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Information about the concordance between dynamic emotional experiences and objective signals is practically useful. Previous studies have shown that valence dynamics can be estimated by recording electrical activity from the muscles in the brows and cheeks. However, whether facial actions based on video data and analyzed without electrodes can be used for sensing emotion dynamics remains unknown. We investigated this issue by recording video of participants' faces and obtaining dynamic valence and arousal ratings while they observed emotional films. Action units (AUs) 04 (i.e., brow lowering) and 12 (i.e., lip-corner pulling), detected through an automated analysis of the video data, were negatively and positively correlated with dynamic ratings of subjective valence, respectively. Several other AUs were also correlated with dynamic valence or arousal ratings. Random forest regression modeling, interpreted using the SHapley Additive exPlanation tool, revealed non-linear associations between the AUs and dynamic ratings of valence or arousal. These results suggest that an automated analysis of facial expression video data can be used to estimate dynamic emotional states, which could be applied in various fields including mental health diagnosis, security monitoring, and education.
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Nível de Alerta , Emoções , Expressão Facial , Humanos , Emoções/fisiologia , Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Gravação em Vídeo , Músculos Faciais/fisiologia , Face/fisiologiaRESUMO
Objectives: The initial drug-eluting bead (DEB)-transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) are often performed after multiple sessions of transarterial infusion chemotherapy (TAI) or conventional TACE. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the factors associated with the occurrence of vascular lake phenomenon (VLP) during DEB-TACE, considering the previous interventional treatments. Material and Methods: Forty-nine initial DEB-TACE procedures in 49 patients between November 2010 and April 2024 were included in this retrospective study. VLP was defined as a localized pooling of contrast agents within the tumor in the venous phase of digital subtraction angiography. The laboratory data, pre-treatment imaging findings such as the maximum tumor diameter (≥3 cm or <3 cm) and the presence of enhancing capsule obtained from computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, size of DEBs, and loading drugs, the total number of previous interventional treatments were recorded and compared between VLP occurrence and VLP non-occurrence groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association of factors in predicting VLP occurrence. Results: VLP was observed in 16 patients (32.65%) out of 49 patients. The maximum tumor diameter (≥3 cm) and the presence of the enhancing capsule were significantly higher, and the total number of previous interventional treatments was significantly smaller in the VLP occurrence group than in the VLP non-occurrence group (P = 0.0006, 0.0007, and 0.0003). In multivariate analysis, the maximum tumor diameter, the presence of the enhancing capsule, and the total number of previous interventional treatments were significantly associated with the occurrence of VLP (P = 0.0048, 0.0093, and 0.047). Conclusion: Our study confirmed that the reported risk factor, the maximum tumor diameter, and the enhancing capsule were significantly related to the occurrence of VLP in DEB-TACE. Further, the occurrence of VLP might be carefully considered when the number of previous interventional treatments is small.
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Exploring the objective signals associated with subjective emotional states has practical significance [...].
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Emoções , Emoções/fisiologia , Humanos , Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The importance of maintaining good mental health with overall well-being has recently drawn attention from various fields. Functional peptides found from various protein sources reportedly reduce mental health problems. We found a new decapeptide (AJI-801) from whey proteins, which can possibly improve mood status and increase blood acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels. In this study, we assessed the effects of a single intake of whey protein hydrolysate containing a high amount of AJI-801 (WPH) on blood variables and mood status. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial of two doses of WPH (100 and 500 mg) was conducted. Participants, aged between 20 and 59 years with fatigue were allocated to two groups based on the WPH doses received, and set first test food in each study. The blood ALC and FGF21 levels at baseline and after 60, 120, and 180 min of test food intake were analyzed and the responses to the questionnaire items for mood status were obtained at baseline and after 60 and 180 min of test food intake. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the blood ALC and FGF21 levels between the two groups. As mood status, intake of 500-mg WPH (including 2.5-mg AJI-801) showed significant improvement in Depression/Dejection of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire second edition and visual analog scale score for depression, as compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Intake of AJI-801 500-mg WPH (including 2.5-mg AJI-801) contributes to the improvement of feeling down in healthy persons with fatigue. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN 000046829).
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The rapid detection of neutral faces with emotional value plays an important role in social relationships for both young and older adults. Recent psychological studies have indicated that young adults show efficient value learning for neutral faces and the detection of "value-associated faces," while older adults show slightly different patterns of value learning and value-based detection of neutral faces. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes remain unknown. To investigate this, we applied hierarchical reinforcement learning and diffusion models to a value learning task and value-driven detection task that involved neutral faces; the tasks were completed by young and older adults. The results for the learning task suggested that the sensitivity of learning feedback might decrease with age. In the detection task, the younger adults accumulated information more efficiently than the older adults, and the perceptual time leading to motion onset was shorter in the younger adults. In younger adults only, the reward sensitivity during associative learning might enhance the accumulation of information during a visual search for neutral faces in a rewarded task. These results provide insight into the processing linked to efficient detection of faces associated with emotional values, and the age-related changes therein.
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Resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy has been applied to study the nature of the iron-oxo (Fe=O) moiety of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex (CompI). While the axial ligand effect on the nature of the Fe=O moiety has been studied with rR spectroscopy, the porphyrin ligand effect has not been studied well. Here, we investigated the porphyrin ligand effect on the Fe=O moiety with rR spectroscopy. The porphyrin ligand effect was modulated by the electron-withdrawing effect of the porphyrin substituent at the meso-position. This study shows that the frequency of the Fe=O stretching band, ν(Fe=O), hardly change even when the electron-withdrawing effect of the porphyrin substituent changes. This result is further supported by theoretical calculation of CompI. The natural atomic charge analysis reveals that the oxo and axial ligands work to buffer the electron-withdrawing effect of the porphyrin substituent. The electron-withdrawing porphyrin substituent shifts an electron population from the ferryl iron to the porphyrin, but the decreased electron population on the ferryl iron is compensated by the shift of the electron population from the oxo ligand and the axial ligand. The shift of the electron population makes the Fe-axial ligand bond length short, but the Fe=O bond length unchanged, resulting in the invariable ν(Fe=O) frequency.
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Porfirinas , Ligantes , Porfirinas/química , Ferro/química , CátionsRESUMO
Understanding the association between subjective emotional experiences and physiological signals is of practical and theoretical significance. Previous psychophysiological studies have shown a linear relationship between dynamic emotional valence experiences and facial electromyography (EMG) activities. However, whether and how subjective emotional valence dynamics relate to facial EMG changes nonlinearly remains unknown. To investigate this issue, we re-analyzed the data of two previous studies that measured dynamic valence ratings and facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles from 50 participants who viewed emotional film clips. We employed multilinear regression analyses and two nonlinear machine learning (ML) models: random forest and long short-term memory. In cross-validation, these ML models outperformed linear regression in terms of the mean squared error and correlation coefficient. Interpretation of the random forest model using the SHapley Additive exPlanation tool revealed nonlinear and interactive associations between several EMG features and subjective valence dynamics. These findings suggest that nonlinear ML models can better fit the relationship between subjective emotional valence dynamics and facial EMG than conventional linear models and highlight a nonlinear and complex relationship. The findings encourage emotion sensing using facial EMG and offer insight into the subjective-physiological association.
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Emoções , Expressão Facial , Humanos , Eletromiografia , Emoções/fisiologia , Face , Músculos Faciais/fisiologia , Aprendizado de MáquinaRESUMO
Estrogen receptor-binding fragment associated antigen 9 (EBAG9) exerts tumor-promoting effects by inducing immune escape. We focused on the physiological functions of EBAG9 by investigating the bone phenotypes of Ebag9-knockout mice. Female Ebag9-knockout mice have fragile bones with lower bone mineral density (BMD) compared with wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analyses demonstrated that lower BMD was mainly caused by decreased bone formation. Serum bone turnover markers showed that enhanced bone resorption also contributed to this phenotype. We revealed that EBAG9 promoted autophagy in both osteoblastic and osteoclastic lineages. In addition, the knockdown of Tm9sf1, a gene encoding a protein that functionally interacts with EBAG9, suppressed autophagy and osteoblastic differentiation of the murine preosteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Finally, overexpression of TM9SF1 rescued the suppression of autophagy caused by the silencing of Ebag9. These results suggest that EBAG9 plays a physiological role in bone maintenance by promoting autophagy together with its interactor TM9SF1.
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The role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing remains a topic of debate. Past lesion studies have indicated that amygdala damage leads to impaired electrodermal activity in response to subliminally presented emotional stimuli. However, electrodermal activity can reflect both emotional and nonemotional processes. To provide behavioral evidence highlighting the critical role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing, we examined patients (n = 16) who had undergone unilateral resection of medial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala. We utilized the subliminal affective priming paradigm in conjunction with unilateral visual presentation. Fearful or happy dynamic facial expressions were presented in unilateral visual fields for 30 ms, serving as negative or positive primes. Subsequently, neutral target faces were displayed, and participants were tasked with rating the valence of these targets. Positive primes, compared to negative ones, enhanced valence ratings of the target to a greater extent when they stimulated the intact hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the intact hemisphere) than when they stimulated the resected hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the resected hemisphere). These results suggest that the amygdala is causally involved in unconscious emotional processing.
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Emoções , Medo , Humanos , Emoções/fisiologia , Medo/fisiologia , Lobo Temporal/cirurgia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Campos Visuais , Inconsciência , Expressão Facial , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
A close relationship between emotional contagion and spontaneous facial mimicry has been theoretically proposed and is supported by empirical data. Facial expressions are essential in terms of both emotional and motor synchrony. Previous studies have demonstrated that trait emotional empathy enhanced spontaneous facial mimicry, but the relationship between autistic traits and spontaneous mimicry remained controversial. Moreover, previous studies presented faces that were static or videotaped, which may lack the "liveliness" of real-life social interactions. We addressed this limitation by using an image relay system to present live performances and pre-recorded videos of smiling or frowning dynamic facial expressions to 94 healthy female participants. We assessed their subjective experiential valence and arousal ratings to infer the amplitude of emotional contagion. We measured the electromyographic activities of the zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii muscles to estimate spontaneous facial mimicry. Individual differences measures included trait emotional empathy (empathic concern) and the autism-spectrum quotient. We did not find that live performances enhanced the modulatory effect of trait differences on emotional contagion or spontaneous facial mimicry. However, we found that a high trait empathic concern was associated with stronger emotional contagion and corrugator mimicry. We found no two-way interaction between the autism spectrum quotient and emotional condition, suggesting that autistic traits did not modulate emotional contagion or spontaneous facial mimicry. Our findings imply that previous findings regarding the relationship between emotional empathy and emotional contagion/spontaneous facial mimicry using videos and photos could be generalized to real-life interactions.
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Transtorno Autístico , Empatia , Feminino , Humanos , Interação Social , Emoções , SorrisoRESUMO
Objective: Bile duct tumor thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a relatively rare event with a poor prognosis. Furthermore, bile duct tumor thrombus in HCC may be misdiagnosed when only imaging modalities are used. The efficiency of peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) in evaluating bile duct lesions has been reported. Patients: We present three cases of HCC with bile duct strictures in which POCS was performed as a preoperative evaluation. Results: In these three cases, diagnosing whether the lesion was a bile duct tumor thrombus on CT and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was difficult. We performed POCS in three cases and were able to diagnose the presence of bile duct tumor thrombus of HCC, including differentiation from extrinsic compression of the bile duct. Conclusion: POCS for HCC with bile duct features is useful for the preoperative diagnosis of bile duct tumor thrombus, especially in cases where the surgical procedure depends on the presence of bile duct tumor thrombus.
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Coherence between subjective experience and bodily responses in emotion is assumed to have a positive influence on well-being, which might be particularly valuable in late adulthood. Previous studies of young adults' continuous subjective, behavioral, and physiological responses to emotional films reported emotional mind-body coherence. In contrast, research regarding emotional coherence in older adults has been scarce. In this study, we examined emotional coherence in older adults between continuous valence ratings and behavioral responses (facial electromyography [EMG] of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles), as well as between continuous arousal ratings and physiological measures (electrodermal activity [EDA] and fingertip temperature), in response to four emotion-eliciting film clips (anger, sadness, contentment, and amusement) film clips and an emotionally neutral clip. Intraindividual cross-correlation analyses revealed that the coherence between valence ratings and corrugator EMG activity for the anger-eliciting film was weaker in older adults than in young adults, who completed an identical experiment. Age differences also emerged in the coherence of arousal ratings with EDA and fingertip temperature measures, respectively, while participants watched the anger-eliciting and contentment-eliciting films; while negative correlations were found for older adults, positive correlations were found for young adults. These results indicate that emotional mind-body coherence somewhat differs quantitatively and qualitatively between older and young adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Ira , Emoções , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Idoso , Adulto , Emoções/fisiologia , Músculos Faciais/fisiologia , Face , Tristeza , EletromiografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Uncanniness plays a vital role in interactions with humans and artificial agents. Previous studies have shown that uncanniness is caused by a higher sensitivity to deviation or atypicality in specialized categories, such as faces or facial expressions, marked by configural processing. We hypothesized that asynchrony, understood as a temporal deviation in facial expression, could cause uncanniness in the facial expression. We also hypothesized that the effect of asynchrony could be disrupted through inversion. RESULTS: Sixty-four participants rated the uncanniness of synchronous or asynchronous dynamic face emotion expressions of human, android, or computer-generated (CG) actors, presented either upright or inverted. Asynchrony vs. synchrony expressions increased uncanniness for all upright expressions except for CG angry expressions. Inverted compared with upright presentations produced less evident asynchrony effects for human angry and android happy expressions. These results suggest that asynchrony can cause dynamic expressions to appear uncanny, which is related to configural processing but different across agents.
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Expressão Facial , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Humanos , EmoçõesRESUMO
Speedy detection of faces with emotional value plays a fundamental role in social interactions. A few previous studies using a visual search paradigm have reported that individuals with high autistic traits (ATs), who are characterized by deficits in social interactions, demonstrated decreased detection performance for emotional facial expressions. However, whether ATs modulate the rapid detection of faces with emotional value remains inconclusive because emotional facial expressions involve salient visual features (i.e., a U-shaped mouth in a happy expression) that can facilitate visual attention. In order to disentangle the effects of visual factors from the rapid detection of emotional faces, we examined the rapid detection of neutral faces associated with emotional value among young adults with varying degrees of ATs in a visual search task. In the experiment, participants performed a learning task wherein neutral faces were paired with monetary reward, monetary punishment, or no monetary outcome, such that the neutral faces acquired positive, negative, or no emotional value, respectively. During the subsequent visual search task, previously learned neutral faces were presented as discrepant faces among newly presented neutral distractor faces, and the participants were asked to detect the discrepant faces. The results demonstrated a significant negative association between the degrees of ATs and an advantage in detecting punishment-associated neutral faces. This indicates the decreased detection of faces with negative value in individuals with higher ATs, which may contribute to their difficulty in making prompt responses in social situations.
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The development of facial expressions with sensing information is progressing in multidisciplinary fields, such as psychology, affective computing, and cognitive science. Previous facial datasets have not simultaneously dealt with multiple theoretical views of emotion, individualized context, or multi-angle/depth information. We developed a new facial database (RIKEN facial expression database) that includes multiple theoretical views of emotions and expressers' individualized events with multi-angle and depth information. The RIKEN facial expression database contains recordings of 48 Japanese participants captured using ten Kinect cameras at 25 events. This study identified several valence-related facial patterns and found them consistent with previous research investigating the coherence between facial movements and internal states. This database represents an advancement in developing a new sensing system, conducting psychological experiments, and understanding the complexity of emotional events.
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Emoções , Expressão Facial , Humanos , Movimento , Face , Bases de Dados FactuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: How we express and describe emotion is shaped by sociocultural norms. These sociocultural norms may also affect emotional self-awareness, i.e., how we identify and make sense of our own emotions. Previous studies have found lower emotional self-awareness in East Asian compared to Western samples using self-report measures. However, studies using behavioural methods did not provide clear evidence of reduced emotional self-awareness in East Asian groups. This may be due to different measurement tools capturing different facets of emotional self-awareness. RESULTS: To investigate this issue further, we compared the emotional self-awareness of Japanese (n = 29) and United Kingdom (UK) (n = 43) adults using the self-report Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), alongside two behavioural measures - the Emotional Consistency Task (EC-Task) and the Photo Emotion Differentiation Task (PED-Task). Japanese adults showed higher TAS-20 scores than UK participants, indicating greater self-reported difficulties with emotional self-awareness. Japanese participants also had lower EC-Task scores than UK adults, indicating a lower ability to differentiate between levels of emotional intensity. PED-Task performance did not show clear group differences. These findings suggest that cross-cultural differences in emotional self-awareness vary with the task used, because different tasks assess distinct aspects of this ability. Future research should attempt to capture these different aspects of emotional self-awareness.
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Conscientização , Comparação Transcultural , Adulto , Humanos , Autorrelato , Japão , EmoçõesRESUMO
Aspartate supplementation has been reported to improve endurance performance by facilitating the tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of aspartate supplementation on repeated-sprint performance and blood pH. Following an overnight fast, fourteen healthy males completed three sets of 10 × 6 s maximal sprints after consuming sodium L-aspartate (ASP) or placebo (PLA), in a double-blind manner. Both supplements were taken twice on each test day (2 × 4.5 g). Exercise performance (e.g., cadence and power output) and blood variables (e.g., pH and plasma amino acid levels) were measured. The ASP trial evidenced significantly higher plasma aspartate concentration during the first (ASP, 45.3 ± 9.2 µM; PLA, 6.1 ± 0.8 µM) and the second exercise sets (ASP, 24.2 ± 4.5 µM; PLA, 6.6 ± 0.9 µM) and peak cadence during the second set (ASP, 153 ± 3 rpm; PLA, 152 ± 3 rpm) compared with the PLA trial (all p < 0.05). The peak power output during the second exercise set (ASP, 743 ± 32 W; PLA, 734 ± 31 W; p = 0.060) and the blood pH immediately before (ASP, 7.280 ± 0.020; PLA, 7.248 ± 0.016; p = 0.087) and after the third exercise set (ASP, 7.274 ± 0.019; PLA, 7.242 ± 0.018; p = 0.093) tended to be higher in the ASP than in the PLA trial. In conclusion, ASP supplementation partially improved repeated-sprint performance (peak cadence during the second exercise set). However, it did not affect the mean power output.
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Ácido Aspártico , Desempenho Atlético , Masculino , Humanos , Ácido Aspártico/farmacologia , Exercício Físico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Sódio , Poliésteres , Teste de EsforçoRESUMO
Aerobic exercise acutely improves cognitive function (e.g., executive function (EF); memory recognition (MR)) and increases circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ingestion acutely shortens the choice reaction time and increases brain BDNF. We examined whether the ingestion of essential amino acid (EAA) supplements (mainly composed of BCAA) would positively impact on cognitive function and circulating BDNF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Twenty-two healthy young men received either an EAA supplements or the placebo (PL) 30 min before undergoing aerobic exercise. The participants performed a cycling exercise at 60% of peak oxygen uptake for 30 min. EF after aerobic exercise was better after the EAA treatment than after the PL treatment (P = 0.02). MR (P = 0.38 for response accuracy; P = 0.15 for reaction time) and circulating BDNF (P = 0.59) were not altered by EAA supplements. EF improvement was correlated with increases in some amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, phenylalanine; all Ps < 0.05) that are potential substrates for synthesizing neurotransmitters in the brain. These results suggest that EAA supplements ingestion had a positive effect on EF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, while MR and BDNF were not altered.
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Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo , Função Executiva , Masculino , Humanos , Aminoácidos Essenciais , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Ingestão de AlimentosRESUMO
Social allostasis, the process by which social interactions dynamically regulate psychophysiological states (e.g., emotions), is attracting attention. Social allostasis can significantly impact people's mental and physical wellbeing. However, adaptive social relationships are not necessarily available to all people. The use of robots is expected to solve this problem. In this paper, we present three studies of our group that prove the influence of social interactions with robots on human psychophysiological states. Our results showed that robots could amplify human subjective and physiological emotional responses through conversation, touch, and television co-viewing experiences. These results suggest that robots may be helpful for adaptive social allostasis regulation.
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Alostase , Robótica , Humanos , Robótica/métodos , Emoções/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rapid detection of faces with emotional meaning is essential for understanding the emotions of others, possibly promoting successful interpersonal relationships. Although few studies have examined sex differences in the ability to detect emotional faces, it remains unclear whether faces with emotional meaning capture the attention of females and males differently, because emotional faces have visual saliency that modulates visual attention. To overcome this issue, we tested the rapid detection of the neutral faces associated with and without learned emotional value, which are all regarded as free from visual saliency. We examined sex differences in the rapid detection of the neutral female and male faces associated with emotional value. METHODS: First, young adult female and male participants completed an associative learning task in which neutral faces were associated with either monetary rewards, monetary punishments, or no monetary outcomes, such that the neutral faces acquired positive, negative, and no emotional value, respectively. Then, they engaged in a visual search task in which previously learned neutral faces were presented as discrepant faces among newly presented neutral distractor faces. During the visual search task, the participants were required to rapidly identify discrepant faces. RESULTS: Female and male participants exhibited comparable learning abilities. The visual search results demonstrated that female participants achieved rapid detection of neutral faces associated with emotional value irrespective of the sex of the faces presented, whereas male participants showed this ability only for male faces. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that sex differences in the ability to rapidly detect neutral faces with emotional value were modulated by the sex of those faces. The results suggest greater sensitivity to faces with emotional significance in females, which might enrich interpersonal communication, regardless of sex.
Speedy detection of faces with emotional meaning plays a fundamental role in social interactions. However, it is unclear whether females and males differ in their ability to rapidly detect neutral faces associated with newly acquired emotional meaning/value. This study examined the sex differences in the rapid detection of neutral female and male faces associated with emotional value subsequent to associative learning. During learning, neutral faces were paired with monetary reward or punishment, such that they acquired positive or negative emotional value, respectively. In a subsequent visual search task, previously learned neutral faces were presented as discrepant faces among newly presented neutral faces, and the participants had to rapidly identify the discrepant faces. The results showed that, among female participants, neutral faces associated with reward and punishment were detected more rapidly than neutral faces not associated with monetary outcomes, irrespective of the sex of the face stimuli. By contrast, male participants only showed the rapid detection of neutral male faces. The results suggest enhanced sensitivity to faces with emotional meaning among females, which is consistent with the notion of greater sensitivity to emotional/social information in females.