RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lipophilic index (LI) has been introduced to assess the overall fatty acid lipophilicity and as a simple estimate of membrane fluidity. However, little is known on effect of diet on LI. We tested if Camelina sativa oil (CSO) high in ALA, fatty fish (FF) or lean fish (LF) affect LI as compared to control diet and, secondarily, if the LI is associated with HDL lipids and functionality and LDL lipidome. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used data from two randomized clinical trials. The AlfaFish intervention lasted 12 weeks and 79 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were randomized to FF, LF, CSO or control group. In the Fish trial, 33 subjects with myocardial infarction or unstable ischemic heart attack were randomized to FF, LF or control group for 8 weeks. LI was calculated from erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in AlfaFish and from serum phospholipids in Fish trial. HDL lipids were measured using high-throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There was a significant decrease in LI in the FF group in the AlfaFish (fold change 0.98 ± 0.03) and in the Fish trial (0.95 ± 0.04) and the decrease differed from that of control group in both trials and from CSO group in the AlfaFish study. There were no significant changes in LI in LF or CSO groups. The mean diameter of HDL particles and concentration of large HDL particles were inversely associated with LI. CONCLUSION: FF consumption decreased LI indicating better membrane fluidity in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or coronary heart disease.
Assuntos
Doença das Coronárias , Intolerância à Glucose , Infarto do Miocárdio , Animais , Fosfolipídeos , Membrana Eritrocítica , Alimentos Marinhos , Ácidos Graxos , Óleos de PeixeRESUMO
Carnitine has an essential role in energy metabolism with possible neuroprotective effects. Very preterm (VPT, <32 gestation weeks) infants may be predisposed to carnitine deficiency during hospitalization. We studied the associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with growth and brain size at term equivalent age (TEA) in VPT infants. This prospective cohort study included 35 VTP infants admitted to Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Daily nutrient intakes were registered at postnatal weeks (W) 1 and 5, and serum carnitine levels were determined at W1, W5, and TEA. The primary outcomes were weight, length, and head circumference Z-score change from birth to TEA, as well as brain size at TEA in magnetic resonance imaging. Carnitine intake at W1 and W5, obtained from enteral milk, correlated positively with serum carnitine levels. Both carnitine intake and serum levels at W1, W5, and TEA showed a positive correlation with weight, length, and head circumference Z-score change and with brain size at TEA. In linear models, independent positive associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with length and head circumference Z-score change and brain size at TEA were seen. In VPT infants, sufficient carnitine intake during hospitalization is necessary since it is associated with better postnatal growth and larger brain size at term age.
Assuntos
Doenças do Prematuro , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Prospectivos , Tamanho do Órgão , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Carnitina , Retardo do Crescimento FetalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles. OBJECTIVE: We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet. METHODS: Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis. CONCLUSION: Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation.
Assuntos
Camellia/química , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Peixes , Intolerância à Glucose/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas LDL/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Animais , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose/sangue , Humanos , Lipoproteínas LDL/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Agregados Proteicos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por ElectrosprayRESUMO
n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their lipid mediator metabolites are associated with inflammation. We investigated the effect of dietary intake of plant- and animal-derived n-3 PUFAs and fish protein on the circulatory concentrations of lipid mediators. Seventy-nine subjects with impaired fasting glucose who completed the controlled dietary intervention after randomization to the fatty fish (FF, n=20), lean fish (LF, n=21), Camelina sativa oil (CSO, n=18) or control group (n=20) for 12 weeks were studied. Lipid mediator profiling from fasting plasma samples before and after the intervention was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The FF diet increased concentrations of 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) and 4- and 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4-, 17-HDoHE) derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. Concentrations of lipid mediators derived from α-linolenic acid (ALA) increased and arachidonic acid (AA) derived 5-iso prostaglandin F2α-VI decreased in the CSO group. There were no significant changes in lipid mediators in the LF group. The dietary intake of both plant and animal-based n-3 PUFAs increased circulatory concentrations of lipid mediators with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Assuntos
Brassicaceae , Proteínas de Peixes da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Transtornos do Metabolismo de Glucose/sangue , Transtornos do Metabolismo de Glucose/dietoterapia , Lipídeos/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Dietary fatty acids are suggested to affect oxidative stress; however, results from interventions have been inconclusive. The aim was to examine if fatty fish, lean fish, and Camelina sativa oil (CSO) affect the urinary prostanoid levels in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism. Altogether 79 participants aged 43-72 years completed a randomized controlled study lasting 12 weeks. There were four parallel groups, fatty fish, lean fish (four fish meals/week in both), CSO providing 10 g/day alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and control diet with limited fish and ALA containing oil consumption. Urinary prostanoids (prostaglandin F2α , 5-F2t -isoprostanes and 15-F2t -isoprostane metabolites, isofuran, 8-F3t -isoprostanes, and 4-(RS)-4-F4t -neuroprostane) of 72 participants (age: mean (±SD) 58.9 ± 6.5 years; body mass index: 29.3 ± 2.5 kg/m2 ) collected over 12-h were measured using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography. Our study showed that the proportion of ALA in plasma phospholipids increased in the CSO group (overall difference among the groups p-value <0.001). In the fatty fish group, proportions of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids increased (overall p-value <0.001 for both). Prostaglandin F2α was higher in the CSO group than in the control group (p < 0.05), however, there were no other significant changes in urinary excretion of other prostanoids among the study groups. At baseline, arachidonic acid in plasma phospholipids was positively (r = 0.247, p < 0.05) and ALA negatively (r = -0.326, p < 0.05) associated with urinary total isoprostanes. In conclusion, CSO, fatty fish, and lean fish consumption do not cause major changes in oxidative stress markers in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.
Assuntos
Camellia/química , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/química , Peixes , Glucose/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Prostaglandinas/metabolismo , Prostaglandinas/urina , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Molecular mechanisms linking fish and vegetable oil intakes to their healthy metabolic effects may involve attenuation of inflammation. Our primary aim was to examine in a randomized controlled setting whether diets enriched in fatty fish (FF), lean fish (LF) or ALA-rich camelina sativa oil (CSO) differ in their effects on the mRNA expression response of selected inflammation-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Samples from 72 participants randomized to one of the following 12-week intervention groups, FF (n = 19), LF (n = 19), CSO (n = 17) or a control group (n = 17), were available for the PBMC study. For SAT, 39 samples (n = 8, n = 10, n = 9, n = 12, respectively) were available. The mRNA expression was measured at baseline and 12 weeks by TaqMan® Low Density Array. RESULTS: In PBMCs, LF decreased ICAM1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05), which was different (P = 0.06, Bonferroni correction) from the observed increase in the FF group (P < 0.05). Also, compared to the control group, LF decreased ICAM1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, the change in ICAM1 mRNA expression correlated positively with the intake of FF (P < 0.05) and negatively with the intake of LF (P < 0.05), independently of study group. A diet enriched in CSO, a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), decreased PBMC IFNG mRNA expression (P < 0.01). The intake of CSO in the CSO group, but not the increase in plasma ALA proportions, correlated inversely with the IFNG mRNA expression in PBMCs (P = 0.08). In SAT, when compared with the control group, the effect of FF on decreasing IL1RN mRNA expression was significant (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: We propose that CSO intake may partly exert its benefits through immuno-inflammatory molecular regulation in PBMCs, while modulation of ICAM1 expression, an endothelial/vascular-related gene, may be more dependent on the type of fish consumed.
Assuntos
Brassicaceae , Dieta , Peixes , Inflamação/dietoterapia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inflamação/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
SCOPE: Intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs affects the lipoprotein subclass profile, whereas the effect of shorter chain n-3 PUFAs remains unclear. We investigated the effect of fish and camelina sativa oil (CSO) intakes on lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Altogether, 79 volunteers with impaired glucose metabolism were randomly assigned to CSO, fatty fish (FF), lean fish (LF), or control group for 12 weeks. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components. The average HDL particle size increased in the FF group (overall p = 0.032) as compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of cholesterol in HDL and HDL2 (overall p = 0.024 and p = 0.021, respectively) and total lipids and phospholipids in large HDL particles (overall p = 0.012 and p = 0.019, respectively) increased in the FF group, differing significantly from the LF group. The concentration of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) particles decreased in the CSO group (overall p = 0.033) as compared with the LF group. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that FF intake causes a shift toward larger HDL particles and increases the concentration of lipid components in HDL, which may be associated with the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. Furthermore, CSO intake decreases IDL particle concentration. These changes may favorably affect cardiovascular risk.
Assuntos
LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Produtos Pesqueiros , Glucose/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas HDL/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brassicaceae/química , LDL-Colesterol/química , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Lipoproteínas HDL/química , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/administração & dosagemRESUMO
SCOPE: The aim of the study is to examine whether lean fish (LF), fatty fish (FF), and camelina sativa oil (CSO), a plant-based source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), differ in their metabolic effects in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Altogether 79 volunteers with impaired fasting glucose, BMI 25-36 kg m-2 , age 43-72 years, participated in a 12-week randomized controlled trial with four parallel groups, that is, the FF (four fish meals/week), LF (four fish meals/week), CSO (10 g d-1 ALA), and control (limited intakes of fish and sources of ALA) groups. The proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA increase in plasma lipids in the FF group, and the proportion of ALA increase in the CSO group (p < 0.0001 for all). In the CSO group, total and LDL-cholesterol (C) concentrations decrease compared with the FF and LF groups; LDL-C/HDL-C and ApoB/ApoA-I ratios decrease compared with the LF group. There are no significant changes in glucose metabolism or markers of low-grade inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: A diet enriched in CSO improves serum lipid profile as compared with a diet enriched in FF or LF in subjects with impaired fasting glucose, with no differences in glucose metabolism or concentrations of inflammatory markers.
Assuntos
Brassicaceae/química , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Lipídeos/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the effects of lifestyle interventions on plasma fatty acid composition in children is limited. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of a dietary and physical activity intervention on plasma fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters (CEs) and phospholipids and estimated desaturase and elongase activities in children. DESIGN: We conducted a 2-y controlled dietary and physical activity intervention based on Finnish nutrition and physical activity recommendations in a population sample of 506 children aged 6-8 y. We assessed plasma fatty acid composition by gas chromatography and estimated desaturase and elongase activities as the ratio of product fatty acids to precursor fatty acids. We analyzed data by using linear mixed models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in CEs tended to increase in the intervention group compared with the control group (P = 0.007 for group × time interaction). The proportion of total PUFAs in phospholipids (P = 0.019 for group × time interaction) and the proportion of linoleic acid in CEs (P = 0.038 for group × time interaction) decreased in the control group. The proportion of α-linolenic acid in CEs (P < 0.001 for group × time interaction) increased and in phospholipids (P = 0.015 for group × time interaction) tended to increase in the intervention group. The proportion of stearic acid in CEs decreased in the intervention group (P = 0.001 for group × time interaction). The proportion of oleic acid in CEs (P = 0.002 for group × time interaction) increased and in phospholipids (P = 0.023 for group × time interaction) tended to increase in the control group. Estimated elongase activity in CEs decreased in the control group (P = 0.050 for group × time interaction). Intervention had no effect on estimated desaturase activities. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary and physical activity intervention had a beneficial effect on plasma fatty acid composition in children by preventing the decrease in the proportion of total PUFAs and linoleic acid and by increasing the proportion of α-linolenic acid. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01803776.
Assuntos
Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/sangue , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Lipídeos/sangue , Criança , Ésteres do Colesterol/sangue , Elongases de Ácidos Graxos , Feminino , Finlândia , Guias como Assunto , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Ácido Linoleico/sangue , Masculino , Fosfolipídeos/sangue , Resultado do Tratamento , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/sangueRESUMO
SCOPE: Limited information exists on how the relationship between dietary intake of fat and fatty acids in erythrocytes and plasma is modulated by polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster. We examined gene-diet interaction of total marine PUFA intake with a known gene encoding Δ-5 desaturase enzyme (FADS1) variant (rs174550) for fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters (CE), and triglycerides (TG). METHODS AND RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study, fatty acid compositions were measured using GC, and total intake of polyunsaturated fat from fish and fish oil was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire in a subsample (n = 962) of the Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study. We found nominally significant gene-diet interactions for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in erythrocytes (pinteraction = 0.032) and for EPA in plasma PL (pinteraction = 0.062), CE (pinteraction = 0.035), and TG (pinteraction = 0.035), as well as for docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) in PL (pinteraction = 0.007). After excluding omega-3 supplement users, we found a significant gene-diet interaction for EPA in erythrocytes (pinteraction < 0.003). In a separate cohort of the Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study, the same locus was strongly associated with hepatic mRNA expression of FADS1 (p = 1.5 × 10(-10) ). CONCLUSION: FADS1 variants may modulate the relationship between marine fatty acid intake and circulating levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/genética , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Comportamento Alimentar , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Dessaturase de Ácido Graxo Delta-5 , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/sangue , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/genética , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Finlândia , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Humanos , Fígado/fisiologia , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To examine the longitudinal associations of serum fatty acid composition with type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity over several years. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study derived from the randomized Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Total serum fatty acid composition was measured using gas chromatography in 407 overweight, middle-aged people with impaired glucose tolerance at baseline (1993-1998) and annually during the intervention period (1994-2000). Longitudinal associations of 20 fatty acids and three desaturase activities (Δ5 (20:4n-6/20:3n-6, D5D), Δ6 (18:3n-6/18:2n-6, D6D), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (16:1n-7/16:0, SCD-1)) with type 2 diabetes incidence, and estimates of insulin sensitivity (Matsuda), secretion (ratio of insulin and glucose concentrations) and ß-cell function (disposition index) by an oral glucose tolerance test were analyzed using Cox regression and linear mixed models. We validated estimated D5D and D6D using a known FADS1 gene variant, rs174550. RESULTS: The baseline proportions of 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, and D5D were associated with lower incidence of type 2 diabetes during a median follow-up of 11 years (HR per 1SD: 0.72, 0.74, 0.73, 0.78, respectively, P ≤ 0.01). These long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and D5D were associated with higher insulin sensitivity in subsequent years but not with disposition index. Saturated, monounsaturated and trans fatty acids and 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, SCD-1 and D6D were inconsistently associated with type 2 diabetes or related traits. CONCLUSIONS: Serum long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and D5D predicted lower type 2 diabetes incidence in people at a high risk of diabetes attending to an intervention study; a putative mechanism behind these associations was higher insulin sensitivity.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Insulina/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Dessaturase de Ácido Graxo Delta-5 , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Ingestão de Energia , Exercício Físico , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/genética , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Feminino , Finlândia , Seguimentos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Secreção de Insulina , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/sangue , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Fatores de Risco , Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/sangueRESUMO
Intakes of saturated fat (SF) and dietary fibre, body mass and physical activity are all associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Their relative importance for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism is not fully known. In a population-based sample of 1114 individuals, aged 58-78 years, dietary intakes were assessed by 4 d food records and cardiorespiratory fitness as maximal oxygen uptake. Insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, the early-phase disposition index (DI30) and the total disposition index (DI120) were assessed based on an oral glucose tolerance test. Linear associations were modelled using linear regression. Combined effects were studied by introducing SF and fibre intakes, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference (WC) as dichotomised variables in general linear models. Intakes of dietary fibre and whole-grain bread were positively associated with insulin sensitivity, independent of physical fitness and WC. In women, dietary fibre intake was also positively associated with DI30. The negative association of high WC with DI30 was attenuated by a combination of low SF intake and high cardiorespiratory fitness. In conclusion, dietary fibre and a combination of low SF intake and high cardiorespiratory fitness may contribute to the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism, independent of WC.
Assuntos
Dieta , Exercício Físico , Resistência à Insulina , Insulina/metabolismo , Idoso , Glicemia/análise , Índice de Massa Corporal , Pão , Registros de Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Grão Comestível , Teste de Esforço , Jejum , Feminino , Finlândia , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Secreção de Insulina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Consumo de Oxigênio , Aptidão Física , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fish oil intake reduces serum triglycerides; however, little is known about the effects of dietary fish intake on lipoprotein subclasses. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at assessing the effect of fatty and lean fish intake on the lipoprotein subclasses in an intervention study. METHODS: The intervention study included 33 patients with coronary heart disease, who were aged 61.0 ± 5.8 (mean ± SD) years. The subjects were randomly assigned to a fatty fish (n = 11), lean fish (n = 12), or control (n = 10) diet for 8 weeks. Fish diets included at least 4 fish meals per week. Subjects in the control group consumed lean beef, pork, and chicken. Lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Concentrations of n-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid increased in the fatty fish group. The concentrations of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and total lipids in very large high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) increased in the fatty fish group (overall difference P = .005, P = .002, and P = .007, respectively; false discovery rate P = .04, P = .04, and P = .05, respectively). The mean size of HDL particles increased in the fatty fish group (9.8 ± 0.3 nm at baseline and 9.9 ± 0.4 nm at end of study; overall difference P = .004, false discovery rate P = .04). The fish diets did not affect very-low-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein size. CONCLUSION: Fatty fish intake at least 4 times per week increases HDL particle size which might have beneficial effect in patients with coronary heart disease.
Assuntos
Doença das Coronárias/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/tratamento farmacológico , Produtos Pesqueiros , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Lipoproteínas/classificação , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In conjunction with the growing prevalence of obesity and the older age of pregnant women gestational diabetes (GDM) is a major health problem.The aim of the study was to evaluate if a lifestyle intervention since early pregnancy is feasible in improving the glucose tolerance of women at a high-risk for GDM in Finland. METHODS: A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in early pregnancy (n = 102). Women at high risk for GDM (n = 54) were randomized at weeks 8-12 from Apr 2005 to May 2006 to a lifestyle intervention group (n = 27) or to a close follow-up group (n = 27). An OGTT was performed again at weeks 26-28 for the lifestyle intervention and close follow-up groups. RESULTS: The values of the OGTT during the second trimester did not differ between the lifestyle intervention and close follow-up groups. In the lifestyle intervention group three women had GDM in the second trimester and respectively one woman in the close follow up group. Insulin therapy was not required in both groups. The intervention resulted in somewhat lower weight gain 11.4 ± 6.0 kg vs. 13.9 ± 5.1 kg, p = 0.062, adjusted by the prepregnancy weight. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention with an OGTT and simple lifestyle advice is feasible. A more intensive lifestyle intervention did not offer additional benefits with respect to glucose tolerance, although it tended to ameliorate the weight gain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01130012.
Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional/prevenção & controle , Aconselhamento Diretivo , Intolerância à Glucose/prevenção & controle , Estilo de Vida , Adulto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Finlândia , Seguimentos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effect of fish consumption on gene expression of inflammation-related genes in immune cells in coronary heart disease (CHD). AIM OF THE STUDY: We sought to evaluate the effect of a fatty fish (FF) or a lean fish (LF) diet on the modulation of inflammatory and endothelial function-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of subjects with CHD, and its association with serum fatty acid (FA) profile and lipid metabolic compounds. METHODS: Data from 27 patients randomized into an 8-week FF (n = 10; mean +/- SD: 4.3 +/- 0.4 portions of fish per week), LF (n = 11; 4.7 +/- 1.1 portions of fish per week), or control diet (n = 6; 0.6 +/- 0.4 portions of fish per week) were analyzed. The mRNA expression was measured using real-time PCR. RESULTS: The effect of the intervention on the mRNA expression of the genes studied did not differ among groups. In the FF group, however, the decrease in arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (AA:EPA) ratio in cholesterol ester and phospholipid fractions strongly correlated with the change in IL1B mRNA levels (r (s) = 0.60, P = 0.06 and r (s) = 0.86, P = 0.002, respectively). In the LF group, the decrease in palmitic acid and total saturated FAs in cholesterol esters correlated with the change in intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) expression (r (s) = 0.64, P = 0.04 for both). Circulating levels of soluble ICAM-1 decreased only in the LF group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of FF or LF diet did not alter the expression of inflammatory and endothelial function-related genes in PBMCs of patients with CHD. However, the decrease in AA:EPA ratio in serum lipids in the FF group may induce an anti-inflammatory response at mRNA levels in PBMCs. A LF diet might benefit endothelial function, possibly mediated by the changes in serum FA composition.
Assuntos
Doença das Coronárias/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Expressão Gênica , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Animais , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Ésteres do Colesterol/química , Doença das Coronárias/imunologia , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/sangue , Feminino , Peixes , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Resistência à Insulina , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/sangue , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fosfolipídeos/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Mensageiro/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinhos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intake of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids has been of wide interest due to their beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors and lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effects of fatty fish and lean (white) fish on fatty acid composition of serum lipids and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with CHD using multiple drugs for this condition. METHODS: The study was an 8-week controlled, parallel intervention. Inclusion criteria were myocardial infarction or unstable ischemic attack, age under 70 years, use of betablockers and presence of sinus rhythm. The subjects were randomized to one of the following groups: 4 meals/week fatty fish (n = 11), 4 meals/week lean fish (n = 12) and control diet including lean meat (n = 10). RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) of reported fish meals per week was 4.3 +/- 0.4, 4.7 +/- 1.1 and 0.6 +/- 0.4 in the groups, respectively. The proportions of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in serum lipids increased in the fatty fish group only (P < 0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels decreased in the lean fish group (0 vs. 8 week: 3.5 +/- 3.2 and 4.6 +/- 3.6%, respectively, P < 0.05). Serum total triglyceride concentration did not significantly change. HDL cholesterol concentration change differed among groups but without significant post hoc differences. Apolipoprotein A-1 concentration decreased in the control group (0 vs. 8 week, P < 0.05). Coagulation factors, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, and heart rate variability (24 h Holter) did not change among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that intake of lean fish at least four times per week could reduce blood pressure levels in CHD patients.
Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença das Coronárias/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/tratamento farmacológico , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antropometria , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/sangue , Feminino , Peixes , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Fatores de Risco , Alimentos Marinhos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Both hempseed oil (HO) and flaxseed oil (FO) contain high amounts of essential fatty acids (FAs); i.e. linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), but almost in opposite ratios. An excessive intake of one essential FA over the other may interfere with the metabolism of the other while the metabolisms of LA and ALA compete for the same enzymes. It is not known whether there is a difference between n-3 and n-6 FA of plant origin in the effects on serum lipid profile. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the effects of HO and FO on the profile of serum lipids and fasting concentrations of serum total and lipoprotein lipids, plasma glucose and insulin, and haemostatic factors in healthy humans. METHODS: Fourteen healthy volunteers participated in the study. A randomised, double-blind crossover design was used. The volunteers consumed HO and FO (30 ml/day) for 4 weeks each. The periods were separated by a 4-week washout period. RESULTS: The HO period resulted in higher proportions of both LA and gamma-linolenic acid in serum cholesteryl esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG) as compared with the FO period (P < 0.001), whereas the FO period resulted in a higher proportion of ALA in both serum CE and TG as compared with the HO period (P < 0.001). The proportion of arachidonic acid in CE was lower after the FO period than after the HO period (P < 0.05). The HO period resulted in a lower total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio compared with the FO period (P = 0.065). No significant differences were found between the periods in measured values of fasting serum total or lipoprotein lipids, plasma glucose, insulin or hemostatic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of HO and FO on the profile of serum lipids differed significantly, with only minor effects on concentrations of fasting serum total or lipoprotein lipids, and no significant changes in concentrations of plasma glucose or insulin or in haemostatic factors.
Assuntos
Cannabis/química , Insulina/sangue , Óleo de Semente do Linho/farmacologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Adulto , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Ésteres do Colesterol/química , Ésteres do Colesterol/metabolismo , Estudos Cross-Over , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais , Feminino , Humanos , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Triglicerídeos/química , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
European diets provide a suboptimal intake of eicosapentaenoic (20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n3) acids, which are derived mainly from fish oils. The present study indicates that black currant seed oil, which contains 14.5% alpha-linolenic (18:3n3), 12.6% gamma-linolenic (18:3n6), 47.5% linoleic (18:2n6) and 2.7% stearidonic (18:4n3) acids, could potentially serve as alternative to fish oil as a n3 fatty acid source. Fifteen healthy females participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study including two 4-week periods with either 3 g/day of black currant seed oil or 2.8 g/day of fish oil separated by a 4-week washout period. The results show that black currant seed oil supplementation increased the proportion of 18:3n6 in triacylglycerols (TAG) and cholesteryl esters (CE), and that of dihomo-gamma-linolenic (20:3n6) in TAGs, CEs and glycerophospholipids (GPL) (P<.05). Proportion of 18:3n6 was higher (P<.05) after black currant seed oil than after fish oil in TAGs and CEs, and that of 20:3n6 in TAGs, CEs and GPLs. Black currant seed oil supplementation caused only minor changes in the proportions of 20:5n3 or 22:6n3. Serum levels of LDL cholesterol were lower (P<.05) after black currant seed oil compared to fish oil. Plasma glucose concentration decreased during the fish oil supplementation (P<.05).
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Ácido gama-Linolênico/farmacologia , Adulto , Glicemia/metabolismo , Estudos Cross-Over , Suplementos Nutricionais , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Alimentos Formulados , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/sangue , Insulina/sangue , Lipoproteínas/sangueRESUMO
Although medium-chain FA (MCFA) are mainly absorbed via the portal venous system, they are also incorporated into chylomicron TAG; therefore, the positional distribution of MCFA in TAG is likely to affect their metabolic fate. We studied chylomicron and VLDL TAG structures, as well as the magnitude of postprandial lipemia, after two oral fat loads containing decanoic acid (10:0) predominantly at the sn-1(3),2 (MML) or at the sn-1,3 positions (MLM) of TAG in a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial with 10 healthy, normal-weight volunteers. An MS-MS method was used to analyze TAG regioisomers. The position of decanoic acid in chylomicron TAG reflected its position in the TAG ingested, and TAG with none, one, two, or three decanoic acid residues were detected after ingestion of both fats. More (P < 0.05) 30:0 and 38:1 TAG (acyl carbons:double bonds) and fewer 46:5, 54:5, and 54:4 TAG were found in chylomicrons after ingestion of MML than after MLM. The VLDL TAG composition did not differ between the fat loads but did change (P < 0.05) 2 to 6 h after ingestion of both fats. No statistical differences were seen between the fat loads in areas under the plasma, chylomicron, or VLDL TAG response curves or in FFA concentrations. Thus, the positional distribution of MCFA in TAG affects their metabolic fate, but the magnitude of postprandial lipemia does not seem to be dependent on the positional distribution of MCFA in the ingested fat.