Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Blood, Lymph Node, and Bone Marrow T Lymphocytes During Canine Leishmaniosis and the Impact of Antileishmanial Chemotherapy.

Dogs are a major reservoir of Leishmania infantum, etiological agent of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) a zoonotic visceral disease of worldwide concern. Therapeutic protocols based on antileishmanial drugs are commonly used to treat sick dogs and improve their clinical condition. To better understand the impact of Leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs on the dog's immune response, this study investigates the profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow of sick dogs and after two different CanL treatments. Two CanL groups of six dogs each were treated with either miltefosine or meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol. Another group of 10 clinically healthy dogs was used as control. Upon diagnosis and during the following 3 months of treatment, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow mononuclear cells were collected, labeled for surface markers CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, and intracellular nuclear factor FoxP3, and T lymphocyte subpopulations were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. CanL dogs presented an overall increased frequency of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells in all tissues and a decreased frequency of CD4+ T cells in the blood. Furthermore, there was a higher frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing CD25+FoxP3+ in the blood and bone marrow. During treatment, these subsets recovered to levels similar to those of healthy dogs. Nevertheless, antileishmanial therapy caused an increase of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells in all tissues, associated with the decrease of CD8+CD25-FoxP3- T cell percentages. These findings may support previous studies that indicate that L. infantum manipulates the dog's immune system to avoid the development of a protective response, ensuring the parasite's survival and the conditions that allow the completion of Leishmania life cycle. Both treatments used appear to have an effect on the dog's immune response, proving to be effective in promoting the normalization of T cell subsets.

Meglumine Antimoniate and Miltefosine Combined With Allopurinol Sustain Pro-inflammatory Immune Environments During Canine Leishmaniosis Treatment.

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of global concern. Antileishmanial drug therapies commonly used to treat sick dogs improve their clinical condition, although when discontinued relapses can occur. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the effect of CanL treatments in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow cytokine profile associated with clinical recovery. Two groups of six dogs diagnosed with CanL were treated with miltefosine combined with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol (MT+A and MG+A), respectively. At diagnosis and after treatment, during a 3-month follow-up, clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters, urinalysis results and antileishmanial antibody titers were registered. Furthermore, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow samples were collected to assess the gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-ß, and IFN-γ by qPCR. In parallel, were also evaluated samples obtained from five healthy dogs. Both treatment protocols promoted the remission of clinical signs as well as normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters and urinalysis values. Antileishmanial antibodies returned to non-significant titers in all dogs. Sick dogs showed a generalized upregulation of IFN-γ and downregulation of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-ß, while gene expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-10 varied between groups and according to evaluated tissue. A trend to the normalization of cytokine gene expression was induced by both miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapies. However, IFN-γ gene expression was still up-regulated in the three evaluated tissues. Furthermore, the effect of treatment in the gene expression of cytokines that were not significantly changed by infection, indicates that miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapy directly affects cytokine generation. Both combined therapies are effective in CanL treatment, leading to sustained pro-inflammatory immune environments that can compromise parasite survival and favor dogs' clinical cure. In the current study, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines do not seem to play a prominent role in CanL or during clinical recovery.

Análise comparativa do perfil antropométrico de árbitros e jogadores de futebol / Comparative analysis of anthropometric profile in soccer players and referees

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar o perfil antropométrico de jogadores da categoria júnior, com alunos a árbitros de futebol, já que ambos estão se preparando para atuarem no futebol profissional. A amostra foi composta por 22 jogadores juniores e 37 alunos árbitros. Foram avaliadas as variáveis antropométricas de massa corporal e estatura, quatro dobras cutâneas, dois diâmetros ósseos e dois perímetros. Os alunos árbitros apresentaram um percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) de 14,3 ± 4,8, contra 11,2 ± 2,3% dos jogadores, sendo diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,0427). O somatotipo dos atletas da categoria júnior, foi classificado como mesomorfo-ectomorfo (2,5?3,6?3,3), ou seja, existe uma predominância dos componentes músculo-esquelético e linear (estatura). Os alunos árbitros apresentaram um somatotipo classificado como mesomorfo endomorfos (3,4-4,7-2,5), apresentando predominância dos componentes músculo-esquelético e tecido adiposo. Este maior acúmulo de gordura apresentado pelos alunos árbitros pode vir a ser um limitador do desempenho física durante a partida.

The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the anthropometric profile of junior soccer players with soccer referee students, since both are preparing to work in professional soccer. The sample was composed by 22 junior players and 37 student referees. Anthropometric variables of body mass and height, four skinfolds, two bone diameters and two bone perimeters were assessed. Student referees had a body fat percentage (BF%) of 14.3 ± 4.8 against 11.2 ± 2.3% of the soccer players, being statistically significant (p = 0.0427). Junior athlete somatotype was classified as mesomorphic-ectomorphic (2.5?3.6?3.3), that is, there is a predominance of musculoskeletal and linear (height) components. Students referees presented somatotype which was classified as mesomorphic?endomorphic (3.4?4.7?2.5), demonstrating predominance of musculoskeletal components and adipose tissue. This higher fat accumulation presented by student referees can become a limiting physical performance during a match.

A poesia cantada, com idosos asilados, na possível re-construção do imaginário / The poetry sung, with the elderly people of the home for the aged in the possible re-construction of imaginary

Foi realizada, entre os anos de 2007 e 2009, a pesquisa “Imaginário, idosos tabagistas asilados e organização de asilos: organizacionalidade antropolítica – IATO”1 – em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI), no Distrito Federal. Para tanto, os idosos participaram conosco de uma oficina de música, um coral, onde pudemos observar como a música, ou poesia cantada, influiu beneficamente sobre o imaginário dos sujeitos do grupo, os idosos asilados...

During the years between 2007 and 2009, was conducted one research namely: Imaginary, elderly smokers of the home for the aged and organization of home for the aged: organizational anthro-politics – IATO2 – in one Institution of the longer existence for the aged (ILPI), in the Federal District. For that purpose, the elderly participated with us a music workshop, a choir, where, we could observe how the music, the poetry sung influenced beneficially on the imaginary of the elderly persons...

A poesia cantada, com idosos asilados, na possível re-construção do imaginário / The poetry sung, with the elderly people of the home for the aged in the possible re-construction of imaginary

Foi realizada, entre os anos de 2007 e 2009, a pesquisa “Imaginário, idosos tabagistas asilados e organização de asilos: organizacionalidade antropolítica – IATO”1 – em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI), no Distrito Federal. Para tanto, os idosos participaram conosco de uma oficina de música, um coral, onde pudemos observar como a música, ou poesia cantada, influiu beneficamente sobre o imaginário dos sujeitos do grupo, os idosos asilados.(AU)

During the years between 2007 and 2009, was conducted one research namely: Imaginary, elderly smokers of the home for the aged and organization of home for the aged: organizational anthro-politics – IATO2 – in one Institution of the longer existence for the aged (ILPI), in the Federal District. For that purpose, the elderly participated with us a music workshop, a choir, where, we could observe how the music, the poetry sung influenced beneficially on the imaginary of the elderly persons.(AU)

Análise do test aeróbico desenvolvido pela fifa para avaliar os árbitros de futebol / Analysis ofthe pphysical test for soccer referee?s assessment developed by fifa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar quais as variáveis fisiológicas que podem ser mensuradas com o atual teste físico determinado pela FIFA. A amostra foi composta por 40 árbitros que foram filmados em situação real de teste. Foi utilizado um monitor de frequência cardíaca para mensuração de algumas variáveis fisiológicas no transcorrer do teste. O perfil antropométrico foi determinado com base nas medidas de massa corporal, estatura, nove dobras cutâneas, nove perímetros e quatro diâmetros ósseos. A frequênciacardíaca média durante o teste foi de 168,3±13,9 batimentos por minutos (bpm), que correspondeu a 88% da FCmáx teórica. Entretanto, durante o teste a intensidade da atividade física chegou a 99% da frequênciacardíaca máxima estimada (187,2±14,0 bpm). O gasto calórico mensurado durante a execução do teste, correspondeu em média a 322,5±50,7 kcal. Os árbitros apresentaram 19,5±4,3% de gordura corporal. Não foi encontrado na literatura científica nenhum suporte técnico científico que justificasse a utilização do teste proposto pela FIFA para a avaliação da capacidade aeróbica do árbitro de futebol. Em adição, este teste não permite a distinção do desempenho ou status físico de um árbitro com outro.

The aim of this study was to analyze which of the physical variables can be measured by the current physical test developed by FIFA. The sample consisted of 40 male referees that were videotaped in real situations. Some physiological variables were measured by a Heart Rate monitor during the test. The anthropometric profile was determined through measurement of the body mass, height, nine skin folds, nine body girth and four bone diameters. Heart Rate average during the test was 168.3±13.9 beats/min which corresponds to 88% of the maximal theoretical Heart rate. However, activity intensity during the test reached 99% of maximal estimated Heart rate (187.2±14.0 beats/min). Caloric expenditure measured during the test was 322.5±50.7 kcal. The referees showed 19.5±4.3% of fat body mass. No technical scientific evidence was found in literature to support the physical test developed by FIFA to assess aerobic fitness in soccer referees. Moreover, this test does not allow to distinguish the performance or physical status of one referee from another.