Empathy, psychometrics, cut-off points in nursing students from Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there are no cut-off points for levels of empathy, making it difficult to assess the change experienced in its development or as a result of its intervention. It is an unsolved problem. INTRODUCTION: Empathy is a cognitive-affective attribute that enables nursing staff to maintain a professional relationship that entails various benefits for the patient. Its strengthening and development during university education is desirable. Empathy studies in Latin American nursing students are based on the direct scores obtained on an empathy test, based on which the variable is described and groups are compared. Statistical comparisons are not enough to discriminate substantive changes since two statistical values can show differences without implying that the post-intervention levels may correspond to a higher category in relation to those of pre-intervention or that two compared groups are qualitatively different. The above applies to empathic behaviour and is valid for students and professionals of health. This study aimed to establish cut-off points that allow defining ordinal categories in empathy. METHODS: In this multicenter and cross-sectional study, 3712 students from 11 Latin American nursing schools participated. The Jefferson Empathy Scale (JES) was applied; the psychometric properties were confirmed by Factor Analysis Confirmatory and Invariance. RESULTS: The JSE empathy scale is a measure with adequate reliability and construct validity. Examined cut-offs determined a structure of five empathy intervals that allowed them to be classified as empathy values in very high, high, medium, low and very low. DISCUSSION: The sequence of statistical tests carried out allowed us to determine ranges of categorical values in the empathy levels of groups of students. However, the determined categories may constitute a specific characteristic of them. It is not possible to extrapolate these results to regions other than those of Latin America. CONCLUSION: The estimated rankings allow comparing levels of empathy between groups of nursing students and the real effect of empathic interventions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: To contribute with strategies to evaluate changes in the empathic skills of nursing students, resulting in a well-valued skill in health services. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: The cut-off points define evaluative categories (very low, low, medium, high and very high) that allow objective classification of levels of empathy achieved after (for example) an empathic intervention. This allows assessment of substantive changes experienced by nursing students (and professionals).

Empatía y declinación empática por curso y sexo en estudiantes de enfermería / Empathy and Empathic Decline by Academic Year and Sex in Nursing Students

Introducción: La empatía es un atributo importante en la comunicación entre el profesional de salud (médicos y enfermeras de todas las especialidades) y el paciente; permite la conexión intersubjetiva entre ellos y contribuye a una mejor atención, mayor adherencia al tratamiento, entre otros muchos beneficios. Dada la complejidad de la empatía, la formación de este atributo es una tarea que se debe asumir durante la formación de pregrado y no durante la formación de especialistas. Por lo tanto, los estudios de empatía, así como las intervenciones que pueden derivarse de un diagnóstico empático adecuado, deben realizarse precisamente en dicho nivel formativo. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de declinación empática, atendiendo a las variables curso y sexo, sobre la base de los niveles de empatía y de sus dimensiones en estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio, transversal. Se estudiaron 166 estudiantes de un total poblacional de 188, utilizando la Escala de Empatía de Jefferson, estudiando las posibles diferencias en la empatía y sus componentes mediante pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en los componentes de la empatía en relación con la variable curso; sin embargo, la empatía (en general) si las tuvo. La empatía y los componentes no se diferenciaron en el sexo, con excepción de Toma de Perspectiva que fue mayor en mujeres. Conclusiones: Los niveles de empatía entre los cursos no fueron diferentes y no se manifestó la declinación empática. No existieron diferencias entre los sexos y solo el componente Toma de Perspectiva fue mayor en mujeres(AU)

Introduction: Empathy is an important attribute for communication between the health professional (doctors and nurses of all specialties) and the patient; it allows intersubjective connection between them and contributes to better care, greater adherence to treatment, among many other benefits. Given the complexity of empathy, educating this attribute is a task that must be assumed during undergraduate training and not during specialized training. Therefore, studies about empathy, as well as the interventions that can be derived from an adequate empathic diagnosis, must be carried out precisely at this training level. Objective: To determine the presence of empathic decline, with a focus on the variables academic years and sex, based on the levels of empathy and its dimensions in Nursing students. Methods: Exploratory and cross-sectional study carried out with 166 students, from a total population of 188. The Jefferson Empathy Scale was used. The possible differences in empathy and its components were studied using nonparametric tests. Results: There were no differences in the components of empathy regarding the variable academic year; however, empathy, in general, did have differences. Empathy and its components did not differ by sex, with the exception of perspective taking, which was higher in women(AU) Conclusions: The levels of empathy between academic years were not different and empathic decline was not manifested. There were no differences between the sexes and only the component perspective taking was higher in women.