Protonation of Dppbz- and Binap-Ligated Rhodathiaboranes Yielding Hydron, Hydride, and Hydrogen Exchange.

The reaction of the 11-vertex rhodathiaborane [8,8,8-(H)(PPh3)2-3-(NC5H5)-nido-7,8-RhSB9H10] (1) with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)benzene (dppbz) and (S)-(-)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (binap) affords [1,1-(η2-dppbz)-3-(NC5H5)-closo-1,2-RhSB9H8] (2) and [1,1-(η2-binap)-3-(NC5H5)-closo-1,2-RhSB9H8] (3). These 11-vertex closo-rhodathiaborane chelates result from PPh3 ligand substitution at the rhodium center and a nido-to-closo structural cluster transformation driven by H2 loss. Treating compounds 2 and 3 with triflic acid (TfOH) leads to the formation of cationic clusters 4 and 5. The hydrons bind to the polyhedral clusters, acquiring hydride character and providing chemical nonrigidity that manifests through metal vertex-to-thiaborane pseudo-rotations and concomitant hydron tautomerisms. The resulting cations react with hydrogen to form mixtures of hydrons, hydrogen, and hydridorhodathiaboranes in equilibrium. The reaction products are the result of heterolytic cleavage of the H-H bond, with full participation of the clusters and the addition of hydrogen atoms to the cages. In these reactions, there is a conversion of electrons and hydrons into hydrogen, and hydrogen into hydride ligands, demonstrating that these boron-based metal compounds act as electron reservoirs, capable of promoting multielectron processes.

Chirality at Metal in a Linear [Ag(NHC)2]+ Complex: Stereogenic C-Ag-C Axis, Atropisomerism and Role of π-π Interactions.

Chirality at the metal center is a well-established concept, exemplified by numerous four- and six-coordinated complexes. Here, a pioneering example of linear chirality-at-metal is described: [Ag(NHC)2]+ (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene). In solution, stabilizing π-π interactions preserve the chiral information of the solid state. Consequently, a novel class of atropisomers is identified, whose stereogenicity arises from hindered rotation around a C-Ag-C axis, instead of a typical C-C bond.

Revisiting a natural wine salt: calcium (2R,3R)-tartrate tetrahydrate.

The crystal structure of the salt calcium (2R,3R)-tartrate tetrahydrate {systematic name: poly[[diaqua[µ4-(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioato]calcium(II)] dihydrate]}, {[Ca(C4H8O8)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, is reported. The absolute configuration of the crystal was established unambiguously using anomalous dispersion effects in the diffraction patterns. High-quality data also allowed the location and free refinement of all the H atoms, and therefore to a careful analysis of the hydrogen-bond interactions.

A corannulene-based metallobox for the encapsulation of fullerenes.

A corannulene-bis-N-imidazolium salt was used for the synthesis of two corannulene-bis-N-heterocyclic carbenes of dirhodium(i) complexes of formula (corannulene-di-NHC)[RhCl(COD)]2 and (corannulene-di-NHC)[RhCl(CO)2]2. Both complexes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the electron-donating properties of the corannulene-di-NHC ligand were studied by means of infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The complex (corannulene-di-NHC)[RhCl(COD)]2 was used for the encapsulation of fullerenes C60 and C70, generating host-guest complexes with 2 : 1 stoichiometry, as evidenced by 1H NMR and ITC titrations. Then, a tetra-rhodium(i) metallo-rectangle supported by two corannulene-bis-imidazolylidene ligands and two cofacial 4,4'-bipyridine ligands was prepared and characterized. This metallobox is capable of quantitatively encapsulating fullerenes C60 and C70, forming complexes that are highly stable even at high temperatures. The molecular structure of the metallobox with encapsulated C60 reveals a perfect size and shape complementarity that benefits from the concave-convex π-π interaction between the polyaromatic surfaces of the host and the guest.

The Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluxional Behavior of a Hydridorhodatetraborane.

The octahydridotriborate anion plays a crucial role in the field of polyhedral boron chemistry, facilitating the synthesis of higher boranes and the preparation of diverse transition metal complexes. Among the stable forms of this anion, CsB3H8 (or (n-C4H9)4N)[B3H8] have been identified. These salts serve as valuable precursors for the synthesis of metallaboranes, wherein the triborate anion acts as a ligand coordinating to the metal center. In this study, we have successfully synthesized a novel rhodatetraborane dihydride, [Rh(η2-B3H8)(H)2(PPh3)2] (1), which represents a Rh(III) complex featuring a bidentate chelate ligand fasormed by B3H8-. Extensive characterization of this rhodatetraborane complex has been performed using NMR spectroscopy in solution and X-ray diffraction analysis in the solid state. Notably, the complex exhibits intriguing fluxional behavior, which has been investigated using NMR techniques. Moreover, we have explored the reactivity of complex 1 towards pyridine (py) and dimethylphenylphosphine (PMe2Ph). Our findings highlight the labile nature of this four-vertex rhodatetraborane as it undergoes disassembly upon attack from the corresponding Lewis base, resulting in the formation of borane adducts, LBH3, where L = py, PMe2Ph. Furthermore, in these reactions, we report the characterization of new cationic hydride complexes, such as [Rh(H)2(PPh3)2 (py)]+ (2) and [Rh(H)2(PMe2Ph)4]+. Notably, the latter complex has been characterized as the octahydridotriborate salt [Rh(H)2(PMe2Ph)4][B3H8] (3), which extends the scope of rhodatetraborane derivatives.

Simple Route to [PSH][B9H14] and a Contemporary Study of Its Solid-State Dynamic Behavior.

The 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalenium ([PSH]+) decaborane salt, [PSH][B10H13], has been found to react in ethanol to form [PSH][B9H14] (1), affording a simple route to the synthesis of the arachno-nonaborate anion. This new polyhedral salt is characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The measurement of diffusion coefficients by NMR methods demonstrates that the [PSH]+ cation and the [B9H14]- anion form ion pairs in a non-coordinating solvent such as CH2Cl2, whereas in CD3CN the formation of ion pairs was not observed. Insights into the long-known low-energy dynamic behavior, which involves the bridging and endo-terminal hydrogen atoms, are elucidated using DFT calculations. Salts [PSH][B9H14] (1) and [PSH][B9H14]·0.5CHCl3 (solvated, 1·0.5CHCl3) have also been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. A solid-state NMR study has demonstrated that K[B9H14] and [PSH][B9H14] (1) undergo significantly different motion regimes, being a low-energy, weakly temperature-dependent process for 1, which may be ascribed to some type of low-amplitude reorientation of the whole boron cages. This process may be the mechanism for the low- to-room-temperature order-disorder hidden transition found by X-ray analysis.

Dinuclear silver and gold bisNHC complexes as drug candidates for cancer therapy.

We report four dinuclear silver(I) and gold(I) complexes containing two different bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (bisNHC). One of these complexes 4, shows strong and selective anticancer activity against the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Mechanistically, 4 enhances the oxidative stress by stimulating reactive oxygen species production and inhibiting the scavenging activity of thioredoxin reductase. Our findings provide evidence that tuning ligand and electronic properties of metal-NHC complexes can modulate their reactivity and selectivity and it may result in potential novel anticancer drugs.

Nucleophilic Reactivity at a ═CH Arm of a Lutidine-Based CNC/Rh System: Unusual Alkyne and CO2 Activation.

Reaction of an amido pincer complex [(CNC)*Rh(CO)] (1) (CNC* is the deprotonated form of CNC) with carbon dioxide gave a neutral complex [(CNC-CO2)Mes*Rh(CO)] (2), which is the result of a C-C bond-forming reaction between the deprotonated arm of the CNC* ligand and CO2. The molecular structure of 2 showed a zwitterionic complex, where the CO2 moiety is covalently connected to the former ═CH arm of the CNC* pincer ligand. The unusual structure of 1 allowed us to explore the reactivity of the CO2 moiety with selected primary amines RNH2 (benzylamine and ammonia), which afforded cationic complexes [(CNC)MesRh(CO)][HRNC(O)O] (R = Bz (3), H (4)). Compounds 3 and 4 are the result of a C-N coupling between the incoming amine and the CO2 fragment covalently connected to the pincer ligand in 2, a process that involves protonation of the "CH-CO2" fragment in 2 from the respective amines. Once revealed the nucleophilic character of the ═CH fragment in 1, we explored its reactivity with alkynes, a study that enlightened a novel reactivity trend in alkyne activation. Reaction of 1 with terminal alkynes RC≡CH (R = Ph, 2-py, 4-C6H4-CF3) yielded neutral complexes [(CNC-CH═CHR)Mes*Rh(CO)] (R = Ph (5), 2-py (6), 4-C6H4-CF3 (7)) in good yields. Deuterium labeling experiments with PhC≡CD confirmed that complex 5 is the product of a formal insertion of the alkyne into the C(sp2)-H bond of the deprotonated arm in 1. This structural proposal was further confirmed by the X-ray molecular structure of phenyl complex 5, which showed the alkyne covalently linked to the pincer ligand. Besides, this novel transformation was analyzed by DFT methods and showed a metal-ligand cooperative mechanism, based on the initial electrophilic attack of the alkyne to the ═CH arm of the CNCMes* ligand (making a new C-C bond) followed by the action of a protic base (HN(SiMe3)2), which is able to perform a proton rearrangement that leads to the final product 5.

Enhanced Metallophilicity in Metal-Carbene Systems: Stronger Character of Aurophilic Interactions in Solution.

Metallophilicity is an essential concept that builds upon the attraction between closed shell metal ions. We report on the [M2 (bisNHC)2 ]2+ (M=AuI , AgI ; NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) systems, which display almost identical features in the solid state. However, in solution the Au2 cation exhibits a significantly higher degree of rigidity owed to the stronger character of the aurophilic interactions. Both Au2 and Ag2 cationic constructs are able to accommodate Ag+ ions via M-M interactions, despite their inherent Coulombic repulsion. When electrostatic repulsion between host and guest is partially diminished, M-M distances are substantially shortened. Quantum chemical calculations estimate intermetallic bond orders up to 0.2. Although at the limit of (or beyond) the van der Waals radii, metallophilic interactions are responsible for their behavior in solution.

Decaborane anion tautomerism: ion pairing and proton transfer control.

The reaction of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene-which is often referred by the trade name Proton-Sponge (PS)-with decaborane in hexane afforded [HPS][B10H13] (1) salt as a pale-yellow precipitate. Variable-temperature NMR studies allowed the full assignment of 1H and 11B spectra for this familiar ten-vertex polyhedral anion. In addition, this work reveals that an increase in the temperature leads to the intramolecular exchange of three B-H-B hydrogen atoms around the hexagonal face of the boat-shaped cluster. This previously unrecognised H-tautomerism complements the long-known low-energy proton exchange of only one of the bridging hydrogen atoms. The temperature dependent proton fluxional behaviour controls the molecular environment of the polyhedral cage, averaging the negative charge of the anion. The result is a debilitation of the cation-anion interactions in solution, favouring the transfer of the proton from the organic aromatic cation, [HPS]+, to the polyhedral anion, [B10H13]-. This proton transfer affords Proton-Sponge and decaborane, increasing the entropy of the system and sustaining an equilibrium which at high temperatures shifts toward the neutral reactants and at low temperatures moves toward the ionic products. A single X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 is discussed.

Steroid-AuI -NHC Complexes: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity.

A series of gold(I) pioneer complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes and steroid derivatives (ethynylestradiol and ethisterone) with the generic formula [Au(R2 -imidazol-2-ylidene)(steroid)] (where R=CH3 or CH2 CH2 OCH3 ) were synthesized, and the X-ray structure of a rare of gold(I)-estradiol derivative is discussed. Toxicity studies reveal notable antibacterial activity of the gold-based compounds, which is significantly increased in vivo by the presence of the estradiol unit. Toxicity profiling was estimated in vitro versus Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, and in vivo on Galleria mellonella larvae against E. coli.

The exocyclic amino group of adenine in PtII and PdII complexes: a critical comparison of the X-ray crystallographic structural data and gas phase calculations.

A detailed computational (DFT level of theory) study regarding the nature of the exocyclic amino group, N6H2, of the model nucleobase 9-methyladenine (9MeA) and its protonated (9MeAH+) and deprotonated forms (9MeA-H), free and metal-complexed, has been conducted. The metals are PtII and PdII, bonded to nitrogen-containing co-ligands (NH3, dien, bpy), with N1, N6, and N7 being the metal-binding sites, individually or in different combinations. The results obtained from gas phase calculations are critically compared with X-ray crystallography data, whenever possible. In the majority of cases, there is good qualitative agreement between calculated and experimentally determined C6-N6 bond lengths, but calculated values always show a trend to larger values, by 0.02-0.08 Å. Both methods indicate, with few exceptions, a high degree of double-bond character of C6-N6, consistent with an essentially sp2-hybridized N6 atom. The shortest values for C6-N6 distances in X-ray crystal structures are around 1.30 Å. Exceptions refer to cases in which DFT calculations suggest the existence of a hydrogen bond with N6H2 acting as a H bond acceptor, hence a situation with N6 having undergone a substantial hybridization shift toward sp3. Nevertheless, even in these cases the C6-N6 bond (1.392 Å) is still halfway between a typical C-N single bond (1.48 Å) and a typical C=N double bond (1.28 Å). This scenario is, however, not borne out by X-ray crystallographic results, and is attributed to the absence of counter anions and solvent molecules in the calculated structures.

From Imidazole toward Imidazolium Salts and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Electronic and Geometrical Redistribution.

Investigations dealing with N-heterocyclic carbenes and their derivatives are usually centered on the influence that they exert by acting as catalysts, ionic liquids, or metallodrugs and consequently on their capabilities to tune the properties and reactivity of these systems. In this context, we aimed to focus on the internal molecular changes undergone by imidazole derivatives, from electronic and geometrical points of view. This work represents an empirical evidence of the molecular modifications that an imidazole skeleton undergoes upon protonation, alkylation, and metalation.

Dimethylphosphinate bridged binuclear Rh(i) catalysts for the alkoxycarbonylation of aromatic C-H bonds.

A variety of binuclear rhodium(i) complexes featuring two bridging dimethylphosphinate ligands ((CH3)2PO2-) have been prepared and tested in the alkoxycarbonylation of aromatic C-H bonds. The complex [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(cod)]2 has been prepared by a reaction of [Rh(µ-MeO)(cod)]2 with 2 equivalents of dimethylphosphinic acid. Binuclear complexes [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(CO)L]2 (L = PPh3, P(OMe)Ph2 and P(OPh)3) were obtained by carbonylation of the related mononuclear complexes [Rh(κO-(CH3)2PO2)(cod)(L)], which were prepared in situ by the reaction of [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(cod)]2 with 2 equivalents of L. Conversely, if L = IPr, the reaction of [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(CO)L]2 with carbon monoxide affords the mononuclear complex [Rh(κO-(CH3)2PO2)(CO)2IPr]. The subsequent reaction with trimethylamine N-oxide gives the corresponding binuclear complex [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(CO)(IPr)]2 by abstraction of one of the carbonyl ligands. Complexes [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(cod)]2 and [Rh(κO-(CH3)2PO2)(cod)(L)] (L = IPr, PPh3, P(OMe)Ph2, P(OPh)3) are active precatalysts in the alkoxycarbonylation of C-H bonds, with the ligand system playing a key role in the catalytic activity. The complexes that feature more labile Rh-L bonds give rise to better catalysts, probably due to the more straightforward substitution of L by a second carbonyl ligand, since a more electrophilic carbonyl carbon atom is more susceptible toward aryl migration. In fact, complexes [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(CO)2]2 and [Rh(µ-Cl)(CO)2]2, generated in situ from [Rh(µ-κO,O'-(CH3)2PO2)(cod)]2 and [Rh(µ-Cl)(cod)2]2, respectively, are the most active catalysts tested in this work.

Multiple Condensation Reactions Involving Pt(II) /Pd(II) -OH2 , Pt-NH3 , and Cytosine-NH2 Groups: New Twists in Cisplatin-Nucleobase Chemistry.

The coordination chemistry of the antitumor agent cisplatin and related complexes with DNA and its constituents, that is, the nucleobases, appears to be dominated by 1:1 and 1:2 adducts of the types cis-[Pta2 (nucleobase)X] and cis-[Pta2 (nucleobase)2 ] (a=NH3 or amine; a2 =diamine or diimine; X=Cl, OH or OH2 ). Here, we have studied the interactions of the putative 1:1 adducts cis-[Pta2 (1-MeC-N3)(OH2 )](2+) (with a=NH3 , a2 =2,2'-bpy (2,2'-bipyridine), 1-MeC=model nucleobase 1-methylcytosine) with additional cis-[Pt(NH3 )2 (OH2 )2 ](2+) or its kinetically superior analogues [Pd(en)(OH2 )2 ](2+) (en=ethylenediamine) and [Pd(2,2'-bpy)(OH2 )2 ](2+) . Depending upon the conditions applied different compounds of different nuclearity are formed. Without exception they represent condensation products of the components, containing µ-1-MeC-H , µ-OH(-) , as well as µ-NH2 (-) bridges. In the presence of Ag(+) ions, the isolated products in several cases display additionally Pt→Ag dative bonds. On the basis of the cytosine-containing structures established by X-ray crystallography, it is proposed that any of the feasible initial 1:1 nucleobase adducts of cisplatin could form dinuclear Pt complexes upon reaction with additional hydrolyzed cisplatin, thereby generating nucleobase adducts other than the presently established ones. Two findings appear to be of particular significance: First, hydrolyzed cisplatin can have a moderately accelerating effect on the formation of a secondary nucleobase product. Second, NH3 ligands of the cisplatin moiety can be converted into bridging amido ligands following condensation with the diaqua species of cisplatin.

N-Heterocyclic olefins as ancillary ligands in catalysis: a study of their behaviour in transfer hydrogenation reactions.

The Ir(i) complexes [Ir(cod)(κP,C,P'-NHO(PPh2))]PF6 and [IrCl(cod)(κC-NHO(OMe))] (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, NHO(PPh2) = 1,3-bis(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)ethyl)-2-methyleneimidazoline) and NHO(OMe) = 1,3-bis(2-(methoxyethyl)-2-methyleneimidazoline), both featuring an N-heterocyclic olefin ligand (NHO), have been tested in the transfer hydrogenation reaction; this representing the first example of the use of NHOs as ancillary ligands in catalysis. The pre-catalyst [Ir(cod)(κP,C,P'-NHO(PPh2))]PF6 has shown excellent activities in the transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes, ketones and imines using (i)PrOH as a hydrogen source, while [IrCl(cod)(κC-NHO(OMe))] decomposes throughout the reaction to give low yields of the hydrogenated product. Addition of one or two equivalents of a phosphine ligand to the latter avoids catalyst decomposition and significantly improves the reaction yields. The reaction mechanism has been investigated by means of stoichiometric studies and theoretical calculations. The formation of the active species ([Ir(κP,C,P'-NHO(PPh2))((i)PrO)]) has been proposed to occur via isopropoxide coordination and concomitant COD dissociation. Moreover, throughout the catalytic cycle the NHO moiety behaves as a hemilabile ligand, thus allowing the catalyst to adopt stable square planar geometries in the transition states, which reduces the energetic barrier of the process.

The Renaissance of Metal-Pyrimidine Nucleobase Coordination Chemistry.

The significance of metal ions for the function and properties of DNA and RNA, long seen primarily under biological aspects and medicinal uses, has recently gained a renewed momentum. This is a consequence of the advent of novel applications in the fields of materials science, biotechnology, and analytical sensor chemistry that relate to the designed incorporation of transition metal ions into nucleic acid base pairs. Ag(+) and Hg(2+) ions, binding to pyrimidine (pym) nucleobases, represent major players in this development. Interestingly, these metal ions were the ones that some 60 years ago started the field! At the same time, the mentioned metal ions had demonstrated a "special relationship" with the pym nucleobases cytosine, thymine, and uracil! Parallel work conducted with oligonucleotides and model nucleobases fostered numerous significant details of these interactions, in particular when X-ray crystallography was involved, correcting earlier views occasionally. Our own activities during the past three to four decades have focused on, among others, the coordination chemistry of transition and main-group metal ions with pym model nucleobases, with an emphasis on Pt(II) and Pd(II). It has always been our goal to deduce, if possible, the potential relevance of our findings for biological processes. It is interesting to put our data, in particular for trans-a2Pt(II) (a = NH3 or amine), into perspective with those of other metal ions, notably Ag(+) and Hg(2+). Irrespective of major differences in kinetics and lability/inertness between d(8) and d(10) metal ions, there is also a lot of similarity in structural aspects as a result of the preferred linear coordination geometry of these species. Moreover, the apparent clustering of metal ions to the pym nucleobases, which is presumably essential for the formation of nanoclusters on oligonucleotide scaffolds, is impressively reflected in model systems, as are reasons for inter-nucleobase cross-links containing more than a single metal ion. The present understanding of these interrelationships is a consequence of intensive research carried out during the last 60 years by numerous laboratories. For space restrictions in this Account, it was impossible to adequately highlight the valuable contributions of all of the researchers in the field of metal-pym nucleobase interactions. Explicitly this refers to colleagues not cited in the references, e.g., R. Stuart Tobias, Robert Bau, R. Bruce Martin, Colin J. L. Lock, Katsuyuki Aoki, Helmut Sigel, and Michael J. Clarke, among others.

Hirshfeld and DFT analysis of the N-heterocyclic carbene proligand methylenebis(N-butylimidazolium) as the acetonitrile-solvated diiodide salt.

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based systems are usually exploited in the exploration of catalytic mechanisms and processes in organocatalysis, and homo- and heterogeneous catalysis. However, their molecular structures have not received adequate attention. The NHC proligand methylenebis(N-butylimidazolium) has been synthesized as the acetonitrile solvate of the diiodide salt, C15H26N4(2+)·2I(-)·CH3CN [1,1'-methylenebis(3-butylimidazolium) diiodide acetonitrile monosolvate], and fully characterized. An interesting cation-anion connection pattern has been identified in the crystal lattice, in which three iodide anions interact simultaneously with the cisoid-oriented cation. A Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the predominance of hydrogen bonding over anion-π interactions. This particular arrangement is observed in different methylene-bridged bis(imidazolium) cations bearing chloride or bromide counter-anions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with acetonitrile as solvent reproduce the geometry of the title cation.

Analogues of Cis- and Transplatin with a Rich Solution Chemistry: cis-[PtCl2 (NH3 )(1-MeC-N3)] and trans-[PtI2 (NH3 )(1-MeC-N3)].

Mono(nucleobase) complexes of the general composition cis-[PtCl2 (NH3 )L] with L=1-methylcytosine, 1-MeC (1 a) and L=1-ethyl-5-methylcytosine, as well as trans-[PtX2 (NH3 )(1-MeC)] with X=I (5 a) and X=Br (5 b) have been isolated and were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The Pt coordination occurs through the N3 atom of the cytosine in all cases. The diaqua complexes of compounds 1 a and 5 a, cis-[Pt(H2 O)2 (NH3 )(1-MeC)](2+) and trans-[Pt(H2 O)2 (NH3 )(1-MeC)](2+) , display a rich chemistry in aqueous solution, which is dominated by extensive condensation reactions leading to µ-OH- and µ-(1-MeC(-) -N3,N4)-bridged species and ready oxidation of Pt to mixed-valence state complexes as well as diplatinum(III) compounds, one of which was characterized by X-ray crystallography: h,t-[{Pt(NH3 )2 (OH)(1-MeC(-) -N3,N4)}2 ](NO3 )2 ⋅2 [NH4 ](NO3 )⋅2 H2 O. A combination of (1) H NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry was applied to identify some of the various species present in solution and the gas phase, respectively. As it turned out, mass spectrometry did not permit an unambiguous assignment of the structures of +1 cations due to the possibilities of realizing multiple bridging patterns in isomeric species, the occurrence of different tautomers, and uncertainties regarding the Pt oxidation states. Additionally, compound 1 a was found to have selective and moderate antiproliferative activity for a human cervix cancer line (SISO) compared to six other human cancer cell lines.

Direct X-Ray Scattering Evidence for Metal-Metal Interactions in Solution at the Molecular Level.

The study of the aggregation of small molecules in solution induced by metallophilic interactions has been traditionally performed by spectroscopic methods through identification of chemical changes in the system. Herein we demonstrate the use of SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) to identify structures in solution, taking advantage of the excellent scattering intensity of heavy metals which have undergone association by metallophilic interactions. An analysis of the close relationship between solid-state and solution arrangements of a dynamic [Ag2 (bisNHC)2 ](2+) (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) system, and how they are complementary to each other, is reported.