RESUMO
SUMMARY: Adverse events (AE) contribute significantly to postoperative morbidities and comorbidities. Many AEs occur due to a lack of anatomical knowledge and its variants. Latrogenic bile duct injuries, for instance, represent a serious surgical complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anatomical knowledge for the identification and adequate drainage of all ducts is relevant and fundamental in order to avoid future errors. The objective of the study was to morphometrically analyze the bile ducts in adult human corpses. 13 livers were extracted from adult human corpses to obtain the ducts: choledochal, common hepatic and cystic. After morphological analysis, duct measurements (length and diameter) were continued using a digital caliper. The data obtained were tabulated in SPSS 21 program, performing descriptive analysis with mean and standard deviation. The averages of bile ducts were 61.05 (± 16.43) mm in length and 3.86 (± 0.72) mm in diameter. The cystic duct length and diameter averages were 33.59 (± 12.29) mm and 3.40 (± 0.79) mm, respectively. The common hepatic ducts had an average of 30.02 (± 7.19) mm in length and 3.74 (± 1.18) mm in diameter. The analyzed samples presented different values ?? from those already described in the literature, where the length of the cystic ducts was greater, while the length of the common hepatic ducts was numerically smaller. This work is very significant, as the morphometric variability of the bile ducts allows for varying morphological situations that can compromise the hepatobiliar physiology.
RESUMEN: Los eventos adversos (EA) contribuyen significativamente a las morbilidades y comorbilidades postoperatorias. Muchos EA se deben a la falta de conocimiento de la anatomía y sus variaciones. Por ejemplo, las lesiones iatrogénicas de las vías biliares representan una complicación quirúrgica grave de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. El conocimiento anatómico para la identificación y drenaje adecuado de todos los conductos es relevante y fundamental para evitar futuros errores. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar morfométricamente las vías biliares en cadáveres humanos adultos. Se extrajeron 13 hígados de cadáveres humanos adultos y se retiraron los conductos: colédoco, hepático común y cístico. Después del análisis morfológico, se continuó con las mediciones de los conductos (longitud y diámetro) utilizando un calibrador digital. Los datos fueron tabulados en el programa SPSS 21, mediante análisis descriptivos con media y desviación estándar. Los promedios de las vías biliares fueron de 61,05 (± 16,43) mm de longitud y 3,86 (± 0,72) mm de diámetro. Los promedios de longitud y diámetro del conducto cístico fueron 33,59 (± 12,29) mm y 3,40 (± 0,79) mm, respectivamente. Los conductos hepáticos comunes tenían un promedio de 30,02 (± 7,19) mm de longitud y 3,74 (± 1,18) mm de diámetro. Las muestras analizadas presentaron valores diferentes a los ya descritos en la literatura, donde la longitud de los conductos císticos era mayor, mientras que la longitud de los conductos hepáticos comunes fue numéricamente menor. Este trabajo es significativo, debido a que la variabilidad morfométrica de las vías biliares y permite identificar situaciones morfológicas que pueden comprometer la fisiología hapatobiliar.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ductos Biliares Extra-Hepáticos/anatomia & histologia , Ductos Biliares/anatomia & histologia , Cadáver , Ducto Cístico , Variação AnatômicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The current study considers changes of the postnatal brainstem cell number and angiotensin receptors by maternal protein restriction (LP) and LP taurine supplementation (LPT), and its impact on arterial hypertension development in adult life. METHODS AND RESULTS: The brain tissue studies were performed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and isotropic fractionator analysis. The current study shows that elevated blood pressure associated with decreased fractional urinary sodium excretion (FENa) in adult LP offspring was reverted by diet taurine supplementation. Also, that 12-day-old LP pups present a reduction of 21% of brainstem neuron counts, and, immunohistochemistry demonstrates a decreased expression of type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R) in the entire medial solitary tract nuclei (nTS) of 16-week-old LP rats compared to age-matched NP and LPT offspring. Conversely, the immunostained type 2 AngII (AT2R) receptors in 16-week-old LP nTS were unchanged. CONCLUSION: The present investigation shows a decreased FENa that occurs despite unchanged creatinine clearance. It is plausible to hypothesize an association of decreased postnatal nTS cell number, AT1R/AT2R ratio and FENa with the higher blood pressure levels found in taurine-deficient progeny (LP) compared with age-matched NP and LPT offspring.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Rim/metabolismo , Receptores de Angiotensina/biossíntese , Sódio/urina , Núcleo Solitário/citologia , Taurina/farmacologia , Animais , Contagem de Células , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Lítio/metabolismo , Masculino , Bulbo/citologia , Bulbo/efeitos dos fármacos , Potássio/urina , Gravidez , Ratos , Núcleo Solitário/efeitos dos fármacos , Urodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The current study examines changes in the postnatal hypothalamic angiotensin receptors by maternal protein restriction (LP), and its impact on in uteri programming of hypertension in adult life. The data show that LP male pup body weight was significantly reduced when compared to that of control (NP) pups. Also, immunoblotting analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased expression of type 1 AngII receptors (AT1R) in the entire hypothalamic tissue extract of LP rats at 12 days of age compared to age-matched NP offspring. Conversely, the expression of the type 2 AngII (AT2R) receptors in 12-day- and 16-week-old LP hypothalamus was significantly increased. The current data show the influence of central AngII administration on water consumption in a concentration-dependent fashion, but also demonstrate that the water intake response to AngII was strikingly attenuated in 16-week-old LP. These results may be related to decreased brain arginine vasopressin (AVP) expression appearing in maternal protein-restricted offspring. The present investigation shows an early decrease in fractional urinary sodium excretion in maternal protein-restricted offspring. The decreased fractional sodium excretion was accompanied by a fall in proximal sodium excretion and occurred despite unchanged creatinine clearance. These effects were associated with a significant enhancement in arterial blood pressure in the LP group, but the precise mechanism of these phenomena remains unknown.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Ingestão de Líquidos/fisiologia , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 2 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Sódio/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Creatinina/metabolismo , Ingestão de Líquidos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hipotálamo/citologia , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Função Renal , Lítio/sangue , Masculino , Concentração Osmolar , Potássio/sangue , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sódio/sangue , Vasopressinas/metabolismoRESUMO
The frontal muscle is formed by a complex of contractile elements which compose the set of facial muscles responsible for the expression of emotions. In view of its functional characteristics the frontal muscle consists of a mixture of high (type I) and low oxidative (type II) muscle fibres. The objective of the present study was to determine the area, diameter, and relative volume occupied by each fibre type in frontal muscles of Norfolk rabbits using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) histochemistry combined with morphometry. In addition, the connective tissue area (endomysium) and the number of blood vessels per fibre were evaluated. Female rabbits ranging in age from 6 to 8 months and weighing 2.8 to 3.1 kg were used. Four quadrants of samples from 12 animals were analysed. Type IIB fibres occupied the largest area compared to the other fibre types. The fibre diameter and relative volume were similar among the different fibre types identified by NADH-TR staining. No significant difference in the number of vessels per fibre was observed between the different fibre types. The endomysial area occupied the smallest area among the parameters analyzed. These findings demonstrated the intense activity of this muscle in the facial architecture of the animal. However, the low oxidative type II fibres predomination indicates more prone to muscle fatigue. The present findings may contribute to the study of myopathies involving this muscle.
El músculo frontal está formado por un complejo de elementos contráctiles que componen el conjunto de músculos faciales responsables de la expresión de emociones. A la vista de las características funcionales, el músculo frontal está constituido de una mezcla de fibras musculares de alto (tipo I) y bajo nivel de oxidación (tipo II). El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar área, diámetro y volumen relativo ocupado por cada tipo de fibra en los músculos frontales de conejos Norfolk utilizando histoquímica para nicotinamide adenina dinucleotide tetrazolium reductasa (NADH-TR), combinado con su morfología. Además, fueron evaluados la zona de tejido conectivo (endomisio) y el número de vasos sanguíneos por fibras. Fueron utilizados conejos hembras, de edades comprendidas entre los 6 a 8 meses y con un peso de 2,8 a 3,1 kg. Se analizaron cuatro cuadrantes de las muestras de 12 animales. Las fibras tipo IIB ocuparon la mayor superficie, en comparación con los otros tipos de fibras. Los diámetros y volúmenes relativos de las fibras fueron similares entre los diferentes tipos identificados por NADH-TR. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el número de vasos por fibra, entre los diferentes tipos de fibras. El área ocupada por el endomisio fue la superficie más pequeña entre los parámetros analizados. Estos resultados demostraron la intensa actividad de este músculo en la arquitectura facial del animal. Sin embargo, el predominio de las fibras tipo II, de baja oxidación, indica más propensión a la fatiga muscular. El presente hallazgo pueden contribuir al estudio de las miopatías con la participación de este músculo.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Coelhos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/classificação , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/fisiologia , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/química , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/ultraestrutura , Músculos Faciais/anatomia & histologia , Músculos Faciais/inervação , Tecido Conjuntivo/anatomia & histologia , Tecido Conjuntivo/ultraestrutura , Músculos do Pescoço/anatomia & histologia , Músculos do Pescoço/cirurgiaRESUMO
We compared the structural features of nerve segments stored in two different solutions previous and after autologous transplantation. Male Wistar rats were divided into groups to obtain normal tibial nerves, freshly transplanted nerves, and nerves stored in Wisconsin/Belzer or Collins solution for 24 or 72 h at 4ºC and transplanted. Stored and transplanted segments were processed for morphologic and morphometric analysis. The cross-sections of segments stored in Wisconsin/Belzer and Collins solution presented aspects similar to that of normal nerves. The density of large-caliber myelinated axons was higher in grafts stored in Wisconsin/Belzer solution than in those preserved in Collins solution. But the density of myelinated axons regenerated through these grafts was around 80% to that registered in the fresh and Wisconsin/Belzer preserved grafts. Moreover, no significant differences in the morphometric parameters were observed between groups. Our data confirm the efficacy of Wisconsin/Belzer to nerve graft preservation and stimulate more detailed physiological, biochemical and molecular studies to rationalize the employment of less expensive and handful storage solutions for short term preservation of peripheral nerve grafts.