The impact of nursing practice environments on patient safety culture in primary health care: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety has in recent decades become a global concern. It is a key priority area of healthcare organisations, and has a direct impact on patient health and wellbeing. Work environments can strongly impact nurses' wellbeing and may ultimately produce different outcomes for both professionals and patients. The adverse events occurrence is an example of how work environments influence outcomes, and there is evidence of this correlation in several studies conducted in recent years. AIM: To map the knowledge regarding the impact that nursing practice environments have on safety culture in primary healthcare settings, as primary health care concentrates a significant portion of the population's care. DESIGN & SETTING: This review was conducted following the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) for scoping reviews. METHOD: Study selection, data extraction, and synthesis were performed by two independent reviewers. Based on Population (or participants), Concept, and Context (PCC) framework, studies were considered that addressed nurses' practice environment and patient safety culture in primary health care. All studies published or unpublished from 2002 to the present were considered. RESULTS: Seven studies were included in this review; however, the existing evidence on the relation between nurses' practice environments and patient safety is still limited in primary healthcare settings. Although clear evidence was not found, several characteristics of nursing practice environments that may impact healthcare safety were found, such as leadership, communication, and organisational culture and policies. CONCLUSION: More research directed at primary healthcare nursing practice settings is needed and could be valuable in defining and implementing strategies that promote the safety of care.

2023 EULAR recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Fatigue is prevalent in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (I-RMDs) and recognised as one of the most challenging symptoms to manage. The existence of multiple factors associated with driving and maintaining fatigue, and the evidence about what improves fatigue has led to a multifaceted approach to its management. However, there are no recommendations for fatigue management in people with I-RMDs. This lack of guidance is challenging for those living with fatigue and health professionals delivering clinical care. Therefore, our aim was to develop EULAR recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with I-RMDs. METHODS: A multidisciplinary taskforce comprising 26 members from 14 European countries was convened, and two systematic reviews were conducted. The taskforce developed the recommendations based on the systematic review of evidence supplemented with taskforce members' experience of fatigue in I-RMDs. RESULTS: Four overarching principles (OAPs) and four recommendations were developed. OAPs include health professionals' awareness that fatigue encompasses multiple biological, psychological and social factors which should inform clinical care. Fatigue should be monitored and assessed, and people with I-RMDs should be offered management options. Recommendations include offering tailored physical activity and/or tailored psychoeducational interventions and/or, if clinically indicated, immunomodulatory treatment initiation or change. Patient-centred fatigue management should consider the individual's needs and preferences, their clinical disease activity, comorbidities and other psychosocial and contextual factors through shared decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: These 2023 EULAR recommendations provide consensus and up-to-date guidance on fatigue management in people with I-RMDs.

Efficacy of pharmacological interventions: a systematic review informing the 2023 EULAR recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the best evidence on the efficacy of pharmacological interventions in reducing fatigue in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (I-RMDs) and to summarise their safety in the identified studies to inform European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with I-RMDs. METHODS: Systematic review of adults with I-RMDs conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook. Search strategy ran in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Complete, PEDro, OTseeker and PsycINFO. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials were eligible. Assessment of risk of bias, data extraction and synthesis performed by two reviewers independently and in duplicate. Data pooled in statistical meta-analyses. RESULTS: From 4151 records, 455 were selected for full-text review, 99 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 19 RCTs were included in meta-analyses. Adalimumab was superior to placebo in reducing fatigue at 12 and 52 weeks in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n=3 and 2 RCTs; mean difference (MD)= -3.03, p<0.001; MD=-2.25, p=0.03, respectively). Golimumab (n=2 RCTs; 24 weeks: MD=-5.27, p<0.001), baricitinib (n=2 RCTs; 24 weeks: MD=-4.06, p<0.001), sarilumab (n=2 RCTs; 24 weeks: MD=-3.15, p<0.001), tocilizumab (n=3 RCTs; 24 weeks: MD=-3.69, p<0.001) and tofacitinib (n=3 RCTs; 12 weeks: MD=-4.44, p<0.001) were also superior to placebo in reducing fatigue in RA. A dose/effect relationship was observed for sarilumab, tocilizumab and tofacitinib. In spondyloarthritis (excluding psoriatic arthritis), secukinumab was superior to placebo in reducing fatigue at 16 weeks (n=2 RCTs; MD=-4.15, p<0.001), with a dose/effect relationship also observed. The narrative results of the RCTs not included in the meta-analysis indicated that several other pharmacological interventions were efficacious in reducing fatigue, with reassuring safety results. CONCLUSIONS: Several pharmacological interventions are efficacious and generally safe for managing fatigue in people with I-RMDs.

Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions: a systematic review informing the 2023 EULAR recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the best evidence on the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing fatigue in people with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (I-RMDs) and to summarise their safety in the identified studies to inform European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology recommendations for the management of fatigue in people with I-RMDs. METHODS: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including adults with I-RMDs conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook. Search strategy ran in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL Complete, PEDro, OTseeker and PsycINFO. Assessment of risk of bias, data extraction and synthesis were performed by two reviewers independently. Data were pooled in meta-analyses. RESULTS: From a total of 4150 records, 454 were selected for full-text review, 82 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and 55 RCTs were included in meta-analyses. Physical activity or exercise was efficacious in reducing fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (standardised mean differences (SMD)=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.37 to -0.1), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (SMD=-0.54, 95% CI=-1.07 to -0.01) and spondyloarthritis (SMD=-0.94, 95% CI=-1.23 to -0.66); reduction of fatigue was not significant in Sjögren's syndrome (SMD=-0.83, 95% CI=-2.13 to 0.47) and systemic sclerosis (SMD=-0.66, 95% CI=-1.33 to 0.02). Psychoeducational interventions were efficacious in reducing fatigue in RA (SMD=-0.32, 95% CI=-0.48 to -0.16), but not in SLE (SMD=-0.19, 95% CI=-0.46 to 0.09). Follow-up models in consultations (SMD=-0.05, 95% CI=-0.29 to 0.20) and multicomponent interventions (SMD=-0.20, 95% CI=-0.53 to 0.14) did not show significant reductions of fatigue in RA. The results of RCTs not included in the meta-analysis suggest that several other non-pharmacological interventions may provide a reduction of fatigue, with reassuring safety results. CONCLUSIONS: Physica activity or exercise and psychoeducational interventions are efficacious and safe for managing fatigue in people with I-RMDs.

The impact of nursing practice environments on patient safety culture in primary health care: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a key priority for healthcare organisations. It impacts directly on patient health and wellbeing. The increasing complexity of current healthcare settings, which are associated with high work demands and increasingly stressful professional practice environments, contributes to an increased likelihood of errors and adverse events. Primary health care, given its comprehensiveness of care, makes up a large proportion of the care delivered to the population. AIM: To map the knowledge about the impact that nursing practice environments have on safety culture in the primary healthcare setting. This knowledge is essential for a more effective and appropriate understanding of this phenomenon and to enable the definition of strategies that can promote the provision of safer care to the population. DESIGN & SETTING: A scoping review will be conducted based on the method proposed by the JBI, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be used. METHOD: Study selection, data extraction, and synthesis will be performed by two independent reviewers. Based on the Population (or participants), Concept, and Context (PCC) framework, this scoping review will consider studies that address nurses' practice environment and patient safety culture in primary health care. The review will consider all studies, published or unpublished, from 2002 to the present. CONCLUSION: The results from this scoping review are expected to provide an overview of the importance of the nursing practice environments on patient safety culture, which will be crucial to define an appropriate range of strategies to promote the delivery of the safest health care to the population.

Normal percentile reference curves for skin ultrasound thickness and stiffness at Rodnan sites.

OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to establish preliminary normal reference curves for ultrasound-dermal thickness and skin stiffness in the 17 Rodnan skin sites, considering the effect of gender and age on these measures. As an exploratory objective, we investigated the effect of body mass index and the menopause on skin ultrasound measures. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 140 healthy volunteers, aged 20-79 years. Recruitment was stratified by gender and age (10-year categories). Ultrasound-dermal thickness and skin stiffness were assessed by high-frequency ultrasound and shear-wave elastography, respectively, at the 17 Rodnan skin sites. Outcomes were evaluated through a mixed linear model, univariate and multivariate regressions. Normal reference curves were derived for both ultrasound measures in each skin site. An online calculator of the percentiles of skin ultrasound measures was developed. RESULTS: Ultrasound-dermal thickness and stiffness measures were higher in men than women in all Rodnan skin sites (except in chest for ultrasound-dermal thickness). Age had also a significant impact in both ultrasound measures, but only in some skin sites. Gender and age percentile curves (97.5th, 95th, 75th, 50th, 25th, 5th, 2.5th) were plotted for each of the measures in each skin site. CONCLUSIONS: Gender and age are strongly associated with skin ultrasound parameters, imposing the need for gender-specific and age-specific reference values. Normal reference percentile curves are provided as a basis for future cooperative work to strengthen its evidence basis, representativeness and refinement regarding potentially influential factors.

Recommendations for the execution and reporting of skin ultrasound in systemic sclerosis: an international collaboration under the WSF skin ultrasound group.

OBJECTIVE: Ultrasound is a promising tool to foster much-needed improvement of skin assessment in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Our aim was to develop evidence and expert opinion-based recommendations to promote the standardisation and harmonisation of technical execution and reporting of skin ultrasound studies in SSc. METHODS: A multidisciplinary task force of 16 members from five European countries and Japan was convened under the auspices of World Scleroderma Foundation. First, a systematic literature review (SLR) was performed. Then, each member proposed and formulated items to the overarching principles, recommendations and research agenda. Two rounds of mails exchange for consensus as well as an on-line meeting were performed to debate and refine the proposals. Two Delphi rounds of voting resulted in the final recommendations. Levels of evidence and strengths of recommendations were assigned, and task force members voted anonymously on the level of agreement with each of the items. RESULTS: Five overarching principles and seven recommendations were developed, based on an SLR and expert opinion, through consensus procedures. The overarching principles highlight the promising role of skin ultrasound in SSc assessment, the need for standardisation of technical aspects, sufficient training and adequate equipment. The recommendations provide standards for the execution and reporting of skin ultrasound in SSc. The research agenda includes the need for more research into unmet needs according to Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Algorithm requirements. CONCLUSION: These are the first recommendations providing guidance on the execution and reporting of skin ultrasound in SSc patients, aiming at improving the interpretability, reliability and generalisability of skin ultrasound, thus consolidating its role in research and practice.

Suitability for e-health of non-pharmacological interventions in connective tissue diseases: scoping review with a descriptive analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Non-pharmacological interventions support patients with connective tissue diseases to better cope with and self-manage their diseases. This study aimed to map existing evidence on non-pharmacological interventions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and mixed connective tissue diseases regarding content, feasibility and potential suitability in an e-health setting. METHODS: A literature search was performed in eight different databases in July 2020. The intervention's content was extracted using the 'Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide'. A Sankey diagram and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and illustrate the relationships between the interventions. RESULTS: Of 8198 identified records, 119 papers were eligible. One hundred and four of them (87.4%) were conducted between 2000 and 2020, mainly in the USA (SLE n=24 (21.2%), SSc n=16 (14.2%)), Brazil (SLE n=8 (7.1%), SSc n=5 (4.4%)) and Italy (SLE n=0 (0%), SSc n=12 (10.6%)). Fifty-two studies (SLE n=24 (21.2%), SSc n=28 (24.8%)) used multicomponent interventions. The single interventions were physical exercises (SLE n=16 (14.2%), SSc n=17 (15.0%)), coaching/counselling (SLE n=11 (18.0%), SSc n=0 (0%)) and education (SLE n=2 (1.8%), SSc n=3 (2.7%)). Primary outcomes focused on physical function (SLE n=1 (0.9%), SSc n=15 (13.3%)), mouth opening in SSc (n=4 (5.9%)) and physical capacity (SLE n=2 (1.8%), SSc n=1 (0.9%)). No interventions for mixed connective tissue disease were found. CONCLUSION: There was a great variety in the intervention's content due to differences in body structure, activity limitations and participation restrictions in SLE and SSc. These results highlight the need for personalised, multicomponent, non-pharmacological interventions, which could be delivered as e-health interventions.

2021 EULAR recommendations for the implementation of self-management strategies in patients with inflammatory arthritis.

BACKGROUND: An important but often insufficient aspect of care in people with inflammatory arthritis (IA) is empowering patients to acquire a good understanding of their disease and building their ability to deal effectively with the practical, physical and psychological impacts of it. Self-management skills can be helpful in this regard. OBJECTIVES: To develop recommendations for the implementation of self-management strategies in IA. METHODS: A multidisciplinary taskforce of 18 members from 11 European countries was convened. A systematic review and other supportive information (survey of healthcare professionals (HCPs) and patient organisations) were used to formulate the recommendations. RESULTS: Three overarching principles and nine recommendations were formulated. These focused on empowering patients to become active partners of the team and to take a more proactive role. The importance of patient education and key self-management interventions such as problem solving, goal setting and cognitive behavioural therapy were highlighted. Role of patient organisations and HCPs in promoting and signposting patients to available resources has been highlighted through the promotion of physical activity, lifestyle advice, support with mental health aspects and ability to remain at work. Digital healthcare is essential in supporting and optimising self-management and the HCPs need to be aware of available resources to signpost patients. CONCLUSION: These recommendations support the inclusion of self-management advice and resources in the routine management of people with IA and aim to empower and support patients and encourage a more holistic, patient-centred approach to care which could result in improved patient experience of care and outcomes.

Validity and reliability of the EULAR instrument RAID.7 as a tool to assess individual domains of impact of disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study of 671 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The rheumatoid arthritis impact of disease (RAID) questionnaire comprises seven patient-important domains of disease impact (pain, function, fatigue, sleep disturbance, emotional well-being, physical well-being, coping). RAID was validated as a pooled-weighted score. Its seven individual items separately could provide a valuable tool in clinical practice to guide interventions targeting the patient's experience of the disease. The aim was to separately assess the psychometric properties of each of the seven numeric rating scale (NRS) of the RAID (RAID.7). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Post hoc analyses of data from the cross-sectional RAID study and from the Rainbow study, an open-label 12-week trial of etanercept in patients with RA. Construct validity of each NRS was assessed cross-sectionally in the RAID data set by Spearman's correlation with the respective external instrument of reference. Using the rainbow data set, we assessed reliability through intraclass correlation coefficient between the screening and the baseline visits and responsiveness (sensitivity to change) by standardised response mean between baseline and 12 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 671 patients with RA with features of established disease were analysed, 563 and 108 from RAID and Rainbow, respectively. The NRS correlated moderately to strongly with the respective external instrument of reference (r=0.62-0.81). Reliability ranged from 0.64 (0.51-0.74) (pain) to 0.83 (0.76-0.88) (sleep disturbance) and responsiveness from 0.93 (0.73-1.13) (sleep disturbance) to 1.34 (1.01-1.64) (pain). CONCLUSION: The separate use of the individual NRS of RAID (RAID.7) is valid, feasible, reliable and sensitive to change, representing an opportunity to improve the assessment and treatment of disease impact with minimal questionnaire burden. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00768053.

Impacto psicológico da COVID-19 nos profissionais de saúde: revisão sistemática de prevalência / Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en los profesionales de la salud: revisión sistemática de prevalencia / Psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: prevalence systematic review

Resumo Objetivo Sintetizar a prevalência de resultados psicológicos e de saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde que tratam doentes com COVID-19. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura. A busca dos estudos foi realizada nas plataformas PubMed, CINAHL e Scopus. Foram incluídos estudos em língua inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola, com data de publicação de 1 de dezembro de 2019 até 31 de julho de 2020. A revisão sistemática foi realizada com meta-análises binárias de efeito fixo de prevalência utilizando-se o STATA®15.0 e método do inverso da variância com transformação Freeman-Tukey double arcsine. Resultados A estratégia de pesquisa identificou 38.657 registos, dos quais apenas cinco estudos foram selecionados e integraram o corpus final da revisão. A meta-análise de prevalências para a depressão foi de 27,5% (IC95%=25,9-29,3; p<0,001), ansiedade 26,8% (IC95%=25,1-28,5; p<0,001), insônia 35,8% (IC95%=33,8-37,9; p=0,03) e estresse 51,9% (IC95%=49,6-54,3; p<0,001). Em três dos estudos incluídos os profissionais de saúde relataram níveis de trauma vicário adicionalmente importante, estresse pós-traumático, somatização e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos. Conclusão A pandemia da COVID-19 apresenta um impacto psicológico muito significativo nos profissionais de saúde, assumindo importantes prevalências de depressão, ansiedade, insônia e estresse. Os profissionais de saúde da "linha de frente" são uma população particularmente vulnerável e merecem especial atenção/ intervenção.

Resumen Objetivo Sintetizar la prevalencia de resultados psicológicos y de salud mental de los profesionales de la salud que tratan enfermos de COVID-19. Métodos Revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda de los estudios fue realizada en las plataformas PubMed, CINAHL y Scopus. Se incluyeron estudios en idioma inglés, portugués y español, con fecha de publicación entre 1 de diciembre de 2019 y 31 de julio de 2020. La revisión sistemática fue realizada con metaanálisis binarios de efecto fijo de prevalencia mediante la utilización del STATA®15.0 y el método del inverso de la varianza con transformación Freeman-Tukey double arcsine. Resultados A través de la estrategia de investigación se identificaron 38.657 registros, de los cuales solo cinco estudios fueron seleccionados e integraron el corpus final de la revisión. El metaanálisis de prevalencias de la depresión fue del 27,5 % (IC95 %=25,9-29,3; p<0,001), ansiedad 26,8 % (IC95 %=25,1-28,5; p<0,001), insomnio 35,8 % (IC95 %=33,8-37,9; p=0,03) y estrés 51,9 % (IC9 5 %=49,6-54,3; p<0,001). En tres de los estudios incluidos, los profesionales de la salud relataron niveles importantes de trauma vicario, estrés postraumático, somatización y síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos. Conclusión La pandemia de COVID-19 presenta un impacto psicológico muy significativo en los profesionales de la salud, con importantes prevalencias de depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y estrés. Los profesionales de la salud de la "línea de frente" son una población particularmente vulnerable y merecen especial atención/intervención.

Abstract Objective To synthesize the prevalence of psychological and mental health outcomes among healthcare professionals who are responsible for treating patients with COVID-19. Methods Systematic literature review. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus databases. Studies written in English, Portuguese and Spanish and that were published between December 1st 2019 and July 31st 2020 were included. The systematic review was performed using fixed-effect meta-analysis of binary data with STATA®15.0 and inverse-variance method using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Results The search strategy identified 38,657 records. Only five of those studies were selected and were included in the final review corpus. The meta-analysis conducted showed that the prevalence of depression reached 27.5% (95%CI=25.9-29.3; p<0.001), the prevalence of anxiety was 26.8% (95%CI=25.1-28.5; p<0.001), that of insomnia 35.8% (95%CI=33.8-37.9; p=0.03) and the prevalence of stress amounted to 51.9% (95%CI=49.6-54.3; p<0.001). Three of the studies included in the review show that healthcare professionals have also reported significant levels of vicarious traumatization, posttraumatic stress, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic is found to have a very significant psychological impact on healthcare workers and is quite likely to lead to an important prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and stress. Frontline healthcare professionals are a particularly vulnerable group and deserve special attention/ intervention.

Efetividade das intervenções de telemedicina no impacto da artrite reumatóide: protocolo de uma revisão umbrella / Effectiveness of telemedicine interventions in the impact of rheumatoid arthritis: an umbrella review protocol / Eficacia de las intervenciones de telemedicina en el impacto de la artritis reumatoide: protocolo de una revisión paraguas

Contexto: Crónica e potencialmente incapacitante, com uma baixa qualidade de vida descrita, a artrite reumatoide (AR) afeta 0,5% da população adulta mundial. As intervenções de telemedicina apresentam-se como uma medida que melhora os cuidados de saúde, reduzindo os custos e o impacto da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade das intervenções de telemedicina no autocuidado, gestão da dor e da fadiga, literacia e qualidade de vida, nas pessoas com AR. Método de revisão: Será utilizada a metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institute para revisões umbrella. A localização, seleção e extração dos estudos será realizada por dois revisores independentes. Apresentação e interpretação dos resultados: Pretende-se obter dados sobre a efetividade das intervenções de telemedicina no impacto da AR nas pessoas, contribuindo para a divulgação da melhor evidência disponível. Conclusão: O protocolo estabelecido possibilita uma execução precisa por parte de todos os investigadores, contribuindo para o planeamento de intervenções de enfermagem que minorizem o impacto da AR nos autocuidados, gestão da dor e da fadiga, literacia em saúde e qualidade de vida.

Context: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and potentially disabling disease associated with a poor quality of life that affects 0.5% of the adult population worldwide. Telemedicine interventions are a measure for improving health care, reducing the costs and the impact of the disease. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions in improving the self-care, pain and fatigue management, health literacy, and quality of life of people with RA. Method of review: The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for umbrella reviews will be used. Two independent reviewers will identify, select, and extract the studies. Presentation and interpretation of results: The aim is to obtain data on the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions in the impact of RA on people, contributing to the dissemination of the best available evidence. Conclusion: This protocol will contribute to an effective planning of nursing interventions that minimize the impact of RA on self-care, pain and fatigue management, health literacy, and quality of life.

Marco contextual: Crónica y potencialmente discapacitante, con una baja calidad de vida descrita, la artritis reumatoide (AR) afecta al 0,5% de la población adulta mundial. Las intervenciones de telemedicina se presentan como una medida que mejora la atención de la salud, reduciendo así los costes y el impacto de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones de telemedicina en el autocuidado, manejo del dolor y fatiga, la alfabetización y la calidad de vida en personas con AR. Método de revisión: La metodología del Instituto Joanna Briggs se utilizará para las revisiones umbrella. La ubicación, selección y extracción de los estudios será realizada por dos revisores independientes. Presentación e interpretación de los resultados: El objetivo es obtener datos sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones de telemedicina en el impacto de la AR en las personas, contribuyendo así a la difusión de las mejores pruebas disponibles. Conclusión: El protocolo establecido permite una ejecución precisa por parte de todos los investigadores, lo que contribuye a la planificación de intervenciones de enfermería que minimicen el impacto de la AR en el autocuidado, la gestión del dolor y la fatiga, la alfabetización en la salud y la calidad de vida.

Estudo psicométrico da Escala de Práticas de Enfermagem na Gestão da Dor / Psychometric study of the Nursing Care Scale for Pain Management / Estudio psicométrico de la Escala de Prácticas de Enfermería en la Gestión del Dolor

Enquadramento: A dor é gerida de forma ineficaz pelos enfermeiros, em parte pela inexistência de um instrumento capaz de medir e monitorizar esta prática. Objetivo: Avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Práticas de Enfermagem na Gestão da Dor. Metodologia: Este estudo descritivo-correlacional avaliou a consistência interna através do alfa de Cronbach e a análise fatorial confirmatória através da matriz de covariâncias - algoritmo da máxima verosimilhança. Resultados: Foram incluídos 260 enfermeiros com uma média de 35,42 anos, sendo 78,5% mulheres. Após o refinamento da escala, a consistência interna global foi de a = 0,95 e por fatores de: Avaliação inicial a = 0,85; Planeamento a = 0,76; Execução de intervenções não farmacológicas a = 0,80; Ensino à pessoa com dor a = 0,89; Registo a = 0,76; Reavaliação a = 0,81, e Execução de intervenções farmacológicas a = 0,70. Os valores médios mais elevados dos scores globais são relativos às intervenções farmacológicas (3,13 ± 0,60). Conclusão: A escala é fiável e válida na avaliação das práticas de gestão da dor em enfermeiros portugueses. Os enfermeiros aplicam maioritariamente as intervenções farmacológicas para gerir a dor dos utentes.

Background: Pain is inefficiently managed by nurses in part due to the lack of tools capable of measuring and monitoring such practice. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Nursing Care Scale for Pain Management. Methodology: This descriptive correlational study assessed internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis using the covariance matrix - maximum likelihood algorithm. Results: The study involved 260 nurses with a mean age of 35.42 years, 78.5% of whom were women. After the refinement of the scale, the overall internal consistency was a = 0.95, and the score by factors was: initial assessment a = 0.85; Planning a = 0.76; Implementation of non-pharmacological interventions a = 0.80; Educating the person with pain a = 0.89; Registration a = 0.76; Reassessment a = 0.81, and Implementation of pharmacological interventions a = 0.70. The highest mean values of the overall scores are related to pharmacological interventions (3.13 ± 0.60). Conclusion: The scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the pain management practices of Portuguese nurses. Most nurses apply pharmacological interventions to manage the pain endured by patients.

Marco contextual: Los enfermeros gestionan de manera ineficaz el dolor, en parte debido a que no disponen de un instrumento capaz de medir y monitorear esta práctica. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de prácticas de enfermería en la gestión del dolor. Metodología: Este estudio descriptivo-correlacional evaluó la consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el análisis factorial confirmatorio a través de la matriz de covarianza - algoritmo de máxima verosimilitud. Resultados: Se incluyeron 260 enfermeros con una edad media de 35,42 años, de los cuales el 78,5% eran mujeres. Tras el perfeccionamiento de la escala, la consistencia interna global fue a = 0,95 y por factores de: Evaluación inicial a = 0,85; Planificación a = 0,76; Ejecución de intervenciones no farmacológicas a = 0,80; Enseñanza a la persona con dolor a = 0,89; Registro a = 0,76; Reevaluación a = 0,81, y Ejecución de intervenciones farmacológicas a = 0,70. Los valores medios más altos de las puntuaciones globales están relacionados con las intervenciones farmacológicas (3,13 ± 0,60). Conclusión: La escala es fiable y válida en la evaluación de las prácticas de la gestión del dolor en enfermeros portugueses. La mayoría de los enfermeros aplican intervenciones farmacológicas para controlar el dolor en los pacientes.

Determinants of happiness and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a structural equation modelling approach.

OBJECTIVES: Besides increasing longevity, the ultimate goal of medical care is to improve patients' enjoyment of life, a concept akin to happiness. This study examined the determinants of happiness and quality of life (QoL) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: In this observational, cross-sectional study, patients were assessed on disease activity, disease impact, personality, QoL and happiness. Structural equation modelling estimation was used to analyse the associations between these dimensions, pursuing three hypotheses: H1-disease activity and perceived impact of disease are negatively associated with overall QoL and happiness in patients with RA; H2-'positive' personality traits are related to happiness both directly and indirectly through perceived disease impact; H3-happiness has a mediating effect in the relation between impact of disease and QoL. RESULTS: Data from 213 patients were analysed. Results supported all driving hypotheses. Happiness was positively related to 'positive' personality and, to a lesser extent, negatively related to impact of disease. Impact of disease, in turn, was positively related to disease activity and mitigated by 'positive' personality traits. Impact of disease had a much stronger relation with QoL than with happiness. Happiness mitigated the negative effect of disease impact on QoL. CONCLUSION: Optimisation of QoL and happiness of people with RA requires effective control of the disease process and also improvement of the disease impact domains. Personality seems to play a pivotal mediating role in these relations.

Adaptation and validation into Portuguese language of the six-item cognitive impairment test (6CIT).

BACKGROUND: The six-item cognitive impairment test (6CIT) is a brief cognitive screening tool that can be administered to older people in 2-3 min. OBJECTIVE: To adapt the 6CIT for the European Portuguese and determine its psychometric properties based on a sample recruited from several contexts (nursing homes; universities for older people; day centres; primary health care units). METHOD: The original 6CIT was translated into Portuguese and the draft Portuguese version (6CIT-P) was back-translated and piloted. The accuracy of the 6CIT-P was assessed by comparison with the Portuguese Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). A convenience sample of 550 older people from various geographical locations in the north and centre of the country was used. RESULTS: The test-retest reliability coefficient was high (r = 0.95). The 6CIT-P also showed good internal consistency (α = 0.88) and corrected item-total correlations ranged between 0.32 and 0.90. Total 6CIT-P and MMSE scores were strongly correlated. The proposed 6CIT-P threshold for cognitive impairment is ≥10 in the Portuguese population, which gives sensitivity of 82.78% and specificity of 84.84%. The accuracy of 6CIT-P, as measured by area under the ROC curve, was 0.91. CONCLUSION: The 6CIT-P has high reliability and validity and is accurate when used to screen for cognitive impairment.

Effectiveness of heparin versus 0.9% saline solution in maintaining the permeability of central venous catheters: a systematic review / Efectividad de la heparina y el suero fisiológico para mantener la permeabilidad de los catéteres venosos centrales: revisión sistemática / Eficácia da heparina e soro fisiológico para manter a permeabilidade dos cateteres venosos centrais: revisão sistemática

Abstract OBJECTIVE Determining which is the most effective solution (heparin flush compared to 0.9% saline flush) for reducing the risk of occlusions in central venous catheters (CVC) in adults. METHOD The systematic review followed the principles proposed by the Cochrane Handbook; critical analysis, extraction and synthesis of data were performed by two independent researchers; statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan program 5.2.8. RESULTS Eight randomized controlled trials and one cohort study were included and the results of the meta-analysis showed no difference (RR=0.68, 95% CI=0.41-1.10; p=0.12). Analysis by subgroups showed that there was no difference in fully deployed CVC (RR=1.09, CI 95%=0.53-2.22;p=0.82); Multi-Lumen CVC showed beneficial effects in the heparin group (RR=0.53, CI 95%=0.29-0.95; p=0.03); in Double-Lumen CVC for hemodialysis (RR=1.18, CI 95%=0.08-17.82;p=0.90) and Peripherally inserted CVC (RR=0.14, CI 95%=0.01-2.60; p=0.19) also showed no difference. CONCLUSION Saline solution is sufficient for maintaining patency of the central venous catheter, preventing the risks associated with heparin administration.

Resumen OBJETIVO Determinar cuál es la solución (flush con heparina comparado con el de suero fisiológico al 0,9%) más eficaz en la reducción del riesgo de oclusiones de catéteres venosos centrales (CVC) en adultos. MÉTODO La revisión sistemática siguió los principios propuestos por elCochrane Handbook; el análisis crítico, la extracción y la síntesis de los datos fueron realizados por dos investigadores, aisladamente; y el análisis estadístico fue llevado a cabo con recurso al programa RevMan 5.2.8. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron ocho estudios randomizados controlados y un estudio de cohorte, y los resultados del metaanálisis muestran no existir diferencias (RR=0.68, IC 95%=0.41-1.10; p=0.12). El análisis por subgrupos muestra que en los CVC totalmente implantados no se verificaron diferencias (RR=1.09, IC 95%=0.53-2.22; p=0.82); en los CVC con varios lúmenes existió un efecto benéfico en el grupo de la heparina (RR=0.53, IC 95%=0.29-0.95; p=0.03); en los CVC de doble lumen para hemodiálisis (RR=1.18, IC 95%=0.08-17.82; p=0.90) y en los CVC de inserción periférica (RR=0.14, IC 95%=0.01-2.60;p=0.19) tampoco se verificaron diferencias. CONCLUSIÓN El suero fisiológico es suficiente para mantener la permeabilidad de los catéteres venosos centrales, previniendo los riesgos asociados con la administración de la heparina.

Resumo OBJETIVO Determinar qual é a solução (flush heparina comparado com oflushde soro fisiológico 0.9%) mais eficaz na redução do risco de oclusões de cateteres venosos centrais (CVC) em adultos. MÉTODO A revisão sistemática seguiu os princípios propostos pelo Cochrane Handbook; a análise crítica, a extração e a síntese dos dados foram realizadas por dois investigadores, isoladamente; e a análise estatística efetuada com recurso ao programa RevMan 5.2.8. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos oito estudos randomizados controlados e um estudo de coorte e os resultados da meta-análise mostram não existir diferenças (RR=0.68, IC 95%=0.41-1.10; p=0.12). A análise por subgrupos mostra que nos CVC totalmente implantados não se verificaram diferenças (RR=1.09, IC 95%=0.53-2.22; p=0.82); nos CVC com vários lúmens existiu um efeito benéfico no grupo da heparina (RR=0.53, IC 95%=0.29-0.95;p=0.03); nos CVC de duplo lúmen para hemodiálise (RR=1.18, IC 95%=0.08-17.82; p=0.90) e nos CVC de inserção periférica (RR=0.14, IC 95%=0.01-2.60; p=0.19) também não se verificaram diferenças. CONCLUSÃO O soro fisiológico é suficiente para manter a permeabilidade dos cateteres venosos centrais, prevenindo os riscos associados à administração da heparina.

[Effectiveness of heparin versus 0.9% saline solution in maintaining the permeability of central venous catheters: a systematic review]. / Eficácia da heparina e soro fisiológico para manter a permeabilidade dos cateteres venosos centrais: revisão sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: Determining which is the most effective solution (heparin flush compared to 0.9% saline flush) for reducing the risk of occlusions in central venous catheters (CVC) in adults. METHOD: The systematic review followed the principles proposed by the Cochrane Handbook; critical analysis, extraction and synthesis of data were performed by two independent researchers; statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan program 5.2.8. RESULTS: Eight randomized controlled trials and one cohort study were included and the results of the meta-analysis showed no difference (RR=0.68, 95% CI=0.41-1.10; p=0.12). Analysis by subgroups showed that there was no difference in fully deployed CVC (RR=1.09, CI 95%=0.53-2.22; p=0.82); Multi-Lumen CVC showed beneficial effects in the heparin group (RR=0.53, CI 95%=0.29-0.95; p=0.03); in Double-Lumen CVC for hemodialysis (RR=1.18, CI 95%=0.08-17.82; p=0.90) and Peripherally inserted CVC (RR=0.14, CI 95%=0.01-2.60; p=0.19) also showed no difference. CONCLUSION: Saline solution is sufficient for maintaining patency of the central venous catheter, preventing the risks associated with heparin administration.