Uncemented Hemiarthroplasty in Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures is associated with Higher Perioperative Surgical Complications but Lower Medical Complications: Analysis from the National Inpatient Database.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze and compare the perioperative outcomes of cemented and uncemented hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures by utilizing the data from the National Inpatient Sample database. Methods: Data from the National Inpatient Sample Database was analyzed to identify patients who underwent hemiarthroplasty following a displaced femoral neck fracture (cemented and uncemented. Demographic data, comorbidities, length of stay, total charges, and perioperative complications were analyzed. Results: 27390 patients were identified in the cemented group and 29406 in the uncemented group. The patients who underwent uncemented hemiarthroplasty demonstrated a higher incidence of prosthetic dislocation (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.348, p < 0.001), periprosthetic mechanical complications (OR 2.597, p < 0.001), wound dehiscence (OR 2.883, p < 0.001), superficial surgical site infection (OR 2.396, p = 0.043), deep surgical site infection (OR 1.686, p < 0.001), and periprosthetic fractures (OR 2.292, p < 0.001) as compared with patients who underwent cemented hemiarthroplasty. However, patients with uncemented fixation demonstrated a lower incidence of death (OR 0.567, p < 0.001), pulmonary embolism (OR 0.565, p < 0.001), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (OR 0.746, p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (OR 0.772, p = 0.025) and blood loss anemia (OR 0.869, p < 0.001) as compared with cemented fixation. Conclusion: Our study on displaced femoral neck fractures utilizing the National Inpatient database found that uncemented hemiarthroplasty was associated with a higher incidence of perioperative surgical complications. Cemented hemiarthroplasty, however, was associated with a statistically significant higher rate of death, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and myocardial infarction.

Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing and Locked Plating for the Treatment of Periprosthetic Supracondylar Femur Fractures: A Meta-Analysis and Quantitative Review.

Background: As the prevalence of Total Knee Arthroplasty increases, there is still debate over the preferred method of treatment of supracondylar periprosthetic femoral fractures. The aim of this study was to compare two of the common methods of fixation: Locked Plating and Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing with respect to nonunion, delayed union and surgical revision rate. Methods: A comprehensive database search via Pubmed was conducted, yielding 16 eligible studies. Six of those studies were comparative and were used in the meta-analysis section. All 16 studies were used in the pooled sample analysis section. The primary outcome analyzed was nonunion and delayed union rate while the secondary outcome was the surgical revision rate. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by comparing incidences of nonunion and delayed union, and surgical revision rates among the studies. Results: The meta-analysis showed that there is no statistically significant difference among the two groups in terms of nonunion and delayed union rate (OR = 1.43, CI = 0.74, 2.74, P=0.28), but there is a significant difference in the surgical revision rate favoring locked plating over retrograde intramedullary nailing (OR = 2.71, CI = 1.42, 5.17, P=0.003). The pooled sample analysis showed that there is no significant difference in the nonunion and delayed union rates (P=0.210) or the surgical revision rates (P=0.038). Conclusion: Both locked plating and Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing are reliable options for treating supracondylar femoral fractures around Total Knee Arthroplasty. Locked plating demonstrated a trend towards decreased nonunion and delayed union rates and a significantly lower surgical revision rate in the meta-analysis.

Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: A Report on Successful Halting of Acro-osteolysis.

CASE: The phenomenon of acro-osteolysis often intrigues clinicians and patients alike, as it causes bone resorption. One such condition is Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. We report our experience in identifying and halting the active bone resorption in a patient and his father with 2-year follow-up results. CONCLUSION: Management included identification of the NOTCH2 mutation and treatment with antiresorptive measures. In addition, genetic counseling and antenatal counseling are recommended to explain the risk of inheritance.

Intra-operative fractures in primary total knee arthroplasty - a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: One of the rare complications of primary total knee arthroplasty is intra-operative fracture. Intra-operative fracture during revision knee arthroplasty has been well-documented but there is limited literature on fractures occurring during primary knee arthroplasty. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to compare and contrast the various studies to clearly define the predisposing factors, incidence, and characteristics of the fracture itself and to arrive at a consensus on the management and prevention of intra-operative fractures during primary knee arthroplasty. METHODS: The PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, Scopus and Embase databases were searched using keywords "intra-operative fracture", "distal femoral fracture", "tibial fracture", "patella fracture" and "primary total knee arthroplasty". A total of 158 articles were retrieved and after further filtration and exclusion processing, 10 articles that evaluated intra-operative fractures in primary total knee arthroplasty were included for the review. RESULTS: The reported incidence of intra-operative fractures varied from 0.2% to 4.4%. A higher incidence in female patients with a male to female ratio of 0.4 was reported. Posterior stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty was associated with higher risk of intra-operative femoral fractures by many authors in this review. Timing of occurrence and location of the intra-operative fractures can vary widely, with femoral fractures occurring more commonly during bone preparation, trialing and impaction of the final implant and tibial fractures occurring during preparation for the tibial keel and impaction of the tibial component. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-operative fractures during primary total knee arthroplasty are rare with higher risk associated with osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, advanced age, female gender, chronic steroid use, metabolic bone disorders, PS type of femoral implant and difficult surgical exposure of the knee joint due to severe deformities. A plethora of management options have been utilized according to surgeon preference. Standard principles of fracture fixation and arthroplasty principles should be followed to achieve stable internal fixation and any unstable fracture site should be bypassed with the utilization of stemmed components. Satisfactory radiographic and functional outcome can be expected with appropriate treatment.

Clinical outcome, functional outcome and patient satisfaction after cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty for stiff arthritic knee - A short term outcome study.

BACKGROUND: Various authors have shown that Cruciate Retaining (CR) Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) has better long-term survivorship compared to Posterior Stabilized (PS), however most arthroplasty surgeons tend to use PS knees in patients with severe deformity and stiffness. There is limited data correlating stiffness and CR versus PS design. The aim of our study was to assess the outcome of CR TKA for patients with stiff arthritic knee. MATERIALS & METHODS: We evaluated the results of 30 knees with osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis and preoperative stiffness (ROM 15-90°), who had been treated with CR TKA with a mean follow up of 2 years. The primary outcome variable measures were improvement in the flexion, flexion deformity (FFD) and overall improvement in the arc of motion. Patients were also evaluated by Knee Society Score (KSS), WOMAC score and 5-point Likert scale for patient satisfaction. RESULT: At the time of final follow-up, the mean arc of motion improved from 75° preoperatively to 108° postoperatively and it was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Similar improvement was noted for FFD (15.43° to 0.83° (p < 0.001)), maximum flexion from 90.9° to 109.1° (p < 0.001), KSS clinical from 37.67 to 87.47 (p < 0.001), KSS functional from 58.5 to 93.83 (p < 0.001), WOMAC from 76.73 to 7.63 (p < 0.001). Further, the Likert Scale for patient satisfaction was excellent for 90% of the patients. CONCLUSION: This study clearly shows that the routine use of PS design for complex stiff knees has questionable scientific intent and standard CR TKA design in stiff knees can produce excellent outcome. Since there is slight preponderance of data pointing towards improved longevity with CR design, it would be a better option for the patients with longer life expectancy.

Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Hematoma Presenting as Femoral Neuropathy in a Patient on Low Molecular Weight Heparin Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Retroperitoneal hemorrhage has been sparsely reported with warfarin therapy. In this paper, we describe a case of spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma causing femoral neuropathy following treatment with low molecular weight heparin. CASE REPORT: A 65-year-old gentleman had presented with acute onset left-sided thigh pain, paraesthesia, and weakness along with lower backache. On deeper introspection, our patient had, in the recent past, been thrombolyzed for pulmonary embolism. The clinical examination led us to suspect an acute lumbar pathology, and he was investigated on those lines. Imaging studies, however, revealed a massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage which was the cause of femoral neuropathy. In this case report, the presentation of this rare association has been discussed with special emphasis on clinical premonition in the background of anticoagulant therapy. Watchful and medical treatment yielded successful recovery at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Cautious clinical assessment is needed in patients taking anticoagulant therapy. The presentation of a femoral neuropathy is often intriguing. Management options include careful observation and emergency decompression in cases of worsening neurological status.

Calcifying Tendinitis of Shoulder: A Concise Review.

Calcifying Tendinitis (CT) shoulder a self limiting disorder characterized by deposition of calcium salts in rotator cuff muscles. The main symptom being pain followed by activity restriction resolving on its own in most cases. Symptomatic patients are initially managed by NSAIDs, Physiotherapy, Corticosteroid injections. ESWT involves acoustic waves causing fragmentation of deposits with pain releif. Ultrasound guided needling barbotage have shown promising results. Arthroscopic excision remains the definitive management for patients associated with complications as cuff tear and for uncomplicated patients. In calcifying tendinitis the initial evaluation, maintenance of function and appropriate choice of treatment modalities determines the prognosis.

Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using patellar bone tendon autograft and Rigidfix fixation - A midterm functional outcome.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic reconstruction of torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) with bone patellar tendon bone autograft (BTB) has become the gold standard in treating ACL tear with high success rate. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the functional outcome after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using BTB via Rigidfix femoral fixation. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We evaluated the result of 21 knees that have been treated with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using BTB autograft for femoral fixation and bioabsorbable interference screw for tibia from March 2014 to August 2015. The mean follow up period was 18 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Lysholm score postoperatively was 89.04. 23.8% of the 21 patients have good to excellent outcome, 66.7% patients have good to fair outcome and 9.5% patient have fair outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Total Knee Arthroplasty In Patients With Parkinson's Disease- A Critical Analysis of Available Evidence.

BACKGROUND: In this era of modern medicine, there is an increase in life expectancy and thereby an ageing population. Among this group one of the most common neurological disorder is Parkinson disease and one of the most common operation done in elderly population is a total joint arthroplasty. But total joint arthroplasty in Parkinson disease is a relatively uncommon entity. There is sparse literature available with regards to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Parkinson disease. This review focusses on the necessity, complications and previous experiences on TKA in PD based on the literature available. METHOD: The review was conducted after a series of advanced search in the following medical databases; Pub med, Biomed central, Cochrane and Google scholar for articles related to total knee replacement in patients with Parkinson's disease. The following keywords were used; Total knee arthroplasty, Parkinson's disease, Hoehn and Yahr, Flexion Contracture. RESULTS: The review indicates that the functional outcome is comparable to that of controls in immediate post-operative phase, one year and three-year phase, but the long term functional outcome seems to deteriorate significantly. CONCLUSION: Total knee arthroplasty can serve as an effective tool in alleviating pain in short term as well as long term periods, whereas the functional outcome seems to deteriorate post operatively on a long-term basis. Nevertheless, TKA in PD is a challenging situation, thereby necessitating a holistic approach with the efforts from various specialists needed at each stage to ensure a successful operation.

Rationale of Cruciate Retaining Design in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review of Clinical Analysis and its Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Over the years, proponents of total knee designs (cruciate retaining and posterior stabilised) have conducted several long-term studies to claim the potential of these designs in several subsets of patients. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has also been one such domain where numerous studies were conducted in the past. A general perception among majority of arthroplasty surgeons is that, posterior stabilised (PS) is the implanted design of choice among patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, with the available literature there is a significant disparity related to the selection of implants in patients with rheumatoid RA. In this review of literature, an attempt is made to identify the clinical performance and role of one such implant design, the cruciate retaining (CR) prosthesis in rheumatoid arthritis. METHOD: The review was conducted after a series of advanced search in the following medical databases; Pub med, Biomed central, Cochrane and Google scholar for articles related to long term follow up studies of cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis using the keywords cruciate retaining prosthesis, total knee arthroplasty, rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: The available data demonstrate that the CR design is attributed with an excellent long term survivorship and functional outcome even in follow up studies up to twenty-five years. CONCLUSION: The advantages of using a CR design are long term survivorship, controlled femoral roll back and preservation of bone stock. Thus, the data gathered in this review lead to a consideration that the CR design is an implant design on par with PS design in patients with RA.

Presentation of calcinosis cutis universalis in mixed connective tissue disorder: an encounter during hip arthroplasty.

A woman aged 23 years with a diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disorder presented with left groin pain extending over 6 months. Workup revealed avascular necrosis of the femoral head (Grade 3) secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic steroid intake. An uncemented total hip arthroplasty was considered as the patient was only in the third decade of life. During the preop workup, careful clinical assessment had revealed multiple subcutaneous nodules affecting the extensor musculature limited to the gluteal region, anterior and posterior aspects of the thigh. The diagnosis of calcinosis cutis universalis was made after a CT revealed calcified nodules in the subcutaneous, subfascial and muscular planes. A total hip arthroplasty using the posterior approach was performed with minimal trauma to the calcified nodules and thereby preventing a source of persistent drainage and reducing morbidity due to infection.

Tuberculous tenosynovitis presenting as finger drop: a case report and a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Isolated tuberculous tenosynovitis and bursitis are rare among musculoske let al tuberculosis, but it is one of the major causes for chronic tendon sheath infection in developing countries. In hand, it is usually presented as a compound palmer ganglion (radio ulnar bursa), tenosynovitis of the flexer tendon sheaths and very few cases of tubercular tenosynovitis affecting the extensor tendons also are reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We are reporting a rare case of tuberculous extensor tenosynovitis with rupture of the extensor digitorum tendon in an elderly Indian man. This case report and review meets the ethical standard of the journal. CONCLUSION: Delayed diagnosis of tuberculous tenosynovitis is due to numerous differential diagnoses and slow progression. For all chronic synovitis around the wrist, consider Mycobacterial infection as an important differential diagnosis. Early diagnosis, radical excision combined with multidrug antituberculous therapy gives good functional results.

A Case of Septic Arthritis of Shoulder Presenting as Stiffness of the Shoulder.

INTRODUCTION: Septic arthritis of the shoulder is uncommon in adults. It is a surgical emergency as joint destruction occurs rapidly and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Accurate diagnosis can be particularly challenging in patients with underlying liver disease. MRI is a useful adjunct in early detection of atypical causes of shoulder pain. CASE REPORT: A 43 years old male came to our outpatient department with complaints of pain and stiffness of his left shoulder. On examination, his shoulder movements were severely restricted. Further evaluation with MRI revealed septic arthritis of left gleno-humeral joint for which emergency arthroscopic debridement was done. CONCLUSION: Septic arthritis of shoulder may not present with classical clinical features. Hence, a through clinical and radiological evaluation will help us prognosticate and treat accordingly thereby preventing complications like septic shock, osteomyelitis.

Intramuscular Injection Abscess Due to VRSA: A New Health Care Challenge.

Abscess formation following intramuscular injections is rare and they are most commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals. In this case series we present a cohort of three patients presented to us in a critically ill condition with an abscess due to intramuscular injection. Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all three patients. These patients posed a major challenge to the healthcare system and the treating physician because of the: severity of illness, virulence and resistance of the organism, rarity of the situation, immune state of the patient, and lack of supporting evidence to properly guide management in the use of health resources. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report available in the English literature on vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus associated with intramuscular injection abscess.

Extended trochanteric osteotomy: current concepts review.

BACKGROUND: Revision total hip arthroplasty is a technically demanding procedure which has gained importance for more than two decades. It was a nightmare for revision surgeons during its initial years of inception before the advent of extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO). This technique gains access to the femoral medullary canal without compromising the bone stock and aids removal of primary implant and cement mantle without further damaging the parent bone. Like any other surgery, ETO does have certain limitations and complications as reported by various authors. Though it has been routinely used by revision surgeons, thorough knowledge of technical details of ETO is still lacking. So this review article is aimed at addressing the indications, surgical procedure, fixation technique, implant selection and complication of ETO which has been presented over a period of years by various authors. METHODS: We searched in the most commonly used portals like MEDLINE (PubMed) and Google scholar using appropriate terminologies for the literature regarding the various preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative clinical scenarios in which revision surgeons utilized ETO. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ETO is an important tool in the revision surgeon's armamentarium and can be used in variety of clinical scenarios and for various intraoperative needs and goals. Awareness about biomechanics of ETO, indications, implants selection, fixation techniques and complications is paramount for good intraoperative and postoperative outcome. ETO by posterior approach continues to be a work horse approach for most revision surgeons all over the world.

Rotator cuff tears: An evidence based approach.

Lesions of the rotator cuff (RC) are a common occurrence affecting millions of people across all parts of the globe. RC tears are also rampantly prevalent with an age-dependent increase in numbers. Other associated factors include a history of trauma, limb dominance, contralateral shoulder, smoking-status, hypercholesterolemia, posture and occupational dispositions. The challenge lies in early diagnosis since a high proportion of patients are asymptomatic. Pain and decreasing shoulder power and function should alert the heedful practitioner in recognizing promptly the onset or aggravation of existing RC tears. Partial-thickness tears (PTT) can be bursal-sided or articular-sided tears. Over the course of time, PTT enlarge and propagate into full-thickness tears (FTT) and develop distinct chronic pathological changes due to muscle retraction, fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy. These lead to a reduction in tendon elasticity and viability. Eventually, the glenohumeral joint experiences a series of degenerative alterations - cuff tear arthropathy. To avert this, a vigilant clinician must utilize and corroborate clinical skill and radiological findings to identify tear progression. Modern radio-diagnostic means of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging provide excellent visualization of structural details and are crucial in determining further course of action for these patients. Physical therapy along with activity modifications, anti-inflammatory and analgesic medications form the pillars of nonoperative treatment. Elderly patients with minimal functional demands can be managed conservatively and reassessed at frequent intervals. Regular monitoring helps in isolating patients who require surgical interventions. Early surgery should be considered in younger, active and symptomatic, healthy patients. In addition to being cost-effective, this helps in providing a functional shoulder with a stable cuff. An easily reproducible technique of maximal strength and sturdiness should by chosen among the armamentarium of the shoulder surgeon. Grade 1 PTTs do well with debridement while more severe lesions mandate repair either by trans-tendon technique or repair following conversion into FTT. Early repair of repairable FTT can avoid appearance and progression of disability and weakness. The choice of surgery varies from surgeon-to-surgeon with arthroscopy taking the lead in the current scenario. The double-row repairs have an edge over the single-row technique in some patients especially those with massive tears. Stronger, cost-effective and improved functional scores can be obtained by the former. Both early and delayed postoperative rehabilitation programmes have led to comparable outcomes. Guarded results may be anticipated in patients in extremes of age, presence of comorbidities and severe tear patters. Overall, satisfactory results are obtained with timely diagnosis and execution of the appropriate treatment modality.

Factors predicting the failure of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy: a meta-regression analysis.

There is no clear evidence regarding the outcome of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) in different patient populations. We performed systematic meta-regression analysis of 23 eligible studies. There were 1,113 patients of which 61 patients had total hip arthroplasty (THA) (endpoint) as a result of failed Bernese PAO. Univariate analysis revealed significant correlation between THA and presence of grade 2/grade 3 arthritis, Merle de'Aubigne score (MDS), Harris hip score and Tonnis angle, change in lateral centre edge (LCE) angle, late proximal femoral osteotomies, and heterotrophic ossification (HO) resection. Multivariate analysis showed that the odds of having THA increases with grade 2/grade 3 osteoarthritis (3.36 times), joint penetration (3.12 times), low preoperative MDS (1.59 times), late PFO (1.59 times), presence of preoperative subluxation (1.22 times), previous hip operations (1.14 times), and concomitant PFO (1.09 times). In the absence of randomised controlled studies, the findings of this analysis can help the surgeon to make treatment decisions.

Critical analysis of outcome measures used in the assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Clinicians and researchers are confounded by the various outcome measures used for the assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In this study, we critically analysed the conceptual framework, validity, reliability, responsiveness and appropriateness of some of the commonly used CTS outcome measures. Initially, we conducted an extensive literature search to identify all of the outcome measures used in the assessment of CTS patients, which revealed six different carpal tunnel outcome measures [Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHQ), Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM), clinical rating scale (Historical-Objective (Hi-Ob) scale) and Upper Extremity Functional Scale (UEFS)]. We analysed the construction framework, development process, validation process, reliability, internal consistency (IC), responsiveness and limitations of each of these outcome measures. Our analysis reveals that BCTQ, MHQ and PEM have comprehensive frameworks, good validity, reliability and responsiveness both in the hands of the developers, as well as independent researchers. The UEFS and Hi-Ob scale need validation and reliability testing by independent researchers. Region-specific measures like DASH have good frameworks and, hence, a potential role in the assessment of CTS but they require more validation in exclusive carpal tunnel patients.