Updated considerations in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis infection and disease: integrating the latest evidence-based strategies.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious cause of global morbidity and mortality, affecting nearly a quarter of the human population and accounting for over 10 million deaths each year. Over the past several decades, TB incidence and mortality have gradually declined, but 2021 marked a threatening reversal of this trend highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of all forms of TB. AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes advances in TB diagnostics, addresses the treatment of people with TB infection and TB disease including recent evidence for treatment regimens for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB, and draws attention to special considerations in children and during pregnancy. EXPERT OPINION: Improvements in diagnosis and management of TB have expanded the available options for TB control. Molecular testing has enhanced the detection of TB disease, but better diagnostics are still needed, particularly for certain populations such as children. Novel treatment regimens have shortened treatment and improved outcomes for people with TB. However, important questions remain regarding the optimal management of TB. Work must continue to ensure the potential of the latest developments is realized for all people affected by TB.

Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion associated with herpes simplex virus-associated acute retinal necrosis and meningitis: case report and literature review.

A 60-year-old woman with a history of recurrent headaches and blurred vision presented with bilateral optic disc edema. Optic neuritis was suspected, and intravenous methylprednisonlone was administered. Her vision declined to hand motions in both eyes, and subsequent evaluation revealed bilateral acute retinal necrosis with bilateral central retinal artery occlusions (CRAO). Aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction analysis was positive for herpes simplex virus (HSV), establishing a diagnosis of HSV-associated bilateral acute retinal necrosis (ARN) and meningitis. CRAO has rarely been reported in association with ARN, and a fulminant course with bilateral CRAO in association with ARN has not been previously reported. This case emphasizes the importance of careful peripheral examination in patients with presumptive optic neuritis, judicious use of systemic corticosteroid in this context, and the retinal vaso-obliterative findings that may be observed in the pathogenesis of ARN.

Ruptura da artéria pulmonar pelo cateter de Swan-Ganz: relato de caso / Pulmonary artery rupture by the Swan-Ganz catheter: case report

O cateter de artéria pulmonar é frequentemente usado na monitorização de pacientes durante o transplante hepático. O advento de métodos menos invasivos para estimar o débito cardíaco e a pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar, aliado ao fracasso de estudos randomizados em demonstrar redução da mortalidade com o uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar, reduziu sua aplicabilidade. A ruptura de artéria pulmonar pelo uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar é complicação rara, porém grave. Objetivamos relatar a ruptura de artéria pulmonar como complicação do cateter de artéria pulmonar, revendo a abordagem clínica e discutindo a monitorização hemodinâmica com o cateter de artéria pulmonar no transplante hepático. Paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, portadora de vírus da hepatite C e cirrose (escore MELD 26), apresentou quadro de encefalopatia hepática. Foi realizado transplante hepático sob monitorização invasiva com cateter de artéria pulmonar. Nas primeiras 24 horas pós-operatórias apresentou instabilidade hemodinâmica, queda do hematócrito e parada cárdio-respiratória. Após a ressuscitação cárdio-pulmonar, foi solicitado um ecocardiograma trans-torácico que evidenciou hemopericárdio. Mesmo após a pericardiocentese a paciente evoluiu com hemopericárdio recidivo. A angiografia pulmonar não evidenciou lesões e o diagnóstico de ruptura de artéria pulmonar só foi feito através da esternotomia exploratória. As complicações pelo uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar são infrequentes, entretanto associadas a grande morbimortalidade. A redução do uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar diminuiu as complicações em diversas situações clínicas, entretanto o risco-benefício do uso do cateter de artéria pulmonar para transplante de fígado não é conhecido. Novos estudos comparando o cateter de artéria pulmonar a métodos não invasivos da avaliação da pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar devem ser realizados no transplante hepático.

Pulmonary artery catheter is frequently used to monitor patients during liver transplantation. Recently developed less invasive methods for estimating cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure together with the failure of randomized studies to demonstrate reduced mortality in pulmonary artery catheter-monitored patients, has restricted its applicability. Pulmonary artery rupture by pulmonary artery catheter is a rare, but dangerous complication. The purpose of this report is to describe a pulmonary artery rupture caused by monitorization with a pulmonary artery catheter, reviewing the clinical approach and discussing hemodynamic monitoring with the pulmonary artery catheter during liver transplantation. A 56 year old female patient, with cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus (MELD score 26) presented with acute hepatic encephalopathy. She was medicated and received a liver transplantation with invasive monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter. In the first 24 hours after surgery, the patient presented with hemodynamic instability, low hematocrit, and cardiorespiratory arrest. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation, hemopericardium was diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography and even after pericardiocentesis the patient developed recurrent hemopericardium. Pulmonary angiography did not disclose large vessellesions. The pulmonary artery rupture diagnosis was only made after sternotomy and direct lesion observation. Complications from use of pulmonary artery catheter are infrequent, however, due to their clinical severity, can cause high morbidity and mortality. A decreased use of pulmonary artery catheter reduced the number of complications observed. New clinical studies comparing pulmonary artery catheter with non-invasive methods for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurement must be conducted in liver transplantation.

Pulmonary artery rupture by the Swan-Ganz catheter: case report. / Ruptura da artéria pulmonar pelo cateter de Swan-Ganz: relato de caso.

Pulmonary artery catheter is frequently used to monitor patients during liver transplantation. Recently developed less invasive methods for estimating cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure together with the failure of randomized studies to demonstrate reduced mortality in pulmonary artery catheter-monitored patients, has restricted its applicability. Pulmonary artery rupture by pulmonary artery catheter is a rare, but dangerous complication. The purpose of this report is to describe a pulmonary artery rupture caused by monitorization with a pulmonary artery catheter, reviewing the clinical approach and discussing hemodynamic monitoring with the pulmonary artery catheter during liver transplantation. A 56 year old female patient, with cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus (MELD score 26) presented with acute hepatic encephalopathy. She was medicated and received a liver transplantation with invasive monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter. In the first 24 hours after surgery, the patient presented with hemodynamic instability, low hematocrit, and cardiorespiratory arrest. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation, hemopericardium was diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography and even after pericardiocentesis the patient developed recurrent hemopericardium. Pulmonary angiography did not disclose large vessellesions. The pulmonary artery rupture diagnosis was only made after sternotomy and direct lesion observation. Complications from use of pulmonary artery catheter are infrequent, however, due to their clinical severity, can cause high morbidity and mortality. A decreased use of pulmonary artery catheter reduced the number of complications observed. New clinical studies comparing pulmonary artery catheter with non-invasive methods for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurement must be conducted in liver transplantation.