS: We conducted a study nested in a large cohort of 98,227 adult critically ill patients. Using previously validated computable phenotypes for dementia and cognitive impairment, we determined the onset of cognitive impairment relative to ICU hospitalization and associated risk factors. The primary endpoint of the study was new and persistent cognitive impairment documented between 3 and 24 months after ICU discharge. INTERVENTIONS: Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed to identify potentially modifiable risk factors during ICU hospitalization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among 21,923 unique patients identified as cognitively impaired (22% of the entire ICU cohort), 2,428 (2.5%) developed incident new and persistent cognitive dysfunction after the index ICU admission. Compared with age- and sex-matched ICU controls (2,401 pairs), cases had higher chronic illness burden (Charlson Comorbidity Index, 6.2 vs 5.1; p < 0.01), and were more likely to have multiple ICU stays (22% vs 14%; p < 0.01). After adjustment for baseline differences, new and persistent cognitive dysfunction was associated with higher frequency of acute brain failure in the ICU, a higher exposure to severe hypotension, hypoxemia, hyperthermia, fluctuations in serum glucose, and treatment with quinolones or vancomycin. Association with sepsis observed in univariate analysis did not persist after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive dysfunction is highly prevalent in ICU patients. Incident new and persistent cognitive impairment is less common but important, potentially preventable problem after critical illness. Chronic comorbidities and number of ICU stays increase the risk of post-ICU cognitive dysfunction irrespective of age. Modifiable ICU exposures were identified as potential targets for future prevention trials.

Features of Adult Hyperammonemia Not Due to Liver Failure in the ICU.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the epidemiology of hyperammonemia unrelated to liver failure in the critical care setting. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Critically ill patients admitted to ICUs at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (medical ICU, two mixed medical-surgical ICUs, coronary care unit, or the cardiosurgical ICU) between July 1, 2004, and October 31, 2015. PATIENTS: Adult critically ill patients with hyperammonemia not related to acute or chronic liver failure. We excluded patients with diagnosis of moderate or severe liver disease, hyperbilirubinemia, and patients who denied the use of their medical records. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 3,908 ICU patients with hyperammonemia, 167 (4.5%) had no evidence of acute or chronic liver failure. One-hundred one patients (60.5%) were male with median age of 65.7 years (interquartile range, 50-74.5 yr) and median serum ammonia level of 68 µg/dL (interquartile range, 58-87 µg/dL). Acute encephalopathy was present in 119 patients (71%). Predisposing conditions included malnutrition 27 (16%), gastric bypass six (3.6%), total parenteral nutrition four (2.4%); exposure to valproic acid 17 (10%); status epilepticus 11 (6.6%), high tumour burden 19 (11.3%), and renal failure 82 (49.1%). Urea cycle defects were diagnosed in seven patients (4.1%). Hospital mortality was high (30%), and median ammonia level was higher among the nonsurvivors (74 vs 67 µg/dL; p = 0.05). Deaths were more likely in hyperammonemic patients who were older (p = 0.016), had greater illness severity (higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, p < 0.01), malignancy (p < 0.01), and solid organ transplantation (p = 0.04), whereas seizure disorder was more common in survivors (p = 0.02). After adjustment, serum ammonia level was not associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperammonemia occurs in a substantial minority of critically ill patients without liver failure. These patients have a poor prognosis, although ammonia level per se is not independently associated with mortality. Serum ammonia should be measured when risk factors are present, such as nutritional deficiencies and protein refeeding, treatment with valproic acid, high tumour burden, and known or suspected urea cycle abnormalities.

Cognitive outcomes after critical illness.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is an increasing realization in the critical care community that persistent cognitive impairment is a common and disabling complication after ICU care. In this review, we discuss the best available information on the magnitude of the problem, its possible mechanisms, risk factors, management strategies and prognosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Estimates of the incidence of persistent cognitive impairment after critical illness vary widely across studies but the most solid prospective information indicates that it may occur in 20-40% of patients discharged from the ICU. From the available evidence, it is difficult to discriminate between de novo cognitive impairment and exacerbation of preexistent cognitive decline. The pathogenesis is multifactorial but inflammatory mechanisms causing derangements of endothelial function and blood-brain barrier integrity might play an important role. Brain atrophy and white matter tract disruption can be structural correlates of the cognitive decline. Prolonged delirium in the ICU is the strongest risk factor for the development of subsequent persistent cognitive impairment. Management strategies are currently limited to those designed to prevent and improve delirium. Cognitive trajectories may vary but a substantial proportion of patients with cognitive impairment 3 months after ICU discharge are still cognitively impaired at 12 months. SUMMARY: Persistent cognitive impairment is a major complication of critical illness. Our knowledge of this problem remains incomplete. Collaborative research is indispensable to improve our understanding of this disabling sequel and to identify ways to prevent it.

Seeking out SARI: an automated search of electronic health records.

The definition of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) - a respiratory illness with fever and cough, occurring within the past 10 days and requiring hospital admission - has not been evaluated for critically ill patients. Using integrated electronic health records data, we developed an automated search algorithm to identify SARI cases in a large cohort of critical care patients and evaluate patient outcomes. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all admissions to a medical intensive care unit from August 2009 through March 2016. Subsets were randomly selected for deriving and validating a search algorithm, which was compared with temporal trends in laboratory-confirmed influenza to ensure that SARI was correlated with influenza. The algorithm was applied to the cohort to identify clinical differences for patients with and without SARI. For identifying SARI, the algorithm (sensitivity, 86.9%; specificity, 95.6%) outperformed billing-based searching (sensitivity, 73.8%; specificity, 78.8%). Automated searching correlated with peaks in laboratory-confirmed influenza. Adjusted for severity of illness, SARI was associated with more hospital, intensive care unit and ventilator days but not with death or dismissal to home. The search algorithm accurately identified SARI for epidemiologic study and surveillance.

Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors for Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After Critical Illness: A Systematic Review.

Long-term cognitive impairment is common in survivors of critical illness. Little is known about the etiology of this serious complication. We sought to summarize current scientific knowledge about potentially modifiable risk factors during intensive care unit (ICU) treatment that may play a substantial role in the development of long-term cognitive impairment. All searches were run on October 1, 2017. The search strategy included Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid CDR, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effect, Scopus, and Web of Science, and included MeSH headings and keywords related to intensive care, critical care, and cognitive disorders. Searches were restricted to adult subjects. Inclusion required follow-up cognitive evaluation at least 2 months after ICU discharge. Studies assessing patients with cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury, and cardiac surgery history were excluded. The search strategy resulted in 3180 studies. Of these, 28 studies (.88%) met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Delirium and duration of delirium were associated with long-term cognitive impairment after ICU admission in 6 of 9 studies in which this factor was analyzed. Weaker and more inconsistent associations have been reported with hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, fluctuations in serum glucose levels, and in-hospital acute stress symptoms. Instead, most of the studies did not find significant associations between long-term cognitive impairment and mechanical ventilation; use of sedatives, vasopressors, or analgesic medications; enteral feeding; hypoxia; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; systolic blood pressure; pulse rate; or length of ICU stay. Prolonged delirium may be a risk factor for long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness, though this association has not been entirely consistent across studies. Other potentially preventable factors have not been shown to have strong or consistent associations with long-term cognitive dysfunction in survivors of critical illness.

Risk factors and outcomes of critically ill patients with acute brain failure: A novel end point.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of acute brain failure (ABF) in a mixed medical and surgical cohort of critically ill patients and its effect on ICU & hospital mortality. DESIGN: Observational electronic medical record (EMR) based retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients admitted to the ICU between 2006 and 2013. SETTING: Tertiary academic medical center. PATIENTS: Consecutive adult (>18years) critically ill patients admitted to medical and surgical ICUs. Patients admitted to the Neuroscience, Pediatric and Neonatal ICUs were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: ABF was defined by the presence of delirium (positive CAM-ICU) or depressed level of consciousness (by abnormal GCS and FOUR scores) in the absence of deep sedation (RASS<-3). Severity of ABF was categorized as grade I if there was delirium with GCS consistently >8 and grade II if the GCS was ≤8 with or without delirium during the ICU hospitalization. ABF duration was not used for this study. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to access the factors associated with the development of ABF and its effect on short and long term mortality. Of 67,333 ICU patients included in the analysis, ABF was present in 30,610 (44.6%). Patients with ABF had an isolated delirium in 1985 (6.5%) patients, isolated depressed consciousness in 18,323 (59.9%), and both delirium and depressed consciousness in 10,302 (33.6%) patients. When adjusted for comorbidities and severity of illness ABF was associated with increased hospital (OR 3.47; 95% CI 3.19-3.79), and at one year (OR 2.36; 95% CI 2.24-2.50) mortality. Both hospital and one year mortality correlated with the increased severity of ABF. The factors most strongly associated with ABF were pre-admission dementia (OR 7.86; 95% CI 6.15-10.19) and invasive ventilation (OR 2.32; 95% CI 2.24-2.40) but older age, female sex, presence of liver disease, renal failure, diabetes mellitus, malignancy and COPD were also associated with increased risk of ABF. CONCLUSIONS: ABF is a common complication of critical illness and is associated with increased short and long term mortality. The risk of ABF was particularly high in older patients with baseline dementia, COPD, diabetes, liver and renal disease and those treated with invasive mechanical ventilation.

Efficacy of Antitoxin Therapy in Treating Patients With Foodborne Botulism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cases, 1923-2016.

Background: Botulism is a rare, potentially severe illness, often fatal if not appropriately treated. Data on treatment are sparse. We systematically evaluated the literature on botulinum antitoxin and other treatments. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of published articles in PubMed via Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and included all studies that reported on the clinical course and treatment for foodborne botulism. Articles were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers and independently abstracted for treatment type and toxin exposure. We conducted a meta-analysis on the effect of timing of antitoxin administration, antitoxin type, and toxin exposure type. Results: We identified 235 articles that met the inclusion criteria, published between 1923 and 2016. Study quality was variable. Few (27%) case series reported sufficient data for inclusion in meta-analysis. Reduced mortality was associated with any antitoxin treatment (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], .09-.30) and antitoxin treatment within 48 hours of illness onset (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, .03-.41). Data did not allow assessment of critical care impact, including ventilator support, on survival. Therapeutic agents other than antitoxin offered no clear benefit. Patient characteristics did not predict poor outcomes. We did not identify an interval beyond which antitoxin was not beneficial. Conclusions: Published studies on botulism treatment are relatively sparse and of low quality. Timely administration of antitoxin reduces mortality; despite appropriate treatment with antitoxin, some patients suffer respiratory failure. Prompt antitoxin administration and meticulous intensive care are essential for optimal outcome.

Case Studies in Neurocritical Care.

The practice of neurocritical care encompasses multiple acute neurologic and neurosurgical diseases and requires detailed knowledge of neurology and critical care. This article presents 5 cases that illustrate just some of the conditions encountered in the daily practice of neurocritical care and exemplify some of the common diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic challenges facing the neurointensivist. Life-threatening medical complications after severe acute ischemic stroke, seizures and extreme agitation from autoimmune encephalitis, refractory seizures after subdural hemorrhage, neurologic and systemic complications related to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus after cardiac arrest are discussed in this article.

Identification of acute brain failure using electronic medical records.

PURPOSE: Up to 80% of critically ill patients have acute neurologic dysfunction syndromes. We evaluated interrater reliability between the examination by the investigator and the charted assessment by the nurse because the accuracy and reliability of detailed data sets extracted from the electronic medical records represents a keystone for creating EMR-based definitions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of intensive care unit (ICU) patients to assess the reliability of charted Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU, Glasgow Coma Scale (GSC), Full Outline of Unresponsiveness, and Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) scores, and a composite measure of ABF defined as new-onset coma or delirium. Trained investigator blinded to nursing assessments performed the neurologic evaluations that were compared with nursing documentation. RESULTS: A total of 202 observations were performed in 55 ICU patients. Excellent correlation was noted for GCS and Full Outline of Unresponsiveness scores on Bland-Altman plots (Pearson correlation 0.87 and 0.92, respectively). Correlation for Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU was also high (κ= 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.01). Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale had good agreement when scores were dichotomized as oversedated (less than -2) vs not oversedated, with κ= 0.76 (95% CI, 0.54-0.98). Investigator assessment and nurse charting were highly concordant (κ= 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-0.99). CONCLUSION: Neurologic assessments documented on the EMR are reliable.