Morphology of the male reproductive system and spermatozoa of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) iguazu Flint, 1983 (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae).

The Trichoptera, holometabolous aquatic insects found worldwide except in Antarctica, exhibit a unique feature in their sperm, which are solely nucleated (eupyrene). Current knowledge on Trichoptera sperm is limited to Old World species. To enhance our understanding of their reproductive biology and contribute to systematic discussions, we describe the male reproductive system and spermatozoa of Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) iguazu Flint, 1983 (Hydropsychidae). This species lacks seminal vesicles, possesses piriform to oval-shaped testes with spermatozoa grouped in apical bundles and dense filamentous material filling other areas. The vasa deferentia are long and a pair of elongated accessory glands displays distinct proximal and distal regions. The relatively short (∼40 µm) spermatozoa are nucleated, aflagellated, and immobile. Further research could explore variations and assess the taxonomic utility of these features for genus identification within Hydropsychidae.

New Stage and Species Description on Brazilian Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae).

We examined material from two poorly documented areas in Brazil concerning the mayfly genus Thraulodes: Minas Gerais, the largest state in Southeastern Brazil, but also the least studied regarding mayflies; and Tocantins, located in the North-Central area of the country. As a consequence of these efforts, we describe a new species from Minas Gerais based on imagos and nymphs, as well as the nymphs of Thraulodes solstitium Orlando, Salles, Boldrini & Krolow, 2021. Thraulodes viola sp. nov. is characterized by the femora translucid with brown maculae and blackish stripe in distal half, and a light brown maculae in proximal half; abdominal terga II-VI translucent white with transversal reddish mark on posterior margins, one antero-lateral reddish dot, one antero-sublateral blackish spot, and one postero-submedian brown spot; penis lobes sinuous sideways, with lateral pouch present and very developed, and apico-lateral area with an ear-like projection; nymph with galea-lacinia dark brown, 14-16 medium-sized pectinate setae in subapical-ventral row. The nymph of T. solstitium nymph is characterized by the galea-lacinia dark brown, 11 medium-sized pectinate setae in a subapical-ventral row.

A new species of Askola Peters, 1969 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Southeastern Brazil.

Askola fortuita sp. nov. is described based on male imagos from Southeastern Brazil, near Caparaó National Park. The new species is somewhat similar to A. froehlichi Peters, 1969 in regards to development of the male compound eyes and relative length of penis, but can be readily distinguished from this and other species of the genus by the following characteristics: dorsal portion of compound eyes widely meeting on meson of head; forewings hyaline; femora white, with a submedial mark and an apical band, both orangish brown; abdominal coloration mostly translucent white; genitalia with styliger plate washed with brown and red laterally, forceps segment I reddish-brown on basal » , remainder translucent white, penes yellowish brown; penes not extending beyond posterior margin of styliger plate.

EphemBrazil: a curated online database and dashboard to explore the distribution of mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Brazil

ABSTRACT Despite the growing number of studies on mayflies (Ephemeroptera), especially in terms of description of new species and distributional records, the knowledge generated remains scattered across specialized literature. This dispersion poses a challenge for non-specialists, such as ecologists, hindering their ability to promote studies and conservation actions. In order to fill this gap, we are launching EphemBrazil: an online database focusing on the distribution of mayflies in Brazil. The main objectives of this platform are to compile a dataset of distributional information for the valid species of Ephemeroptera in Brazil, provide open access to this dataset through an interactive and easily updated website, and offer dynamic distributional maps for species, genera, and families of Brazilian mayflies. EphemBrazil aims to facilitate the retrieval and access of distributional and basic taxonomic information for the order.

A new species of Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) and notes on the adults of Nectopsyche splendida ()

ABSTRACT The male and female of a new species in the long-horned caddisfly genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 are described from southeastern Brazil. The new species has male genitalia similar to species of the candida-group, but has several endothecal spines in the phallic apparatus similar to those of gemma-group species. The color pattern of the scales and hairs on the head, thorax and forewings is similar to that of Nectopsyche splendida (Navás, 1917), as both species have bands of metallic silver-iridescent scales interleaved with black areas on the forewings. Additionally, we present illustrations of the male and female genitalia of N. splendida and expand the knowledge of its distribution.

Hermanella complex on Northern Brazil (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae): New species and stage descriptions

ABSTRACT The male and female imago stage and a new species of the Hermanella complex are described based on material from Pará State, Northern Brazil: Hydromastodon cf. mikei (Thomas & Boutonnet, 2004) and Paramaka froehlichi sp. nov. The male imago of Hydromastodon cf. mikei can be distinguished from Hydromastodon sallesi by the following combination of characters: (1) body color pattern, especially abdominal terga translucent white with terga I to IV washed with black on posterior margin; (2) compound eyes anteriorly rounded; (3) medial projection of the styliger plate short; and (4) penis lobes close to each other and with posterolateral projection as long as ½ of its length. The male imago of Paramaka froehlichi sp.nov. can be distinguished the from the other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: (1) fore and hind wings with membrane brown; (2) legs uniformly yellowish-white, without distal band; (3) abdominal terga II to VI with marks more expanded laterally, median line absent; (4) medial projection of the styliger plate broad; (5) base of telopenis arising at distal ⅔ of penis lobe; and (6): body size of 6.1 to 7.6 mm.

Descriptions of new species and new records of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha & Nepomorpha) from southeastern Brazil.

Although most of the diversity of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) is terrestrial, over 550 species of water bugs (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha & Nepomorpha) have been recorded from Brazil alone. Southeastern Brazil, composed of the states of Esprito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo, is the best studied region of the country, but there are still knowledge gaps in the area. Here, two new species are described from Esprito Santo: Hydrometra ruschii Cordeiro, Rodrigues & Moreira, sp. nov. and H. tuberculata Cordeiro, Rodrigues & Moreira, sp. nov. (Gerromorpha: Hydrometridae). Furthermore, new records from southeastern Brazil are provided for 78 species of water bugs, of which 19 are firstly recorded from Esprito Santo, four from Minas Gerais, eight from Rio de Janeiro, and seven from So Paulo.

New and additional records of Anacroneuria Klaplek (Plecoptera: Insecta) from Tocantins state, Brazil.

In this study we provide an updated list of Plecoptera based on recent collections covering areas from northern to southeastern Tocantins state, Brazil. It is the first work focused on the geographical distribution of the order in this region. Herein, we register Anacroneuria atrifrons Klaplek, 1922, Anacroneuria jaciara Bispo & Neves, 2005, Anacroneuria manauensis Ribeiro-Ferreira, 2001,and Anacroneuria terere Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010 for the first time to Tocantins with notes and illustrations of diagnostic features for these four species. Our work raises the number of stoneflies known from Tocantins to 13 species.Despite this increase in the number of species, we highlight the importance of expanding field collection efforts in different locations of the state, especially in the west and south regions, as well as increasing collection effort in each location, aiming for a better comprehension of this fauna.

Brevitentoria Weaver 1984 (Trichoptera: Integripalpia) of Esprito Santo State, Brazil: New records and new species.

In Brazil, about 900 species of Trichoptera have been recorded, with some species in all Brazilian states. Nevertheless, the collection effort is unequal, with several under-sampled regions. Despite being located entirely within the Atlantic Forest ecoregion, a hotspot of biodiversity, Esprito Santo State has a low known caddisfly richness when compared to nearby areas in the same ecoregion, especially for the infraorder Brevitentoria. This suggests the existence of a Trichoptera biodiversity knowledge gap. Aiming to overcome these taxonomic and distributional shortfalls, we performed a comprehensive inventory of the Brevitentoria species in the state. The sampled sites were distributed from North to South of the state covering 22 locations. In total, 3,420 adult specimens of Brevitentoria were analyzed, leading to a total of 40 species. Two families and 27 species are recorded for the first time from the state. Additionally, we describe three new species of the genera Phylloicus, Helicopsyche (Feropsyche), and Marilia. As a result of this survey, we increase by 100% the number of species of Brevitentoria known from the state, and by 30% for the number of known Trichoptera species. Based on incidence data from this inventory and from the literature, the Brevitentoria species richness was estimated to be about 72 species in Esprito Santo State.

A new species of Campsurus Eaton, 1868 (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) from the Doce River Basin, Brazil.

The male imago of Campsurus mirim sp. nov., an integrant of the C. major species group, is described based on material from a lake at the Rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil. It can be distinguished from other species of the group by the following combination of characteristics: small to medium size (body 7.3 mm, forewings 6.1 mm); blackish pigments on dorsum of head widely and strongly marked in fresh material; abdominal color pattern with pale transverse dashes on terga IIIVII; posterior margin of sternum IX triangular at middle; pedestals flat with inner margin broadly rounded and with both posterolateral corners (inner and outer) approximately of the same length, both acute; penes relatively wide and large, ventrally curved on apical and with apex of main lobe slightly twisted.

Hagenulopsis Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae): re-description, morphological notes and a new species from South America, Brazil.

Hagenulopsis diptera Ulmer, type species of the genus Hagenulopsis, was originally described based on imagos from Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Misconceptions of H. diptera circumscription led to erroneous attribution of material from Minas Gerais and Esprito Santo, Southeastern Brazil, to H. diptera. Despite the increase in the number of species attributed to Hagenulopsis, little attention has been given to the type species. After comparative examination of photographs of the holotype and fresh material of H. diptera from Southeastern Brazil, we conclude that many specimens previously assigned to H. diptera represent a new species. Thus, we redescribe H. diptera and describe a new species Hagenulopsis perere sp. nov. based on eggs, nymphs and imagos. Diagnostic features of Hagenulopsis perere sp. nov. include cross veins between C and RP1 strongly clouded with brown and outer surface of mid femur with a brown spot at midlength. Finally, comments and new records are presented for Hagenulopsis minuta Spieth.

Two new species of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Roraima State, northern Brazil.

Two new species of Simothraulopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) are described and illustrated, based on recent collections and specimens deposited in the Zoological Collection of Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), northern Brazil. Simothraulopsis pacaraima sp. nov. differs from others species by the telopenis being spine-like, short (less than the half of total length of penis lobes) and slightly directed laterally, and the penis lobes with a medial knob between them. Simothraulopsis rainori sp. nov. differs from others species by the telopenis being spine-like, mid-sized (less than the half of total length of penis lobes) and ventrally directed with the apex bent outward, and the penis lobes fused in their basal 1/3, with a well-marked sclerotized region; each lobe is laterally swollen and protruding.

A new species of Campsurus Eaton, 1868 (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) from Brazil.

Campsurus is the most species-rich genus in Polymitarcyidae, and it is divided into four groups. A new species is described and illustrated here based on male imagos. Campsurus molinerii sp. nov. seems to be similar to C. nessimiani, C. dasilvai, and C. cuyuniensis because of the shape of penes and pedestal. The new species differs from them by the main penis lobe being expanded laterally and slightly curved ventrally, with the apex acute and curved ventrally outwards, the apical portion almost cylindrical with apex in ventral view pointed, secondary membranous lobe cylindrical and relatively long, and the outer projection of pedestal with apical condyle process-like projection.

Redescription of adults, nymphs and taxonomic notes on the Southern Brazilian mayfly Ulmeritus saopaulensis (Traver, 1946) (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

ABSTRACT The small mayfly genus UlmeritusTraver, 1956 currently includes three species of Neotropical Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) distributed in southern South America in the Pampean and Atlantic Forest dominions: U. carbonelli (Uruguay), U. balteatus (Brazil and Uruguay) and U. saopaulensis (Brazil). Ulmeritus saopaulensis is a poorly known endemic species from Brazil. Based on material from a single locality in Minas Gerais, we complement the knowledge on this species with a redescription of adults and nymphs and describe the eggs for the first time. The confusing nomenclatural history and the correct spelling of the specific name saopaulensis is discussed in light of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. This paper points out that in despite of recent advances on the knowledge of this genus a full taxonomic review and phylogenetic analyses are pending to solve species delimitation and evolutionary relationships.

Mayfly taxonomy (Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Ephemeroptera) during the first two decades of the twenty-first century and the concentration of taxonomic publishing.

The twentieth anniversary of the first issue of Zootaxa (De Moraes Freire, 2001) provides an appropriate opportunity to reflect on some trends in global Ephemeroptera taxonomy publishing over the last two decades, with a focus on the description of new species and the outsized role of the journals Zootaxa and ZooKeys, in particular. Detailed reviews of world Ephemeroptera knowledge up to about 2000 were collected in a series of nine papers from a symposium on the subject, published together in the proceedings of the ninth International Conference on Ephemeroptera (Domínguez 2001). Domínguez Dos Santos (2014) provided updates and analysis for South America up to the year 2012. More recent detailed accounts of regional and taxonomic diversity, and other aspects of mayfly biology and ecology, were reviewed by Jacobus et al. (2019), while Ogden et al. (2019) discussed current issues involving higher classification.

Description of a new species, nymphs of two known species and a new record of Miroculis/ Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Brazil.

Miroculis is one of the most diversified Neotropical genera of Leptophlebiidae in South America with 26 species currently known. In this work we describe a new species of Miroculis based on imagos from Amazonas, and the unknown nymphs of Miroculis (Miroculis) caparaoensis and Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis, both associated with imagos. In addition, Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis is recorded for the first time from Brazil.

Updated records for Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) and a new species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 from Tocantins State, Northern Brazil.

An annotated checklist with complementary information for leptophlebiid mayflies from Tocantins State, Brazil is provided. Additionally, we describe a new species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 based on male adults. New reports are based on collections conducted between August 2017 and August 2019 in 13 localities of 10 municipalities. A total of 436 adults distributed in 11 genera, 16 species and five morphospecies treated as undescribed species were collected. Of the total species examined, 11 are new records.

Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Esprito Santo state, Brazil.

Based on material collected during the past 10 years in the State of Esprito Santo and adjacent areas in Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, we identified three species of the genus Thraulodes: T. itatiajanus Traver Edmunds, for which we present new records and description of the female imago; T. luisae Souto, Da-Silva Nessimian, first recorded for the state and for which we describe the nymphal stage; and T. alegre sp. nov., described based on male and female imago. The main diagnostic characteristics of the new species are: color of abdominal terga IVI whitish translucent, terga IIVI with subrectangular dark brown mark near posterior margin and with midway spot; styliger plate triangular and whitish; penes light yellow, with lateral pouch and penes spines long and tapered, with robust bases.

The morphology of the eggs in the Hermanella complex (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

ABSTRACT The Hermanella complex is a well-established monophyletic group of Hagenulinae mayflies, but the phylogenetic relationships among its members are still being discussed. In order to fill some gaps in the taxonomy of this group we describe, for the first time, the eggs of eight species of this complex (Hermanella amere, Hermanella mazama, Hydromastodon sallesi, Hydrosmilodon gilliesae, Hydrosmilodon plagatus, Leentvaaria palpalis, Paramaka incognita, Paramaka sp.) using scanning electron microscopy, including some important members whose generic allocation have been questioned. The egg morphology in these eight species of Hermanella complex and their similarities with other species of the complex are discussed.

Unmasking a gap: A new oligoneuriid fossil (Ephemeroptera: Insecta) from the Crato Formation (upper Aptian), Araripe Basin, NE Brazil, with comments on Colocrus McCafferty.

The Crato Formation (Araripe Basin) preserves one of the most diverse entomofaunas of the Cretaceous. Among the groups of insects, mayflies stand out in abundance, but among them oligoneuriids are especially rare. A newly discovered adult oligoneuriid from this unit is here described as Incogemina nubila gen. et sp. nov. and new subfamily Incogemininae. A phylogenetic analysis recovered the new taxon as the sister group to the species-rich and cosmopolitan Oligoneuriinae. The paratype of Colocrus indivicum, described as an "oligoneuriid" from the same unit, is here reviewed and considered as belonging to the family Hexagenitidae. The biogeographical and taxonomic implications of this discovery and the phylogenetic position of Incogemina nubila are discussed. Incogemina bridge an important morphological gap between the Oligoneuriinae and the extant Chromarcys. Also, it demonstrates that the divergence between Oligoneuriinae and Incogemininae probably occurred in South America.