News of the Pedagogical Models in Physical Education-A Quick Review.

In the last two decades, research has proliferated in the field of pedagogical models used in school Physical Education. The growth is so high that it is necessary to do a quick review to know which models currently exist and which are emerging. The objective of this work is to collect all the models or pedagogical approaches present in the scientific literature related to school Physical Education and to make known, to the scientific and academic community, its main purposes and characteristics. A quick review of the literature found in the Web of Science and Scopus databases has been carried out using "pedagogical model" and "Physical Education" as descriptors. The results revealed a total of 19 pedagogical approaches that record scientific evidence linked to their application in the classroom. It was detected that some models or approaches were more scientifically supported than others, as is the case for Cooperative Learning, Sports Education, or Teaching Games for Understanding, while others barely registered in international scientific literature. It was concluded that researchers need to work together with Physical Education teachers to analyze the effectiveness of all these approaches. School teachers are also encouraged to vary their pedagogical approach depending on the content they are working on and the positive effects they are looking for in the psychic, motor, affective-emotional, and social domains of the students. Finally, it is proposed to researchers who promote new models or approaches a greater clarity of these to facilitate their application in the field of school Physical Education, since some difficulty has been detected in the practical application of some approaches.

Implications for balance in 11- and 12-year-old children in northern Spain during SARS-CoV-2 lockdown.

Introduction: The home lockdown due to the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in Spanish society led to changes in certain habits in children and adolescents. These habits were related to the practice of physical activity and the implications of higher rates of sedentary activities. This lockdown lasted from March to June 2020. The aim of this study was to determine the implication that lockdown in Spain due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak had on balance in 11-12 year-old schoolchildren. Materials and methods: In total, 50 Spanish children aged 11-12 years (M = 11.40, SD = 0.50) participated, 33 (66%) boys and 17 (34%) girls. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (Movement ABC-2) and an ad hoc questionnaire for sociodemographic data and other relevant information were used for the three data collections. Results: There are significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for balance variables measured by static balance tests on supports in the total sample, in boys and girls. There are also significant differences in the total sample as well as in the boys in the heel-toe backward walking test. In addition, there are significant differences in mean, scalar and percentile dimension scores for balance between before and after lockdown in both boys and girls. No significant differences were found in the total sample or by gender in measurements related to the zigzag jumping test with dominant as well as non-dominant leg in girls (p = 0.317). Conclusion: As a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 confinement, there was a worsening of balance values in children aged 11-12 years.

On What Tasks Did Children between the Ages of 3 and 12 Years Spend Their Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic? An International Comparative Study between Ibero-America and Europe.

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 meant, in many countries, the establishment of a period of confinement in which families were forced to restrict movement and social contacts with the consequent risk of inactivity. Our objective as to analyze the degree of psychosocial well-being, sociodemographic aspects and use of technological means depending on the educational level of the parents. The sample consisted of 2316 children aged between 3 and 12 years (M = 7.70; SD = 2.86). For the analysis and treatment of the data, the statistical software SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used. We found that the European participants used more video consoles (M = 0.89 ± 1.33) and tablets (M = 1.30 ± 0.95), while the Ibero-Americans obtained higher values in the use of TV (M = 2.28 ± 1.10) and levels higher in a negative state of psychosocial well-being (M = 7.29 ± 1.07) and in tiredness/fatigue (M = 4.34 ± 2.44). We concluded that, during the period of confinement in European areas, higher values were obtained in the time dedicated to Physical Activity (PA), use of tablets, school task performance, artistic activities, family games, reading, free play and hours of sleep; while in Ibero-America, there were longer times in the use of technological devices and performing domestic tasks.

Variations in Manual Dexterity in 11- and 12-Year-Old Children in the North of Spain in the SARS-CoV-2 Lockdown.

Between March and June 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus broke out in Spain. The lockdown in response entailed the modification of certain habits in the infant−juvenile population, such as those related to the practice of physical activity and the implications derived from it. The aim of this study was to learn the impacts that lockdown had on manual dexterity in children aged 11−12 years. Methods: A total of 50 Spanish children aged 11−12 years (M = 11.40; SD = 0.50) participated, 33 (66%) boys and 17 (34%) girls. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (Movement ABC-2) and an ad hoc questionnaire for socio-demographic data and other relevant information were administered for the data collection. Results: There are significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for the manual dexterity variables measured by the peg turning and line drawing tests as well as by the measured, scalar and percentile dimension scores for manual dexterity between before and after the lockdown in both boys and girls. No significant differences were found in measurements related to the triangle assembly variable (p = 0.125). Conclusions: A significant negative impact of SARS-CoV-2 lockdown on manual dexterity values was evident in boys and girls aged 11−12 years.

Textbooks and Learning Materials in Physical Education in the International Context: Literature Review.

This paper presents a review of the research carried out internationally in recent years regarding textbooks, teaching materials, and the field of physical education. The objectives to which this article aims are as follows: To offer a compilation of current research papers published in the Scopus, Web of Science, and Dialnet databases and to provide a classification of the research lines undertaken on the subject. The information used is based on a review of studies listed in Scopus, Web of Science, and Dialnet. For this, a systematic review was carried out with the terms: "curricular resources", "didactic materials", "digital resources", "educational resource", "physical education", and "textbooks", allowing the selection of original articles, which included information on this line of research. For the literature review, only articles that presented scientific evidence were used, discarding merely descriptive articles or didactic experiences that were not investigated with the scientific protocol. A total of 589 articles were found, although after applying the review's inclusion criteria, they were reduced to 54 articles. The investigations do not follow a common protocol and the researchers address multiple objectives in them, highlighting the studies on the implicit ideological discourse in the images of physical education textbooks. The results reveal a diversity of research, in particular, studies involving ideological discourse. Insofar as methodology, content analysis of textbooks and materials was the most common approach.

Impact of a Series of Educational Talks Taught by Health Professionals to Promote Healthy Snack Choices among Children.

BACKGROUND: One of the great challenges facing today's society is the need to combat overweight and obesity in schoolchildren. This study aimed to analyze the impact of a cycle of didactic talks-given to families by a specialist in pediatrics, a specialist in nutrition and dietetics and a specialist in physical exercise-on childrens' snack choices and nutrition quality. METHODS: A longitudinal, quasi-experimental and quantitative investigation was designed, working with a total sample of 50 students divided into control and experimental groups. The nutritional quality of daily snacks was recorded during the month before and the month after the cycle of talks given by health experts. RESULTS: An increase in the nutritional quality of the snacks was observed in the days after the talk-but, after a week, values returned to normal. CONCLUSIONS: The giving of educational talks to promote healthy habits may have a positive impact on the nutritional quality of school snacks in the days immediately following the talks. However, some forgetfulness was detected over time, which reduced the nutritional quality of the snacks once more. For future work, it is recommended that researchers measure the impact produced by giving regular talks.

Gender Differences on Motor Competence in 5-Year-Old Preschool Children Regarding Relative Age.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on motor competence between 5-year-old boys and girls and to investigate the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) on their motor competence. A total of 232 preschool children were evaluated of whom 134 (57.8%) were boys and 98 (42.2%) were girls. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect data. The data show a main effect on gender factor; there was a main effect in total score of manual dexterity (MD; p = 0.010), in total score of balance (Bal; p < 0.001), in total test score (TTS; p < 0.001), and in total percentile score (TPS, p < 0.001). In the semester of birth factor, there were differences in aiming and catching (A&C, p < 0.001), in Bal (p = 0.029) and in total percentile score (TPS, p = 0.010). Girls perform better in MD, Bal, TTS, and TPS than boys. Preschool children born in the first semester obtain, in general, a higher percentage and a higher percentile than their peers born in the second one. RAE is present in A&C, Bal, and TPS, with higher scores obtained by preschool children born in the first semester compared to those born in the second one.

Differences on Motor Competence in 4-Year-Old Boys and Girls Regarding the Quarter of Birth: Is There a Relative Age Effect?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on motor competence between boys and girls aged 4 years old and investigate the existence of Relative Age Effect on their motor competence. In total, 132 preschool children were evaluated, of whom 60 (45.50%) were girls and 72 (54.5%) were boys. The distribution of the participants was from quarter 1 [n = 28 (21.2%)], quarter 2 [n = 52 (39.4%)], quarter 3 [n = 24 (18.2%)], and quarter 4 [(n = 28 (21.2%)], respectively. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect the data. The data show the main effects on quarter of birth factor in manual dexterity (MD; p < 0.001), in aiming and catching (A&C; p < 0.001), in balance (Bal; p < 0.001) and in total test score (TTS; p < 0.001). There are also statistical differences on gender factor in MD (p < 0.001) and in TTS (p = 0.031). A significant effect was also found in the interaction between two factors (gender and quarter of birth) in MD (p < 0.001), A&C (p < 0.001), and Bal (p < 0.001). There are differences in all the variables studied according to the quarter of birth and only in manual dexterity and in the total score if compared according to gender (the scores are higher in girls).

Influence of the characteristics of the house and place of residence in the daily educational activities of children during the period of COVID-19' confinement.

The period of confinement motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic and established by the governments of different countries has influenced the lifestyle of millions of children, not being able to continue carrying out multiple educational activities as they did until confinement. The objective of this research was to determine and analyze whether the living conditions of children during the period of confinement caused by COVID-19 influenced their daily educational activities. A descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional quantitative study with a non-experimental design was carried out, with a single measurement in a single group. Factors associate with living conditions were analyzed, such as the place of residence and the type of house in which Spanish children have been confined, as well as the number and use of technological devices. The parents' perception of the children's state of fatigue, happiness, energy and tiredness was also analyzed. We have worked with a sample of 837 Spanish children. As a data collection instrument, the validated questionnaire on Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Households (TIC-H2019) of the National Statistics Institute (INE) was used, following the recommendations of the Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT). The results confirm some statistically significant influence of the conditions of the house and place of residence on the daily time dedicated to different educational activities such as reading, physical activity, free play or use of technological devices between children residing in small flats and those residing in large flats or houses with garden and those residing in urban and rural settings.

Physical Activity and Daily Routine among Children Aged 0-12 during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of many people. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyse the physical activity (PA) and daily routine among children (0-12 years) during lockdown and to establish the main relationships among the variables. METHODS: A quantitative study with a descriptive-comparative and cross-sectional design carried out. The sample, selected for convenience, consisted of 837 Spanish children aged 0-12. The "Children and confinement" questionnaire was used, distributed electronically through Google Forms and social networks and activated for 45 days. The individuals participating in this study were mainly children (50.2%) who were in primary education (44.8%). Predominantly, the families of participants were biparental (87.9%), with established routines and schedules (85.7%). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The use of digital screens is an important part of children's daily routine. Their daily activities were practiced for more than three-six years, with more by girls. The time children devoted to sleep was directly proportional to the time they devoted to physical activity and indirectly proportional to the time they spent watching screens. The children who slept the most were those aged zero-three years, especially girls, who belonged to large families. The levels of physical activity in the sample were low, as were the times spent on activities such as music or games.

Cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física de la OMS por usuarios de bicicletas públicas en un municipio español / Compliance with the recommendations for physical activity set by the WHO by public bicycle users in a Spanish municipality

Introducción: Uno de los grandes retos de la sociedad es combatir el sedentarismo para prevenir la aparición de enfermedades y problemas cardiovasculares asociados a la inactividad física. Los sistemas de bicicletas públicos son una alternativa sostenible y equitativa que se ofrece desde las distintas instituciones para paliar, en cierta forma, los bajos niveles de actividad física, reducir los niveles de contaminación de las ciudades y los problemas de tráfico a motor. Objetivo: Conocer si los usuarios del sistema público de bicicletas compartidas de Vilagarcía de Arousa (España) cumplen con las recomendaciones de actividad física para la salud establecidas por la OMS. Material y Métodos: En este estudio de corte longitudinal se realiza un análisis del uso de las bicicletas compartidas en un municipio del noroeste de España para comprobar si alcanzan las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física para la salud marcadas por la OMS en el año 2010. Se utilizó el programa informático SPSS para realizar los cálculos estadísticos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 3268 usuarios del servicio de bicicletas compartidas y se contabilizó un total de 84183 usos desde el 17 de julio de 2009 hasta el 18 de enero de 2012. Resultados: Los resultados indican que los usuarios del sistema Vaibike de Vilagarcía de Arousa cumplen las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física dado que la media de minutos de uso de las bicicletas es superior a 30 minutos. Conclusiones: Los trayectos que han tenido más media de minutos de uso de las bicicletas del sistema han sido los correspondientes con el centro y los que transcurren por la costa de la ciudad, superando los 30 minutos de uso y cumpliendo las recomendaciones marcadas por la OMS en el año 2010(AU)

Introduction: One of the great challenges of society is to fight sedentary lifestyle to prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases and problems associated with physical inactivity. Public bicycle systems are a sustainable and equitable alternative offered by different institutions to alleviate low levels of physical activity and to reduce pollution in cities and motor traffic problems. Objective: To know if the users of the public bicycle sharing system of Vilagarcía de Arousa (Spain) comply with the recommendations of physical activity for health established by the WHO. Material and Methods: In this longitudinal section study, an analysis of the use of shared bicycles in a municipality in northwestern Spain was carried out, checking whether the minimum physical activity recommendations for health set by the WHO in 2010 were reached. The SPSS software was used to perform the statistical calculations. The sample consisted of a total of 3268 users of the shared bicycle service and a total of 84183 uses were counted from July 17, 2009 to January 18, 2012. Results: The results indicate that users of the Vaibikebicycle sharing system of Vilagarcía de Arousa comply with the minimum recommendations of physical activity given that the average number of minutes of use of bicycles is greater than 30 minutes. Conclusions: The routes that have had more minutes of use of thebicyclesof the systemhave been those corresponding to the center and those that run along the coast of the city, exceeding 30 minutes of use and complying with the recommendations set by the WHO in 2010(AU)

Mujer, niños y variables psicosociales en el fútbol español. Una revisión bibliográfica de los años 2015-2019 / Mulheres, crianças e variáveis psicossociais no futebol espanhol. Uma revisão bibliográfica dos anos 2015-2019 / Women, children and psychosocial variables in Spanish football. A bibliographic review of the 2015-2019 period

El fútbol es un fenómeno socio cultural que acapara la atención de una gran parte de la población. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de la literatura científica de los últimos cinco años que aborde el ámbito del fútbol español, seleccionando para el análisis de contenido solamente los artículos relacionados con la participación de la mujer, de los niños y aquellos que aborden variables psicosociales. Se ha realizado una exhaustiva revisión en la que se encontraron 212 documentos, reduciéndose a 54 manuscritos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Como conclusiones se detecta un número escaso de publicaciones que abordan mujer y fútbol. Los artículos sobre fútbol y niños destacan los beneficios de esta práctica para el desarrollo fisiológico, físico y para la salud. Finalmente, se concluye que las variables psicosociales más estudiadas en el fútbol han sido la motivación, la autoeficacia, ansiedad, cohesión grupal y autoconcepto

O futebol é um fenômeno sociocultural que chama a atenção de grande parte da população. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão da literatura científica dos últimos cinco anos que aborda o campo do futebol espanhol, selecionando para análise de conteúdo apenas artigos relacionados à participação de mulheres, crianças e aqueles que abordam variáveis psicossociais. Foi realizada uma revisão exaustiva na qual foram encontrados 212 documentos, reduzidos a 54 manuscritos que atendiam aos critérios previamente estabelecidos. Como conclusão, um pequeno número de publicações sobre mulheres e futebol é detectado. Os artigos sobre futebol e crianças incluem os benefícios dessa prática para o desenvolvimento fisiológico, físico e de saúde. Por fim, conclui-se que as variáveis psicossociais mais estudadas no futebol foram motivação, autoeficácia, ansiedade, coesão grupal e autoconceito

Football is a socio-cultural phenomenon that captures the attention of a large part of the population. This work reviews scientific literature of the last 5 years addressing the field of Spanish football, covering only articles related to the participation of women, children and those that address psychosocial variables. An exhaustive review has been carried out in which 212 documents were found. After exhaustively reading, they were reduced to 54 manuscripts that met previously established criteria. As a conclusion, a small number of publications on women and football were detected. Articles about football and children include the benefits of this practice for physiological, physical and health development. Finally, the most studied psychosocial variables in football were motivation, self-efficacy, anxiety, group cohesion and self-concept