"Does Physical Exercise Promote Health Benefits for Diabetic Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic?": A Systematic Review.

Patients affected by COVID-19 are prone to facing disorders in multiple systems and organs, which can lead to deleterious diseases; in addition, people with pre-existing diseases may be more prone to the worst outcomes, and the most vulnerable are patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of physical activity and/or physical exercise prescribed to individuals with diabetes on the maintenance of plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies were found by searching PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS, SportDiscus, Bireme/BVS and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were articles that addressed only patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D) who had evaluated the level of physical activity or physical exercise and described the effects on plasma glucose and/or glycated hemoglobin in cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational studies, meeting the main criteria established by GRADE. The PICO and GRADE strategies were used to select and assess the methodological quality of studies. Two reviewers searched and selected the articles in databases independently and blindly, during which oppositions and disagreements about the inclusion of articles were discussed and resolved by a third reviewer. Evidence corroborates that levels of physical activity were reduced due to the lockdown, leading to increased body weight and worse glycemic control. On the other hand, individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) (T1D and T2D) who maintained and/or increased levels of physical activity or physical exercise showed reduced plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Adequate levels of physical exercise and physical activity are beneficial for glucose and HbA1c control in diabetic patients (type 1 or type 2). In addition, maintaining adequate levels of physical activity can contribute to reducing health problems when these patients are infected with COVID-19.

Evaluating the Asymmetry of Muscle Activation and Strength in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Strength training is a complex task, as it requires a combination of many variables. In paralympic powerlifting (PP) asymmetries for the evaluation of activation, and static force indicators have been increasingly studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the asymmetries in the strength and muscle activation indicators, before and after a training session of PP athletes. METHODOLOGY: Twelve elite athletes from the PP participated in the study, and asymmetry was evaluated through surface electromyography (sEMG) and static strength indicators. Evaluations were made before and after a protocol of five series of five repetitions (5 × 5), with 80% of 1-Maximum Repetition (1RM). RESULTS: In the pectoral muscles, there were differences in the non-dominant limbs between the before and after in the sEMG. There were differences in the pectoralis muscle in the non-dominant limb between moments before (110.75 ± 59.52%) and after (130.53 ± 98.48%, p < 0.001), and there was no difference in triceps activation. In the Maximum Isometric Strength (MIF), there was a difference in the non-dominant limb between before (710.36 ± 129.36) and after (620.27 ± 69.73; p < 0.030). There was a difference before in the dominant (626.89 ± 120.16; 95% CI 550.55-703.24) and non-dominant (710.36 ± 129.36; p = 0.011) limbs. There was no difference in time to MIF. CONCLUSION: PP athletes showed small levels of asymmetry before and after training, and adaptation to training tends to promote fewer asymmetries.

Changes in body composition of Wistar rats: effects of high-intensity interval training

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the body composition of Wistar rats. The HIIT protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming three times a week for four weeks. There were no differences between groups as to the Lee index. However, the weights of the perigonadal (p=0.001) and retroperitoneal (p=0.026) fats were significantly different between the Control Group (CG, n=10) vs. Trained Group (TG, n=10), respectively. There was also a significant increase in the body weight of the animals in TG (16.43%) and CG (7.19%) at the end of the experiment. These findings suggested that HIIT was not sufficient to improve significantly the body composition of rats.

High-intensity interval training poses no risk to hypertensive women / El entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad no presenta riesgo para mujeres hipertensas / Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade não apresenta risco para mulheres hipertensas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would promote a hypotensive effect and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive women, in addition to increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide. Methods: The sample consisted of 10 hypertensive women (63.7 ± 10.34 years; 66 ± 7.67 kg and 153.7 ± 9.08 cm) and the training load was established at 60% of the maximum aerobic speed. Results: We observed a very high hypotensive effect between the interaction moments during the intervention (Int. Pre: 122.40 ± 18.58; Int. Post: 143.00 ± 24.90; Int. Post 60min: 121.40 ± 13.87; p<0.001, η2P = 0.569). No cardiovascular risk was observed during the intervention (DP = Int. Pre: 9138.20 ± 1805.34; Int. Post: 14849.70 ± 3387.94; Int. Post 60min: 9615.90 ± 1124.41, p< 0.001, η2P = 0.739) and there was no increase in the bioavailability of nitric oxide. Conclusion: In conclusion, this work reveals that an HIIT session is capable of generating a hypotensive effect while not posing cardiovascular risk in hypertensive women. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals .

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si una única sesión de entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) podría promover un efecto hipotensor y riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres hipertensas, así como aumentar la biodisponibilidad del óxido nítrico. Métodos: La muestra fue compuesta por 10 mujeres hipertensas (63,7 ± 10,34 años; 66 ± 7,67 kg y 153,7 ± 9,08 cm) y la carga de entrenamiento se estableció en el 60% de la velocidad aeróbica máxima. Resultados: Se observó un efecto hipotensor muy elevado entre los momentos de interacción durante la intervención (Int. Pre: 122,40 ± 18,58; Int. Post: 143,00 ± 24,90; Int. Post 60 min: 121,40 ± 13,87; p <0,001, η2P = 0,569). No se observó ningún riesgo cardiovascular durante la intervención (DP = Int. Pre: 9138,20 ± 1805,34; Int. Post: 14849,70 ± 3387,94; Int. Post 60 min: 9615,90 ± 1124,41, p <0,001, η2P = 0,739) y no hubo aumento de la biodisponibilidad de óxido nítrico. Conclusiones: En conclusión, este trabajo revela que una sesión de HIIT es capaz de generar efecto hipotensor sin presentar riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres hipertensas. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se uma única sessão de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) promoveria efeito hipotensor e risco cardiovascular em mulheres hipertensas, bem como aumentar a biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 10 mulheres hipertensas (63,7 ± 10,34 anos; 66, ± 7,67 kg e 153,7 ± 9,08 cm) e a carga de treinamento foi estabelecida em 60% da velocidade aeróbica máxima. Resultados: Observamos um efeito hipotensor muito alto entre os momentos de interação durante a intervenção (Int. Pré: 122,40 ± 18,58; Int. Pós: 143,00 ± 24,90; Int. Pós 60 min.: 121,40 ± 13,87; p < 0,001, η2P = 0,569). Nenhum risco cardiovascular foi observado durante a intervenção (DP = Int. Pré: 9138,20 ± 1805,34; Int. Pós: 14849,70 ± 3387,94; Int. Pós: 60 min.: 9615,90 ± 1124,41, p < 0,001, η2P = 0,739) e não houve aumento da biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico. Conclusões: Em conclusão, este trabalho revela que uma sessão de HIIT é capaz de gerar efeito hipotensor sem apresentar risco cardiovascular em mulheres hipertensas. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significativa, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos .

Evaluation of the Post-Training Hypotensor Effect in Paralympic and Conventional Powerlifting.

High blood pressure (HBP) has been associated with several complications and causes of death. The objective of the study was to analyze the hemodynamic responses in Paralympic bench press powerlifting (PP) and conventional powerlifting (CP) before and after training and up to 60 minutes (min) after training. Ten PP and 10 CP athletes performed five sets of five repetition maximal bench press exercises, and we evaluated systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, and MBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), heart pressure product (HPP), and myocardial oxygen volume (MVO2). The SBP increased after training (p < 0.001), and there were differences in the post training and 30, 40, and 60 min later (p = 0.021), between 10 and 40 min after training (p = 0.031, η2p = 0.570), and between CP and PP (p =0.028, η2p = 0.570). In the MBP, there were differences between before and after (p = 0.016) and 40 min later (p = 0.040, η2p = 0.309). In the HR, there was a difference between before and after, and 5 and 10 min later (p = 0.002), and between after and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min later (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.767). In HPP and MVO2, there were differences between before and after (p = 0.006), and between after and 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min later (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.816). In CP and PP, there is no risk of hemodynamic overload to athletes, considering the results of the HPP, and training promotes a moderate hypotensive effect, with blood pressure adaptation after and 60 min after exercise.

Short-term hiit does not promote oxidative stress or muscle damage / Hiit de corto plazo no promueve estrés oxidativo o daños musculares / Hiit de curto prazo não promove estresse oxidativo ou danos musculares

ABSTRACT Introduction: High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a method that is widely used today. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in rats. Methods: The sample consisted of 60-day-old Wistar rats, divided into two groups: a control group (n=8) and an HIIT group (n=8). The training consisted of fourteen 20-second swimming sessions (loaded with weights equivalent to 14% of their body weight) with 10-second intervals between each session, performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: HIIT induced a reduction (−17.75%) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (an oxidative stress marker) in hepatic tissue (p=0.0482). There was also a reduction (−31.80%) in the HIIT group in the level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in the liver (p=0.0375). However, there were no differences between the groups in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, the total content of SH sulfhydryls, hydroperoxides, or carbonylated proteins in the hepatic tissue. No significant differences were found in any of these markers in the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle damage markers creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were also similar between the groups in the gastrocnemius. Conclusion: The conclusion was that that short-term HIIT does not cause oxidative stress or muscle damage. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento en intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) es un método muy utilizado actualmente. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del HIIT en corto plazo sobre marcadores de estrés oxidativo y daño muscular en ratones. Métodos: La muestra consistió en ratones Wistar con 60 días de edad, divididos en dos grupos: grupo control (n = 8) y grupo HIIT (n = 8). El entrenamiento consistió en catorce sesiones de natación de 20 segundos (con cargas equivalentes a 14% del peso corporal) con intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sesión, realizadas durante 12 días consecutivos. Resultados: El HIIT indujo una reducción (-17,75%) de las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (un marcador de estrés oxidativo) en el tejido hepático (p = 0,0482). También hubo reducción (~31,80%) en el grupo HIIT en el nivel de enzima superóxido dismutasa en el hígado (p=0,0375). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre los grupos con relación a catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, glutatión reductasa, tenor total de sulfhidrilos SH, hidroperóxidos o proteínas carboniladas en el tejido hepático. No fue encontrada ninguna diferencia significativa en ninguno de esos marcadores en el músculo gastrocnemio. Los marcadores de lesión muscular, creatinina quinasa y lactato deshidrogenasa también fueron similares entre los grupos en el gastrocnemio. Conclusión: Fue posible concluir que el HIIT de corta duración no causa estrés oxidativo o daño muscular. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de información estrechos.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) é um método muito utilizado atualmente. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do HIIT em curto prazo sobre marcadores de estresse oxidativo e dano muscular em ratos. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em ratos Wistar com 60 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n = 8) e grupo HIIT (n = 8). O treinamento consistiu em quatorze sessões de natação de 20 segundos (com cargas equivalentes a 14% do peso corporal) com intervalos de 10 segundos entre cada sessão, realizadas por 12 dias consecutivos. Resultados: O HIIT induziu uma redução (-17,75%) das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (um marcador de estresse oxidativo) no tecido hepático (p = 0,0482). Houve também redução (-31,80%) no grupo HIIT no nível de enzima superóxido dismutase no fígado (p = 0,0375). No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os grupos com relação a catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa redutase, teor total de sulfidrilas SH, hidroperóxidos ou proteínas carboniladas no tecido hepático. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada em qualquer um desses mascadores no músculo gastrocnêmio. Os marcadores de lesão muscular, creatinina quinase e lactato desidrogenase, também foram semelhantes entre os grupos no gastrocnêmio. Conclusão: Foi possível concluir que o HIIT de curta duração não causa estresse oxidativo ou dano muscular. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de informação estreitos.

The Acute Effect of Hyperoxia on Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) and Performance in Female Runners during the Maximal Treadmill Test.

The objective of this study was to analyze the acute effect of hyperoxia during the maximal treadmill test (MTT) of runners. Participants included 10 female street runners who performed the MTT under two different conditions: hyperoxia (HYPX), inhaling oxygen (60% O2) every 3 min; and normoxia (NORM), without additional oxygen inhalation. Both groups performed the MTT with increases in the slope of the run every 3 min until voluntary exhaustion. The variables of lactate concentration, the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and Borg scale were evaluated. It was verified after the comparison (HYPX vs. NORM) that stage 3 (p = 0.012, Cohen's d = 1.76) and stage 4 (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 5.69) showed a reduction in lactate under the HYPX condition. OBLA under the HYPX condition was identified at a later stage than NORM. There were no differences in Borg scale, SpO2, and HR between the different conditions. It was concluded that the HYPX condition contributed to a reduction in lactate concentration and delayed OBLA in runners.

Antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect assessment of the leaves from Syzygium cumini (L. ) Skeels in Wistar rats

Syzygiumcumini(L.) Skeels wasadaptedto the climatic conditionsandsoil typesin Brazil. Its fruits, leaves andinner barkare usedin folk medicinedue to their highantioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenicandantidiabeticactivities mainlyassociated with the presenceof phenolic compounds. It is estimated thatat least300million peopleworldwide developdiabetesand approximately 11million peopleare carriersof the disease in Brazil.The objectiveof this workwas to evaluate thein vitro antioxidant activity, as well as thehypoglycemic actionofhydroethanolic extract(HEE), the ethyl acetate(EAF) andhydromethanolic(HMF) fractions from leavesofS.cumini(L.) Skeels in rats. All assays werecarried out in three replications. Data wereexpressed as meanSDand significance was evaluated by ANOVAand Bonferronitest (p < 0.05). The results indicatea significant(p < 0.05) total phenolcontent (207 ± 2.3GAE mg g-1) andantioxidant activity(EC50=9.05±0.170 µg mL-1) for EAF. HEE and its fractions showed no significant (p > 0.05) actionto modulateglucosebytheOGTT assayinnondiabetic micecompared to control. Thus the use of the plant against diabetes in individuals is not proven.

Biomarker responses of cardiac oxidative stress to high intensity interval training in rats

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to verify the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in rats. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were equally divided into two groups (8 animals/group): sedentary control (SC) and trained group (HIIT). The exercise protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming (14% of body weight, 20 s of activity with 10 s of pause performed 14 times) which was performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: The cardiac tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins showed no significant changes; on the other hand, hydroperoxide levels were higher in the HIIT group than in the SC group. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and the levels of reduced glutathione and sulfhydryl remained unchanged. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that short-term high-intensity interval training induces changes in the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker but with no effect on the antioxidant enzymes.

Effects of Resistance Training and Bowdichia virgilioides Hydroethanolic Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers in Rats Submitted to Peripheral Nerve Injury.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the combination of resistance training (RT) and the hydroethanolic extract (EHE) of Bowdichia virgilioides as markers of oxidative stress (OS) in rats with peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Rats were allocated into six groups (n = 10): animals without interventions (C), animals with an exposed nerve but without injury, injured animals, trained and injured animals, injured animals that received EHE, and animals that received a combination of RT and EHE. RT comprised the climbing of stairs. EHE was orally administered (200 mg/kg) for 21 days after PNI induction. RT reduced the amount of lipoperoxidation in plasma (14.11%). EHE reduced lipoperoxidation in the plasma (20.72%) and the brain (41.36). RT associated with the extract simultaneously reduced lipoperoxidation in the plasma (34.23%), muscle (25.13%), and brain (43.98%). There was an increase in total sulhydrilyl levels (a) in the brain (33.33%) via RT; (b) in the brain (44.44%) and muscle (44.51%) using EHE; and (c) in the plasma (54.02%), brain (54.25%), and muscle using the combination of RT + EHE. These results suggest that RT associated with oral EHE results in a decrease in OS.

Can Creatine Supplementation Interfere with Muscle Strength and Fatigue in Brazilian National Level Paralympic Powerlifting?

The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation on peak torque (PT) and fatigue rate in Paralympic weightlifting athletes. Eight Paralympic powerlifting athletes participated in the study, with 25.40 ± 3.30 years and 70.30 ± 12.15 kg. The measurements of muscle strength, fatigue index (FI), peak torque (PT), force (kgf), force (N), rate of force development (RFD), and time to maximum isometric force (time) were determined by a Musclelab load cell. The study was performed in a single-blind manner, with subjects conducting the experiments first with placebo supplementation and then, following a 7-day washout period, beginning the same protocol with creatine supplementation for 7 days. This sequence was chosen because of the lengthy washout of creatine. Regarding the comparison between conditions, Cr supplementation did not show effects on the variables of muscle force, peak torque, RFD, and time to maximum isometric force (p > 0.05). However, when comparing the results of the moments with the use of Cr and placebo, a difference was observed for the FI after seven days (U3: 1.12; 95% CI: (0.03, 2.27); p = 0.02); therefore, the FI was higher for placebo. Creatine supplementation has a positive effect on the performance of Paralympic powerlifting athletes, reducing fatigue index, and keeping the force levels as well as PT.

Effects of resistance training and turmeric supplementation on reactive species marker stress in diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species caused by autoimmune destruction of beta-cells in the pancreas. Among the antioxidant compounds, Curcuma longa (CL) has potential antioxidant effects and may improve hyperglycemia in uncontrolled T1DM/TD1, as well as prevent its complications (higher costs for the maintenance of health per patient, functional disability, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic damage). In addition to the use of compounds to attenuate the effects triggered by diabetes, physical exercise is also essential for glycemic control and the maintenance of skeletal muscles. Our objective is to evaluate the effects of CL supplementation associated with moderate- to high-intensity resistance training on the parameters of body weight recovery, glycemic control, reactive species markers, and tissue damage in rats with T1DM/TD1. METHODS: Forty male 3-month-old Wistar rats (200-250 g) with alloxan-induced T1DM were divided into 4 groups (n = 7-10): sedentary diabetics (DC); diabetic rats that underwent a 4-week resistance training protocol (TD); CL-supplemented diabetic rats (200 mg/kg body weight, 3x a week) (SD); and supplemented diabetic rats under the same conditions as above and submitted to training (TSD). Body weight, blood glucose, and the following biochemical markers were analyzed: lipid profile, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). RESULTS: Compared to the DC group, the TD group showed body weight gain (↑7.99%, p = 0.0153) and attenuated glycemia (↓23.14%, p = 0.0008) and total cholesterol (↓31.72%, p ≤ 0.0041) associated with diminished reactive species markers in pancreatic (↓45.53%, p < 0.0001) and cardiac tissues (↓51.85%, p < 0.0001). In addition, compared to DC, TSD promoted body weight recovery (↑15.44%, p ≤ 0.0001); attenuated glycemia (↓42.40%, p ≤ 0.0001), triglycerides (↓39.96%, p ≤ 0.001), and total cholesterol (↓28.61%, p ≤ 0.05); and attenuated the reactive species markers in the serum (↓26.92%, p ≤ 0.01), pancreas (↓46.22%, p ≤ 0.0001), cardiac (↓55.33%, p ≤ 0.001), and skeletal muscle (↓42.27%, p ≤ 0.001) tissues caused by T1DM. CONCLUSION: Resistance training associated (and/or not) with the use of Curcuma longa attenuated weight loss, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, reactive species markers, and T1DM-induced tissue injury.

Effects of 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in School Adolescents.

Background and objectives: The practice of physical exercise, especially resistance exercise, is important for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular risk factors in adult individuals. However, there are few studies on its effects on adolescent individuals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of applying a 12-week resistance training program on cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. Materials and Methods: Thus, 122 adolescents aged 13-16 years of both genders participated in the study from school in the city of Lagarto, Sergipe (SE), Brazil, divided into two groups: Control Group (CG) and Group undergoing resistance training (RTG). Blood collection and anthropometric measurements were performed before and after the 12-week resistance training program (RTP). Results: After 12 weeks of the RTP in the adolescents, there was a reduction in the triglyceride variables (9.55%, p = 0.0286), Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) (5.42%, p = 0.0244), non-High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) (5.40%, p = 0.0019), blood glucose (6.71%, p = 0.0040), systolic blood pressure (10.13%, p < 0.0001), as well as an increase in the body weight variable (1.73%, p = 0.0003). Conclusions: It was concluded that a 12-week RTP can prevent and/or alleviate the development of several chronic degenerative diseases in adulthood and that resistance training is important for maintaining the health of adolescents.

Does pre-competitive anxiety interfere in the performance of boxing athletes in brazil? a pilot study / A ansiedade pré-competitiva interfere no rendimento dos atletas de boxe no brasil? estudo piloto / ¿la ansiedad precompetitiva interfiere en el rendimiento de los atletas de boxeo en brasil? estudio piloto

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pre-competitive anxiety is one of the psychological factors that can greatly influence athletes' performance, especially when it comes to individual sport like boxing. Objective: To analyze the level of pre-competitive anxiety in male athletes in the adult and young adult categories, and their correlation with the final results of the last Brazilian National Championship. Methods: A total of 60 young adult athletes participated in the study: 38 non-medalists (17.17±0.54 years and 66.38±13.21 kg) and 22 medalists (17.48±0.54 years and 66.21±12.96 kg). The "adults" group consisted of 35 athletes: 11 non-medalists (22.60±4.65 years and 68.33±14.08 kg) and 24 medalists (22.60±4.82 years and 67.33 ±13.13 kg). Results: The levels of cognitive anxiety in the young adult athletes group presented significant differences: medalists presented lower scores than non-medalists (12.77±2.62 and 15.92±5.20, respectively). In the adults group, medalists presented higher scores than non-medalists (15.23±4.42 and 12.00±4.11). Significant differences were observed in somatic anxiety levels between the young adult medalists and the other groups (p = 0.038). In addition, levels of self-confidence were high in all groups (young adult non-medalists = 29.42±4.82; adult non-medalists = 26.14±4.94, young adult medalists = 31.59±4.24 and adult medalists = 28.91±4.88). Conclusion: We conclude that self-confidence may interfere with anxiety levels, considering that medal-winning boxers are less prone to cognitive anxiety than non-medalists, and that both groups have high levels of self-confidence. Level of evidence I; High quality randomized trial with statistically significant difference or no statistically significant difference but narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMO Introdução: A ansiedade pré-competitiva é um dos fatores psicológicos que pode exercer grande influência sobre o rendimento dos atletas, principalmente, quando se trata de esporte individual como o boxe. Objetivo: Analisar o nível de ansiedade pré-competitiva em atletas do sexo masculino nas categorias adulto e juvenil e sua correlação com os resultados finais do último Campeonato Brasileiro. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 60 atletas juvenis: 38 não medalhistas (17,17 ± 0,54 anos e 66,38 ± 13,21 kg) e 22 medalhistas (17,48 ± 0,54 anos e 66,21 ± 12,96 kg). O grupo "adultos" foi composto por 35 atletas: 11 não medalhistas (22,60 ± 4,65 anos e 68,33 ± 14,08 kg) e 24 medalhistas (22,60 ± 4,82 anos e 67,33 ± 13,13 kg). Resultados: Os níveis de ansiedade cognitiva no grupo de atletas juvenis apresentaram diferenças significativas: os medalhistas apresentaram escores mais baixos do que os não medalhistas (12,77 ± 2,62 e 15,92 ± 5,20, respectivamente). No grupo de adultos, os medalhistas apresentaram maiores escores do que os não medalhistas (15,23 ± 4,42 e 12,00 ± 4,11). Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos níveis de ansiedade somática entre os medalhistas juvenis e os outros grupos (p = 0,038). Além disso, os níveis de autoconfiança apresentaram-se altos em todos os grupos (não-medalhistas juvenis = 29,42 ± 4,82; não-medalhistas adultos = 26,14 ± 4,94, medalhistas juvenis = 31,59 ± 4,24 e medalhistas adultos = 28,91 ± 4,88). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a autoconfiança pode interferir nos níveis de ansiedade, considerando que boxeadores medalhistas são menos propensos a ansiedade cognitiva do que os não-medalhistas e que ambos os grupos apresentam altos níveis de autoconfiança. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

RESUMEN Introducción: La ansiedad precompetitiva es uno de los factores psicológicos que puede ejercer gran influencia sobre el rendimiento de los atletas, principalmente, cuando se trata de deportes individuales como el boxeo. Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de ansiedad precompetitiva en atletas del sexo masculino en las categorías adulto y juvenil, y su correlación con los resultados finales del último Campeonato Brasileño. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 60 atletas juveniles: 38 no medallistas (17,17 ± 0,54 años y 66,38 ± 13,21 kg) y 22 medallistas (17,48 ± 0,54 años y 66,21 ± 12,96 kg). El grupo "adultos" fue compuesto por 35 atletas: 11 no medallistas (22,60 ± 4,65 años y 68,33 ± 14,08 kg) y 24 medallistas (22,60 ± 4,82 años y 67,33 ± 13,13 kg). Resultados: Los niveles de ansiedad cognitiva en el grupo de atletas jóvenes presentaron diferencias significativas: los medallistas presentaron puntuaciones más bajas que los no medallistas (12,77 ± 2,62 y 15,92 ± 5,20 respectivamente). En el grupo de adultos, los medallistas presentaron puntuaciones más altas que los no medallistas (15,23 ± 4,42 y 12,00 ± 4,11). Se observaron diferencias significativas en los niveles de ansiedad somática entre medallistas juveniles y los otros grupos (p = 0,038). Además, los niveles de autoconfianza se presentaron altos en todos los grupos (juveniles no medallistas = 29,42 ± 4,82; adultos no medallistas = 26,14 ± 4,94, medallistas juveniles = 31,59 ± 4,24 y medallistas adultos = 28,91 ± 4,88). Conclusión: Se concluyó que la autoconfianza puede interferir en los niveles de ansiedad, considerando que los boxeadores medallistas son menos propensos a la ansiedad cognitiva que los no medallistas y que ambos grupos tienen altos niveles de autoconfianza. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorio de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

Ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Coutoubea spicata attenuate hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and muscle damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats subjected to resistance exercise training program.

Gentianaceae family (such as Coutoubea spicata) contains iridoids and flavonoids with antidiabetic properties. However, there is no information available about the antidiabetic effects of C. spicata when combined with resistance exercise training (RET). This study evaluated the effects of the ethanolic extract (EE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of C. spicata on biochemical markers, muscle damage, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats submitted to RET. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were distributed into 4 groups (each group, n = 8) treated with distilled water (TD), EE, EAF, or metformin and submitted to RET. Two groups without the disease (each group, n = 8) (sedentary control and trained control), as well as a sedentary diabetic group (n = 8) were included. Body weight and glycemia were evaluated weekly. After 30 days, lipid/lipoprotein profile, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, muscle damage ((creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl groups (SH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were evaluated. MDA and SH for pancreas, liver, heart, and muscle were evaluated. C. spicata extract and fraction combined with RET recovered body weight and reduced glycemia, muscle damage (CK: 36.83% and 21.45%; LDH: 49.83% and 68.55%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (70.63%; 59.18%) and improved redox status (MDA: 50.33%, 39.74%; and SH: 53.97%; 76.41%), respectively, when compared with the TD group. C. spicata plus RET promoted anti-hyperglycemic, lipid-reducing, and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats. Novelty C. spicata presents anti-hyperglycemic and lipid-lowering effects potentiated by RET. C. spicata reduces muscle injury and increases antioxidant defense.

Analysis of the Physiological and Metabolic Responses between Two Types of Training in Wistar Rats / Análise das respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas entre dois tipos de treinamento em ratos wistar

Abstract This study analyzed the responses of 24 sessions of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Continuous Moderate (CM) on tissue damage, oxidative stress and glycemic profile of rats in liquid medium. Twenty-four Wistar rats participated, divided into three groups: sedentary (GSED), the one who performed the HIIT (GHIIT) and the one who performed the CM (GCM). Performed three times a week alternately for 8 weeks, and the GHIIT performed 20 seconds of exercise for 10 rest. The CM was a moderate intensity swim. GHIIT increased creatine kinase compared to GSED (GSED: 140.40 + 35.48 U / I; GHIIT: 442.60 + 8.35 U / I; p = 0.0008, representing a percentage increase of 215.24); lactate dehydrogenase was increased in GHIIT and GCM compared to GSED (GSED: 112.8 + 28.08 U / I; GHIIT: 250.9 + 70.67 U / I, a percentage increase of 122.42; GCM: 241.8 + 100.70 U / I, with a percentage increase 114.36; p = 0.006), in contrast, GHIIT increased non-oxidized liver sulfhydryls compared to GCM (GHIIT: 498.70 + 214.30 nmol / ml; GCM: 270.50 + 104.40 nmol / ml, the percentage change was 84.36; p = 0.03). There was greater glycemic maintenance in the GCM (p = 0.0002). It is concluded that the protocols of HIIT and CM, of this study, point to a possible tissue injury, in contrast, HIIT develops the adaptive capacity of the hepatic antioxidant system and the CM promotes greater glycemic support.

Resumo Este estudo analisou as respostas de 24 sessões de High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) e Contínuo Moderado (CM) sobre a lesão tecidual, estresse oxidativo e perfil glicêmico de ratos em meio líquido. Participaram 24 ratos Wistar, divididos em três grupos: sedentário (GSED), o que fez o HIIT (GHIIT) e o que executou o CM (GCM). Realizados três vezes semanais alternadamente por 8 semanas, sendo que o GHIIT executou 20 segundos de exercício por 10 de descanso. O CM foi um nado de intensidade moderada. O GHIIT aumentou a creatina quinase em relação ao GSED (GSED: 140.40 ± 35.48 U/I; GHIIT: 442.60 ± 8.35 U/I; p=0.0008, representando um aumento percentual de 215.24); a lactato desidrogenase foi aumentada no GHIIT e GCM em relação ao GSED (GSED: 112.8 ± 28.08 U/I; GHIIT: 250.9 ± 70.67 U/I, um aumento percentual de 122.42; GCM: 241.8 ± 100.70 U/I, com aumento percentual de 114.36; p=0.006), em contrapartida, o GHIIT aumentou as sulfidrilas hepáticas não oxidadas em relação ao GCM (GHIIT: 498.70 ± 214.30 nmol/ml; GCM: 270.50 ± 104.40 nmol/ml, a variação percentual foi de 84.36; p=0.03). Houve maior manutenção glicêmica no GCM (p=0.0002). Conclui-se que os protocolos de HIIT e CM, deste estudo, apontam para a uma possível lesão tecidual, em contrapartida, o HIIT desenvolve a capacidade de adaptação do sistema antioxidante hepático e o CM promove uma sustentação glicêmica maior.

Does Croton Argyrophyllus Extract Has an Effect on Muscle Damage and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats Submitted to High Intensity Strength Exercise?

Many species of the genus Croton have been used for anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antidiabetic, and antitumor purposes. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a hydroethanolic extract (HEE) from the inner bark of Croton argyrophyllus (Euphorbiaceae) on muscle damage and oxidative stress in rats after high intensity exercise. The animals were divided into four groups: (i) the sedentary group (SV; n = 7), (ii) the exercise vehicle group (EV, n = 7), (iii) the sedentary group HEE (SHG; n = 7) composed of sedentary animals and treated with the hydroethanolic extract of C. argyrophyllus (200 mg/kg, v.o.), and (iv) the HEE exercise group (HEE; n = 7) composed of animals submitted to resistance exercise (RE) and treated with the hydroethanolic extract of C. argyrophyllus (200 mg/kg, v.o.). In the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, the HEE showed lower values of inhibition potential (IP%) at 39.79% compared to gallic acid, 87.61%, and lipoperoxidation inhibition at 27.4% (100 µg/mL) or 28.6% (200 µg/mL) (p < 0.001). There was inhibition in free radicals in vivo. The HEE of C. argyrophyllus partially reduced the biomarkers of oxidative stress in muscle tissue and muscular damage (creatine kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)) (p < 0.05) in rats, and in this sense it can be an aid to the recovery process after exhaustive efforts.