RESUMO
Sustained proliferative capacity and gene dysregulation are hallmarks of cancer. In mammalian cells, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control critical cell cycle checkpoints and key transcriptional events in response to extracellular and intracellular signals leading to proliferation. Significant clinical activity for the treatment of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer has been demonstrated by palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib, dual CDK4/6 inhibitors recently FDA-approved. SY-1365, a CDK7 inhibitor has shown initial encouraging data in phase I for solid tumors treatment. These results have rejuvenated the CDKs research field. This review provides an overview of relevant advances on CDK inhibitor research since 2015 to 2019, with special emphasis on transcriptional CDK inhibitors, new emerging strategies such as target protein degradation and compounds under clinical evaluation.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Piridinas/química , Pirimidinas/química , Aminopiridinas/química , Aminopiridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/química , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Indóis/química , Indóis/farmacologia , Piperazinas/química , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Purinas/química , Purinas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Activation of TGR5 via bile acids or bile acid analogs leads to the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from intestine, increases energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue, and increases gallbladder filling with bile. Here, we present compound 18, a non-bile acid agonist of TGR5 that demonstrates robust GLP-1 secretion in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line yet weak GLP-1 secretion in a human enteroendocrine cell line. Acute administration of compound 18 to mice increased GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) secretion, leading to a lowering of the glucose excursion in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), while chronic administration led to weight loss. In addition, compound 18 showed a dose-dependent increase in gallbladder filling. Lastly, compound 18 failed to show similar pharmacological effects on GLP-1, PYY, and gallbladder filling in Tgr5 knockout mice. Together, these results demonstrate that compound 18 is a mouse-selective TGR5 agonist that induces GLP-1 and PYY secretion, and lowers the glucose excursion in an OGTT, but only at doses that simultaneously induce gallbladder filling. Overall, these data highlight the benefits and potential risks of using TGR5 agonists to treat diabetes and metabolic diseases.