ChatGPT revisited: Using ChatGPT-4 for finding references and editing language in medical scientific articles.

The attainment of academic superiority relies heavily upon the accessibility of scholarly resources and the expression of research findings through faultless language usage. Although modern tools, such as the Publish or Perish software program, are proficient in sourcing academic papers based on specific keywords, they often fall short of extracting comprehensive content, including crucial references. The challenge of linguistic precision remains a prominent issue, particularly for research papers composed by non-native English speakers who may encounter word usage errors. This manuscript serves a twofold purpose: firstly, it reassesses the effectiveness of ChatGPT-4 in the context of retrieving pertinent references tailored to specific research topics. Secondly, it introduces a suite of language editing services that are skilled in rectifying word usage errors, ensuring the refined presentation of research outcomes. The article also provides practical guidelines for formulating precise queries to mitigate the risks of erroneous language usage and the inclusion of spurious references. In the ever-evolving realm of academic discourse, leveraging the potential of advanced AI, such as ChatGPT-4, can significantly enhance the quality and impact of scientific publications.

Pre-freezing selection of Holstein bull semen with the BoviPure colloid as double- or single-layer centrifugation improves the post-thawing quality.

Artificial insemination (AI) is critical for breeding in the dairy industry. High-merit bulls can present low freezability, hampering genetic dissemination. Thawed semen can be improved using density gradient centrifugation (DGC) with colloids, but little information deals with the pre-freezing application. Thus, the BoviPure colloid (optimized for bull spermatozoa) was tested for pre-freezing application as the usual double-layer (DLC) versus single-layer (SLC, quick and economical). Semen from twelve Holstein-Friesian bulls was extended with OPTIXcell extender, frozen (Control), or processed by SLC or DLC and frozen. Sperm were assessed pre-freezing for motility and viability and post-thawing (directly and after 4 h 38 °C) for apoptosis, capacitation status, acrosomal damage, mitochondrial activity, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and chromatin status (SCSA for DNA fragmentation and chromatin compaction and monobromobimane, mBBr, for disulfide bridges evaluation). The DGC improved parameters post-thawing (e.g., 57.5%±10.1 motility vs. control 53.3% ± 11.2) at the cost of sperm loss (sperm recovery of DGC 14.4% ± 2.5 and SLC 17.4% ± 2.5). DNA fragmentation (%DFI) decreased (0.21% ± 0.53 vs. control 1.30% ± 0.10), and SLC reduced chromatin compaction. A clustering procedure separated lesser (LF) and greater freezability (GF) bulls. LF samples were especially benefited by DGC, with SLC providing better post-thawing results for this group. In conclusion, pre-freezing DGC improved sperm parameters post-thawing, potentially improving the cryopreservation of low-freezability semen from high-merit bulls. SLC, quicker and economical, would be preferable since it showed similar or higher performance than DLC.

Characterization of the Germplasm Bank for the Spanish Autochthonous Bull Breed "Asturiana de la Montaña".

Semen cryobanks are critical for preserving autochthonous and rare breeds. Since sperm cryopreservation has been optimized for commercial breeds, non-commercial ones (often endangered) must be characterized to ensure the germplasm's viability. This study reports an investigation of the "Asturiana de la Montaña" breed (AM), a valuable Spanish autochthonous cattle breed adapted to the mountainous Atlantic environment. The survey included cryopreserved semen doses from 40 bulls stored at the Principado de Asturias Germplasm Bank. Data were obtained from the routine fresh semen analysis, CASA (motility), and flow cytometry analyses of fresh and post-thawing semen, and the 56-day non-return-rate (NRR) in heifers and cows (all results as 1st and 3rd quartiles). Fresh samples (artificial vagina) were within the normal range for cattle (4-6 mL, 5-10 × 109/mL; mass motility 5). Post-thawing results showed motility below typical for commercial breeds (total motility 26-43%, progressive 14-28%), with higher values for viability (47-62%). Insemination results showed a good performance for this breed (NRR: 47-56%; higher for heifers). Sperm volume increased with age, with little or no effects on sperm quality. Few associations were found between post-thawing quality or freezability and NRR, LIN being the variable more strongly associated (positively). The AM semen bank shows a good prospect for preserving and disseminating the genetics of this breed. This survey indicates that dedicated research is needed to adapt freezing protocols to this breed, optimizing post-thawing results.

Extension of the equilibration period up to 24 h maintains the post-thawing quality of Holstein bull semen frozen with OPTIXcell®.

Semen cryopreservation in bovine livestock is well established, but logistics often require deviations from standard protocols. Extending the equilibration time to the following day is convenient in many situations. To improve our knowledge of the effects of this modification, we studied the post-thawing and post-incubation (4 h, 38 °C) sperm quality after freezing with 4 or 24-h extension in the OPTIXcell extender by using an ample panel of analyses: CASA for motility; flow cytometry for viability, physiology, oxidative stress, and chromatin parameters (DNA fragmentation, chromatin compaction, and thiol groups status); and spectrometry for malondialdehyde production. Semen was obtained from 12 Holstein bulls. The 24-h equilibration time showed few significant effects, with only a tiny decrease in progressive motility and a positive impact on chromatin structure. The incubation removed some of these effects, with the pattern for chromatin compaction remaining the same. No detrimental oxidative stress or increase in apoptotic or capacitation markers was detected. Additionally, the individual bull interacted with the effects of the incubation and the equilibration, especially regarding the chromatin status. Whereas this interaction did not critically affect sperm quality, it could be relevant in practice. Bull fertility as non-return rates (NRR56) was associated with some sperm parameters (especially with an improved chromatin structure) but not in the 4-h post-thawing analysis. Our study supports that extending the equilibration time by at least 24-h is feasible for bull semen freezing with the OPTIXcell extender.

Post-Thaw Sperm Quality and Functionality in the Autochthonous Pig Breed Gochu Asturcelta.

Genetic resource banks (GRB) preserve the genetic material of endangered, valuable individuals or genetically relevant breeds. Semen cryopreservation is a crucial technique to reach these goals. Thus, we aimed to assess the sperm parameters of semen doses from the native pig breed Gochu Asturcelta stored at the GRB of Principado de Asturias (GRB-PA, Gijón, Spain), focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic (boar, season) factors. Two straws per boar (n = 18, 8-71 months of age) were thawed, pooled, and assessed after 30 and 150 min at 37 °C by CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis system; motility and kinematic parameters) and flow cytometry (viability, acrosomal status, mitochondrial activity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and chromatin status). The effects of age, incubation, and season on post-thawing quality were determined using linear mixed-effects models. Parameters were on the range for commercial boar breeds, with chromatin status (SCSA: fragmentation and immaturity) being excellent. Incubation decreased sperm quality and functionality. The boar age did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05), but the between-boar variability was significant (p < 0.001). The season significantly affected many parameters (motility, kinematics, viability, acrosomal status, mitochondrial activity), especially after 150 min of incubation. In general, samples collected in spring and summer showed higher quality post-thawing, the lowest in winter. In conclusion, the sperm doses from the Gochu Asturcelta breed stored at the GRB-PA showed excellent chromatin status and acceptable characteristics after thawing. Therefore, boar and seasonal variability in this autochthonous breed could be relevant for cryobank management.

Scenario analysis of COVID-19 transmission dynamics in Malaysia with the possibility of reinfection and limited medical resources scenarios.

COVID-19 is a major health threat across the globe, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and it is highly contagious with significant mortality. In this study, we conduct a scenario analysis for COVID-19 in Malaysia using a simple universality class of the SIR system and extensions thereof (i.e., the inclusion of temporary immunity through the reinfection problems and limited medical resources scenarios leads to the SIRS-type model). This system has been employed in order to provide further insights on the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 pandemic. As a case study, the COVID-19 transmission dynamics are investigated using daily confirmed cases in Malaysia, where some of the epidemiological parameters of this system are estimated based on the fitting of the model to real COVID-19 data released by the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH). We observe that this model is able to mimic the trend of infection trajectories of COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia and it is possible for transmission dynamics to be influenced by the reinfection force and limited medical resources problems. A rebound effect in transmission could occur after several years and this situation depends on the intensity of reinfection force. Our analysis also depicts the existence of a critical value in reinfection threshold beyond which the infection dynamics persist and the COVID-19 outbreaks are rather hard to eradicate. Therefore, understanding the interplay between distinct epidemiological factors using mathematical modelling approaches could help to support authorities in making informed decisions so as to control the spread of this pandemic effectively.

Supplementation of the BIOXcell extender with the antioxidants crocin, curcumin and GSH for freezing bull semen.

Semen cryopreservation is routine in cattle, but the results of artificial insemination need improvement. A strategy to these aims is the supplementation of the freezing extender with novel antioxidants. This study aimed at testing the natural antioxidants curcumin and crocin as supplements to the commercial extender BIOXcell for freezing semen from 8 Holstein bulls. We tested curcumin at 0.05 and 0.1 mM (CU0.05, CU0.1) and crocin at 0.5 and 1.5 mM (CR0.5, CR1.5), with 0.5 mM reduced glutathione (GSH0.5) as reference, and a control (CTL, without supplementation). The samples were evaluated post-thawing and after 5 h at 38 °C by CASA for motility and flow cytometry for viability, apoptotic, capacitation, acrosomal status, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and chromatin status (SCSA). Control and GSH0.5 showed similar results, possibly because of the good protection from BIOXcell. CU0.05 and CU0.1 showed little effects but increased cytoplasmic ROS production and motility ALH. CR0.5 and CR1.5 decreased viability and increased apoptotic features significantly post-thawing and after the incubation, resulting in lower motility (significant after the incubation) but decreasing SCSA %HDS (loose chromatin). Whereas crocin at these concentrations seems incompatible with BIOXcell, maybe because of a prooxidant activity, curcumin use merits further research, considering the elevation of ROS with no significant negative effects.

Influence of Social Media Platforms on Public Health Protection Against the COVID-19 Pandemic via the Mediating Effects of Public Health Awareness and Behavioral Changes: Integrated Model.

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing body of literature examining social media in health contexts, including public health communication, promotion, and surveillance, limited insight has been provided into how the utility of social media may vary depending on the particular public health objectives governing an intervention. For example, the extent to which social media platforms contribute to enhancing public health awareness and prevention during epidemic disease transmission is currently unknown. Doubtlessly, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) represents a great challenge at the global level, aggressively affecting large cities and public gatherings and thereby having substantial impacts on many health care systems worldwide as a result of its rapid spread. Each country has its capacity and reacts according to its perception of threat, economy, health care policy, and the health care system structure. Furthermore, we noted a lack of research focusing on the role of social media campaigns in public health awareness and public protection against the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan as a developing country. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of social media platforms on public health protection against the COVID-19 pandemic via public health awareness and public health behavioral changes as mediating factors in Jordan. METHODS: A quantitative approach and several social media platforms were used to collect data via web questionnaires in Jordan, and a total of 2555 social media users were sampled. This study used structural equation modeling to analyze and verify the study variables. RESULTS: The main findings revealed that the use of social media platforms had a significant positive influence on public health protection against COVID-19 as a pandemic. Public health awareness and public health behavioral changes significantly acted as partial mediators in this relationship. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of the use of social media interventions on public health protection against COVID-19 while taking public health awareness and behavioral changes into account as mediators should be helpful when developing any health promotion strategy plan. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the use of social media platforms can positively influence awareness of public health behavioral changes and public protection against COVID-19. Public health authorities may use social media platforms as an effective tool to increase public health awareness through dissemination of brief messages to targeted populations. However, more research is needed to validate how social media channels can be used to improve health knowledge and adoption of healthy behaviors in a cross-cultural context.

Assessment of a germplasm bank for the autochthonous cattle breed Asturiana de la Montaña: Extender (Biociphos vs. BIOXCell) affected sperm quality but not field fertility.

Semen banking is critical to preserving rare and autochthonous breeds. However, protocols can change with time, leaving heterogeneous semen batches. The objective of this study was to assess differences in sperm quality and field fertility. We report differences between batches frozen with the Biociphos and BIOXCell extenders in the Asturiana de la Montaña cryobank (autochthonous and endangered breed, Northern Spain). Doses from 48 bulls were analysed by CASA and flow cytometry. The 85-days non-return rates from AI records were used to assess the fertility of 23,853 AI. BIOXCell showed higher quality post-thawing. Differences increased after a 5-hr incubation at 37°C, and Biociphos yielded doses with lower resilience. Field fertility did not differ between extenders (Biociphos: 57.4% ± 1.2; BIOXCell: 56.6% ± 3.0), possibly because of AI protocols compensating for differences in quality. However, this needs to be confirmed by controlled intervention studies. In conclusion, batches frozen with Biociphos may require specific strategies for compensating for the lower sperm quality. Regular surveys and evaluation of cryobank procedures may be useful to characterizing stored batches and defining strategies to guaranteeing success in their future use.