Computational pathology in 2030: a Delphi study forecasting the role of AI in pathology within the next decade.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly fuelling a fundamental transformation in the practice of pathology. However, clinical integration remains challenging, with no AI algorithms to date in routine adoption within typical anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories. This survey gathered current expert perspectives and expectations regarding the role of AI in AP from those with first-hand computational pathology and AI experience. METHODS: Perspectives were solicited using the Delphi method from 24 subject matter experts between December 2020 and February 2021 regarding the anticipated role of AI in pathology by the year 2030. The study consisted of three consecutive rounds: 1) an open-ended, free response questionnaire generating a list of survey items; 2) a Likert-scale survey scored by experts and analysed for consensus; and 3) a repeat survey of items not reaching consensus to obtain further expert consensus. FINDINGS: Consensus opinions were reached on 141 of 180 survey items (78.3%). Experts agreed that AI would be routinely and impactfully used within AP laboratory and pathologist clinical workflows by 2030. High consensus was reached on 100 items across nine categories encompassing the impact of AI on (1) pathology key performance indicators (KPIs) and (2) the pathology workforce and specific tasks performed by (3) pathologists and (4) AP lab technicians, as well as (5) specific AI applications and their likelihood of routine use by 2030, (6) AI's role in integrated diagnostics, (7) pathology tasks likely to be fully automated using AI, and (8) regulatory/legal and (9) ethical aspects of AI integration in pathology. INTERPRETATION: This systematic consensus study details the expected short-to-mid-term impact of AI on pathology practice. These findings provide timely and relevant information regarding future care delivery in pathology and raise key practical, ethical, and legal challenges that must be addressed prior to AI's successful clinical implementation. FUNDING: No specific funding was provided for this study.

Incidence and risk factors of delayed development for stoma site incisional hernia after ileostomy closure in patients undergoing colorectal surgery with temporary ileostomy.

BACKGROUND: Stoma site incisional hernias after ileostomy closure are complex hernias that can be associated with abdominal pain, discomfort, and a diminished quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of incisional hernia (IH) following temporary ileostomy reversal in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, and the risk factors associated with its development. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-centre, cohort study of patients undergoing ileostomy reversal between January 2010 and December 2016. Comorbidities, operative characteristics, comparison between early and late ileostomy closure and postoperative complications were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 202 consecutive patients were prospectively evaluated (median follow-up 46 months; range: 12-109). Stoma site incisional hernia occurred in 23% of patients (n = 47), diagnosed by physical examination or imaging tests. The reasons for the primary surgery were colorectal cancer (n = 141, 69.8%), inflammatory bowel disease (n = 14, 6.9%), emergency surgery (n = 35, 17.3%), and other conditions (n = 12, 5.9%). Secondary outcomes: a statistically significant risk factors for developing an IH was obesity (higher BMI) (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.05-1.26) p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: 23% of patients developed surgical site IH, a higher BMI being the only risk factor found to be statistically significant in the development of an incisional hernia.

Abdominal normothermic regional perfusion in controlled donation after circulatory determination of death liver transplantation: Outcomes and risk factors for graft loss.

Postmortem normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) is a rising preservation strategy in controlled donation after circulatory determination of death (cDCD). Herein, we present results for cDCD liver transplants performed in Spain 2012-2019, with outcomes evaluated through December 31, 2020. Results were analyzed retrospectively and according to recovery technique (abdominal NRP [A-NRP] or standard rapid recovery [SRR]). During the study period, 545 cDCD liver transplants were performed with A-NRP and 258 with SRR. Median donor age was 59 years (interquartile range 49-67 years). Adjusted risk estimates were improved with A-NRP for overall biliary complications (OR 0.300, 95% CI 0.197-0.459, p < .001), ischemic type biliary lesions (OR 0.112, 95% CI 0.042-0.299, p < .001), graft loss (HR 0.371, 95% CI 0.267-0.516, p < .001), and patient death (HR 0.540, 95% CI 0.373-0.781, p = .001). Cold ischemia time (HR 1.004, 95% CI 1.001-1.007, p = .021) and re-transplantation indication (HR 9.552, 95% CI 3.519-25.930, p < .001) were significant independent predictors for graft loss among cDCD livers with A-NRP. While use of A-NRP helps overcome traditional limitations in cDCD liver transplantation, opportunity for improvement remains for cases with prolonged cold ischemia and/or technically complex recipients, indicating a potential role for complimentary ex situ perfusion preservation techniques.

Applicability of 3D-printed models in hepatobiliary surgey: results from "LIV3DPRINT" multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatobiliary resections are challenging due to the complex liver anatomy. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has gained popularity due to its ability to produce anatomical models based on the characteristics of each patient. METHODS: A multicenter study was conducted on complex hepatobiliary tumours. The endpoint was to validate 3DP model accuracy from original image sources for application in the teaching, patient-communication, and planning of hepatobiliary surgery. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients from eight centers were included. Process testing between 3DP and CT/MRI presented a considerable degree of similarity in vascular calibers (0.22 ± 1.8 mm), and distances between the tumour and vessel (0.31 ± 0.24 mm). The Dice Similarity Coefficient was 0.92, with a variation of 2%. Bland-Altman plots also demonstrated an agreement between 3DP and the surgical specimen with the distance of the resection margin (1.15 ± 1.52 mm). Professionals considered 3DP at a positive rate of 0.89 (95%CI; 0.73-0.95). According to student's distribution a higher success rate was reached with 3DP (median:0.9, IQR: 0.8-1) compared with CT/MRI or 3D digital imaging (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: 3DP hepatic models present a good correlation compared with CT/MRI and surgical pathology and they are useful for education, understanding, and surgical planning, but does not necessarily affect the surgical outcome.

Outcomes of abdominal wall reconstruction in patients with the combination of complex midline and lateral incisional hernias.

BACKGROUND: The best treatment for the combined defects of midline and lateral incisional hernia is not known. The aim of our multicenter study was to evaluate the operative and patient-reported outcomes using a modified posterior component separation in patients who present with the combination of midline and lateral incisional hernia. METHODS: We identified patients from a prospective, multicenter database who underwent operative repairs of a midline and lateral incisional hernia at 4 centers with minimum 2-year follow-up. Hernias were divided into a main hernia based on the larger size and associated abdominal wall hernias. Outcomes reported were short- and long-term complications, including recurrence, pain, and bulging. Quality of life was assessed with the European Registry for Abdominal Wall Hernias Quality of Life score. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were identified. Almost 70% of patients presented with a midline defect as the main incisional hernia. The operative technique was a transversus abdominis release in 26 patients (45%), a modification of transversus abdominis release 27 (47%), a reverse transversus abdominis release in 3 (5%), and a primary, lateral retromuscular preperitoneal approach in 2 (3%). Surgical site occurrences occurred in 22 patients (38%), with only 8 patients (14%) requiring procedural intervention. During a mean follow-up of 30.1 ± 14.4 months, 2 (3%) cases of recurrence were diagnosed and required reoperation. There were also 4 (7%) patients with asymptomatic but visible bulging. The European Registry for Abdominal Wall Hernias Quality of Life score showed a statistically significant decrease in the 3 domains (pain, restriction, and cosmetic) in the postoperative score compared with the preoperative score. CONCLUSION: The different techniques of posterior component separation in the treatment of combined midline and lateral incisional hernia show acceptable results, despite the associated high complexity. Patient-reported outcomes after measurement of the European Registry for Abdominal Wall Hernias Quality of Life score demonstrated a clinically important improvement in quality of life and pain.

Update on the management of uncomplicated acute diverticulitis at our centre. Equally effective, more efficient. / Actualización del manejo de la diverticulitis aguda no complicada en nuestro centro. Igualmente efectivo, más eficiente.

GOALS: The current trend in the treatment of non-complicated diverticulitis is the outpatient management with antibiotic or even anti-inflammatory regimens in selected cases. We present a comparison of the results in our hospital with different protocols applied in 2016 and 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients selected for this study were diagnosed with diverticulitis grade Ia of Hinchey's classification according to radiological findings on abdominal CT. We have analyzed two retrospective cohorts: 100 patients treated in 2016 according to the old protocol and 104 patients treated in 2017 with a new protocol. In 2016, the candidates for ambulatory treatment remained under observation for 24 hours before being discharged. The treatment consisted of 14 days of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole. In 2017, only patients with more acute symptoms were observed 24 hours and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was prescribed for only 5 days. RESULTS: The persistence of the disease in 2016 was 6% and in 2017 was only 5.77% (p = 0.944). Recurrence during the first year was 13% in the first group, while in the second it was 5.7%, although this difference was not statistically significant. Likewise, a significant reduction in health costs was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient treatment of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis with oral treatment seems to be a safe and effective therapeutic strategy in selected patients with low comorbidity.

Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma as a Rare Indication for Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin, with nonspecific presentation and unpredictable clinical course. Several therapeutic options are available according to the literature, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, liver resection (LR), and liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: We present 2 cases of patients with HEHE treated with liver transplantation in our center, a 30-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman, diagnosed with several lesions involving both liver lobes. RESULTS: Levels of tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], cancer antigen 19.9 [Ca19.9], and alpha-fetoprotein [AFP]) were negative. Percutaneous biopsy revealed HEHE in both cases. Due to the bilobar location, liver transplantation was performed. Postoperative course was unremarkable, and no significant complications developed. At this time, 10 and 5 years' follow-up has concluded, respectively. Both patients remain alive, asymptomatic, with normal liver function and no sign of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: HEHE is an uncommon malignant hepatic disease. Most cases present with bilobar involvement, and LT is probably the most useful treatment with favorable outcomes according to the literature and our experience. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal management of this rare entity.

Diverticulitis in immunodeficient patients: our experience in the management of high-risk patients.

INTRODUCTION: acute diverticulitis is a very prevalent disease. The need for a more aggressive management in immunodeficient patients has not been established. We present the results of our unit with immunodeficient patients diagnosed with acute diverticulitis and their follow-up. OBJECTIVES: to assess the possibility that a conservative management in this group is as valid as in the immunocompetent population. METHODS: a retrospective analysis study was performed in our hospital. Forty immunodeficient patients (transplant, corticoid treatment, dialysis, oncologic, HIV patients) diagnosed with acute diverticulitis were analyzed. The patients were managed with a surgical or non-surgical treatment according to their status on admission. The main analyzed items were the severity of the acute episode and the need for surgical treatment compared to the cause of immunodeficiency. Other studied variables included follow-up results and recurrences. RESULTS: thirty-two of the 40 patients studied received a non-surgical treatment during the acute episode, eight required emergency surgery (seven had a Hartmann procedure and one underwent a colon resection and anastomosis). Transplant patients and those between 40 and 50 years old proved to be higher risk groups. Three patients subsequently required elective surgery due to complications. Twenty-four patients had uneventful recoveries. CONCLUSIONS: the frequency of complicated acute diverticulitis is higher in immunodeficient patients than that of the general population. Non-surgical treatment seems to be as safe as in immunocompetent patients. Younger and transplanted patients were higher risk groups for severe acute diverticulitis that required a more aggressive management initially.

Serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone on the first day after total thyroidectomy as predictor of permanent hypoparathyroidism. / Uso del valor de la hormona paratiroidea intacta en el primer día postoperatorio tras tiroidectomía total como predictor de hipoparatiroidismo permanente.

BACKGROUND: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is the most common long-term complication after total thyroidectomy, causing significant morbidity and requiring long-term replacement therapy. Our study objective was to assess whether intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels on the first day after total thyroidectomy are a good predictor of permanent hypoparathyroidism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study of all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy between January 2009 and December 2014. iPTH and calcium levels were measured the first day after surgery. Patients were followed up for at least one year after surgery. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 481 patients with a mean age of 53±14 years, 82% of them females. The most common reason for thyroidectomy was multinodular goiter (75%), followed by papillary thyroid cancer (15%). Transient hypocalcemia was the most common early complication after total thyroidectomy (49%), and permanent hypoparathyroidism was the most common long-term complication (6%). ROC curve analysis showed that iPTH level on the first postoperative day was a good predictor of permanent hypoparathyroidism (area under the curve 0.87; 95% CI: 0.84-0.91). Cut-off iPTH levels of 5pg/mL had 95% sensitivity, 77% specificity, 21.6% positive predictive value, and 99.6% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: iPTH level on the first day after total thyroidectomy is a useful predictor of permanent hypoparathyroidism because of its high negative predictive value. Serum iPTH levels >5pg/mL virtually exclude presence of permanent hypoparathyroidism.

Normothermic regional perfusion vs. super-rapid recovery in controlled donation after circulatory death liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although there is increasing interest in its use, definitive evidence demonstrating a benefit for postmortem normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) in controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) liver transplantation is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare results of cDCD liver transplants performed with postmortem NRP vs. super-rapid recovery (SRR), the current standard for cDCD. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study including all cDCD liver transplants performed in Spain between June 2012 and December 2016, with follow-up ending in December 2017. Each donor hospital determined whether organ recovery was performed using NRP or SRR. The propensity scores technique based on the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance covariates across study groups; logistic and Cox regression models were used for binary and time-to-event outcomes. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 95 cDCD liver transplants performed with postmortem NRP and 117 with SRR. The median donor age was 56 years (interquartile range 45-65 years). After IPTW analysis, baseline covariates were balanced, with all absolute standardised differences <0.15. IPTW-adjusted risks were significantly improved among NRP livers for overall biliary complications (odds ratio 0.14; 95% CI 0.06-0.35, p <0.001), ischaemic type biliary lesions (odds ratio 0.11; 95% CI 0.02-0.57; p = 0.008), and graft loss (hazard ratio 0.39; 95% CI 0.20-0.78; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The use of postmortem NRP in cDCD liver transplantation appears to reduce postoperative biliary complications, ischaemic type biliary lesions and graft loss, and allows for the transplantation of livers even from cDCD donors of advanced age. LAY SUMMARY: This is a propensity-matched nationwide observational cohort study performed using livers recovered from donors undergoing cardiac arrest provoked by the intentional withdrawal of life support (controlled donation after circulatory death, cDCD). Approximately half of the livers were recovered after a period of postmortem in situ normothermic regional perfusion, which restored warm oxygenated blood to the abdominal organs, whereas the remainder were recovered after rapid preservation with a cold solution. The study results suggest that the use of postmortem normothermic regional perfusion helps reduce rates of post-transplant biliary complications and graft loss and allows for the successful transplantation of livers from older cDCD donors.

[Management of jejunal diverticulitis. Experience in our center]. / Manejo de la diverticulitis yeyunal. Experiencia en nuestro centro.

Jejunal diverticular disease is a very uncommon pathology often asymptomatic. Associated complications appear in less than 30% of patients and they can present as diverticulitis, refractary inflammation, obstruction, hemorrhage, perforation or intraabdominal abscess formation. Clinical manifestations are usually unspecific and high suspicion index is required to reach the diagnosis. Treatment of complications includes volume replacement, transfusions, antibiotic therapy, percutaneous drainage or surgical intervention. We present a retrospective observational study of the cases treated in our hospital between 2007 and 2016.

La enfermedad diverticular yeyunal es una condición clínica muy poco frecuente y habitualmente asintomática. Las complicaciones asociadas aparecen en menos del 30% de los pacientes y pueden manifestarse como inflamación de los divertículos, obstrucción intestinal, hemorragia digestiva, malabsorción intestinal, formación de abscesos intraabdominales y perforación. La clínica de los pacientes es muchas veces inespecífica, requiriendo un alto grado de sospecha para llegar al diagnóstico. El tratamiento de las complicaciones de la enfermedad diverticular es variado, incluyendo reposición de volumen o transfusiones, antibioticoterapia, drenaje percutáneo o intervención quirúrgica. Presentamos un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los casos tratados en nuestro hospital entre 2007 y 2016.

Review of duodenal perforations after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Hospital Puerta de Hierro from 1999 to 2014.

INTRODUCTION: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the gold standard in biliary and pancreatic pathology. Although the procedure has a significant morbidity and mortality rate. Algorithms are needed for the management and treatment of the associated complications. OBJECTIVE: to review the post-ERCP perforations treated in the Department of General Surgery of the Hospital Puerta de Hierro from 1999 to 2014. The results were evaluated according to the types of perforation and treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: this is a descriptive and observational study of all post-ERCP perforations reported and treated by the Department of General Surgery of the Hospital Puerta de Hierro from 1999 to 2014. The following data were collected: indication for the test and findings, type of perforation, time and method of diagnosis, time to surgery and the technique used; the subsequent complications as well as the evolution and time of admission were registered. Results were evaluated according to the type of perforation (Stapfer classification) and the treatment performed. Thirty-six perforations were reported (21 type I, eight type II, two type III and five type IV), with an associated incidence of less than 1%. The diagnosis was immediate (in the first 24 hours) in 67% of cases; type I was the most frequent: 28 of 36 patients (77.7%) required surgery. The majority underwent a cholecystectomy followed by suture, intraoperative cholangiography, bile duct exploration and drainage whenever possible. Four patients died with type I perforations; two were intervened and two were managed conservatively. The most frequent complication was a collection/fistula which occurred in 21.42% of patients who underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: periduodenal perforations secondary to ERCP treatment should be oriented according to the clinical and radiological findings. In our experience, type I perforations require immediate surgical intervention, whereas type II and III perforations can be managed conservatively in some cases when there are no complications such as associated abdominal collections, peritoneal irritation and/or sepsis. Type IV perforations respond to conservative management.

Prevalence and outcome of portal thrombosis in a cohort of cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients that have undergone liver transplantation (LT) is 9.7% (SD 4.5). The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence, assess the factors that are associated with PVT and clarify their association with prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and LT. AIMS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2014, laboratory, radiological and surgical data were collected from patients with LC in our center who had undergone LT for the first time. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-one patients were included. The mean age was 55 (SD 9), 75.4% of patients were male and 48.7% had HCV. The Child-Pugh scores were A/B/C 41.9%/35.9%/25.5% and the MELD score was 15 (SD 6). Previous decompensations were: ascites (61.4%), hepatic encephalopathy (34.4%), variceal bleeding (25.4%), hepatocellular carcinoma (48.9%) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SPB) (14.3%). The mean post-transplant follow-up was 42 months (0-113). PVT was diagnosed at LT in 18 patients (9.4%). Six patients were previously diagnosed using imaging tests (33.3%): 2 patients (11.1%) by DU and 4 patients (22.2%) by CT scan. All patients with PVT had DU in a mean time of 6 months before LT (0-44) and 90 patients (47.1%) had a CT scan in a median time of 6 months before LT (0-45). PVT was significantly related to the presence of SBP (33.3% vs 12.6%; p = 0.02) and lower levels of albumin (3.1g/dl vs 3.4g/dl; p = 0.05). MELD was higher in patients with PVT (16.6 vs 14.9; p = 0.3). There were no significant differences with regard to the need for transfusion of blood components. Moreover, the surgery time was similar in both groups. PVT correlated with a higher mortality in the first 30 days (8.8% vs 16.7%; p = 0.2). CONCLUSION: Prior history of SBP and lower levels of albumin were identified as factors associated with PVT. The pre-transplant diagnosis rate is very low and the presence of PVT may have implications for short-term mortality.