Effect of Lanthanum Carbonate on Serum Phosphate, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and independently predict cardiovascular disease (CVD). Elevated serum phosphorus, even within the normal range, associates with CVD and mortality in CKD. Excess phosphorus may increase oxidative stress leading to vascular dysfunction. METHODS: Randomized double-blind trial in which we compared lanthanum carbonate, a non-calcium phosphate binder, with placebo on vascular function and endothelial and circulating measures of oxidative stress and inflammation in 54 participants with CKD 3b-4 and normal phosphorus levels. The primary endpoints were change in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and carotid-to-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cfPWV) at 12 weeks. Mechanistic endpoints were changes from baseline in FMDBA after ascorbic acid infusion and circulating and endothelial markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. RESULTS: Age was 65±8 years and eGFR 38±14 mL/min/1.73m2. At 12 weeks serum phosphorus did not change with lanthanum (3.44±0.47 mg/dL vs. 3.44±0.52 mg/dL; p=0.94) but tended to increase with placebo (3.42±0.80 mg/dL vs. 3.74±1.26 mg/dL; p=0.09). FMDBA and cfPWV did not change from baseline in either group. FMDBA lanthanum 3.13%±2.87% to 2.73%±2.48% vs. placebo 3.74%±2.86% to 3.09%±2.49%; p=0.67. cfPWV lanthanum 1214±394 cm/sec to 1216±322 cm/sec vs. placebo 993±289 cm/sec to 977±254 cm/sec; p=0.77. Ascorbic acid infusion to inhibit oxidative stress did not differentially affect FMDBA. Circulating and endothelial markers of oxidative stress and inflammation did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Lanthanum carbonate did not discernibly affect vascular endothelial function, arterial stiffness, or markers of endothelial oxidative stress among participants with CKD 3b-4 and normophosphatemia.

Inclisiran administration potently and durably lowers LDL-C over an extended-term follow-up: the ORION-8 trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Data describing the long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of inclisiran are limited. This was explored in ORION-8, an open-label extension study of preceding Phase 2 and Phase 3 placebo-controlled and open-label extension trials. METHODS: Adults with ASCVD, ASCVD risk equivalent, or HeFH received open-label inclisiran every 180 days (after completion of the parent trial) until Day 990, followed by an end-of-study (EOS) visit at Day 1080 or ≥90 days after last dose. Study endpoints included proportion of patients achieving pre-specified LDL-C goals (ASCVD: <1.8 mmol/L [<70 mg/dL]; ASCVD risk equivalent: <2.6 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL]), percentage and absolute changes in LDL-C at EOS, and safety of inclisiran. RESULTS: Of 3274 patients included in the analysis, 2446 (74.7%) were followed until EOS. Mean age was 64.9±9.9 years, 82.7% (n=2709) had ASCVD, and mean baseline LDL-C was 2.9±1.2 mmol/L. Mean cumulative exposure to inclisiran (including parent trials) was 3.7 years; maximum exposure was 6.8 years. With inclisiran, 78.4% (95% CI: 76.8, 80.0) of patients achieved pre-specified LDL-C goals and mean percentage LDL-C reduction was -49.4% (95% CI: -50.4, -48.3). No attenuation of LDL-C lowering over time was observed. Treatment-emergent adverse events at the injection site (all mild or moderate) occurred in 5.9% of inclisiran-treated patients. Inclisiran-associated anti-drug antibodies were infrequent (5.5%) and had no impact on the efficacy or safety of inclisiran. No new safety signals were identified. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest and longest follow-up to date, inclisiran demonstrated sustained and substantial LDL-C lowering with a favourable long-term safety and tolerability profile. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03814187.

Inclisiran in individuals with diabetes or obesity: Post hoc pooled analyses of the ORION-9, ORION-10 and ORION-11 Phase 3 randomized trials.

AIMS: To conduct a pooled analysis of Phase 3 trials investigating the efficacy and safety of inclisiran across glycaemic and body mass index (BMI) strata. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive 300 mg inclisiran sodium or placebo twice yearly, after initial and 3-month doses up to 18 months, with background oral lipid-lowering therapy. Analyses were stratified by glycaemic status (normoglycaemia, prediabetes, and diabetes) or BMI (<25, ≥25 to <30, ≥30 to <35, and ≥35 kg/m2). Co-primary endpoints were percentage and time-adjusted percentage change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from baseline. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were balanced between treatment arms and across strata. Percent LDL cholesterol change (placebo-corrected) with inclisiran from baseline to Day 510 ranged from -47.6% to -51.9% and from -48.8% to -54.4% across glycaemic/BMI strata, respectively. Similarly, time-adjusted percentage changes after Day 90 and up to Day 540 ranged from -46.8% to -52.0% and from -48.6% to -53.3% across glycaemic/BMI strata, respectively. Inclisiran led to significant reductions in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and other atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins versus placebo across the glycaemic/BMI strata. The proportions of individuals achieving LDL cholesterol thresholds of <1.8 mmol/L and <1.4 mmol/L with inclisiran increased with increasing glycaemic and BMI strata. Across the glycaemic/BMI strata, a higher proportion of individuals had mild/moderate treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) at the injection site with inclisiran (2.8%-7.7%) versus placebo (0.2%-2.1%). CONCLUSION: Inclisiran provided substantial and sustained LDL cholesterol lowering across glycaemic/BMI strata, with a modest excess of transient mild-to-moderate TEAEs at the injection site.

Safety Of The Pcsk9 Inhibitor Alirocumab: insights From 47,296 Patient-Years Of Observation.

The ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, comprising over 47 000 patient-years of placebo-controlled observation, demonstrated important reductions in the risk of recurrent ischaemic cardiovascular events with the monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 alirocumab, as well as lower all-cause death. These benefits were observed in the context of substantial and persistent lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with alirocumab compared to that achieved with placebo. The safety profile of alirocumab was indistinguishable from matching placebo except for a ∼1.7% absolute increase in local injection-site reactions. Further, the safety of alirocumab compared to placebo was evident in vulnerable groups identified before randomization, such as the elderly and those with diabetes mellitus, previous ischaemic stroke, or chronic kidney disease. The frequency of adverse events and laboratory-based abnormalities was generally similar to that in placebo-treated patients. Thus, alirocumab appears to be a safe and effective lipid-modifying treatment over a duration of at least 5 years.

Estimating potential cardiovascular health benefits of improved population level control of LDL cholesterol through a twice-yearly siRNA-based approach: A simulation study of a health-system level intervention.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inclisiran, an siRNA therapy, consistently reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with twice-yearly dosing. Potential cardiovascular benefits of implementing inclisiran at a population level, added to statins, were evaluated through simulation. METHODS: For each participant in the ORION-10 and ORION-11 trials comparing inclisiran with placebo, baseline 10-year cardiovascular risk was estimated using the SMART equation. The time-adjusted LDL-C difference from baseline observed 90-540 days after baseline was assumed to persist and used to estimate potential reduction in 10-year cardiovascular risk. Impact on 500,000 ORION-like individuals was simulated with Monte-Carlo. RESULTS: Mean baseline LDL-C and predicted 10-year major vascular risk among patients randomized to inclisiran (n = 1288) versus placebo (n = 1264) were 2.66 mmol/L versus 2.60 mmol/L and 24.9% versus 24.6%, respectively. Placebo-corrected time-adjusted absolute reduction in LDL-C with inclisiran was -1.32 mmol/L (95% CI -1.37 to -1.26; p < 0.001), which predicted a 10-year cardiovascular risk of 18.1% with inclisiran versus 24.7% with placebo (absolute difference [95% CI], -6.99% [-7.33 to -6.66]; p < 0.001) NNT 15. Extrapolating to 500,000 inclisiran-treated individuals, the model predicted large population shifts towards lower quintiles of risk with fewer remaining in high-risk categories; 3350 to 471 (≥80% risk), 11,793 to 3332 (60-<80% risk), 52,142 to 22,665 (40-<60% risk), 197,752 to 141,014 (20-<40% risk), and more moving into the lowest risk category (<20%) from 234,963 to 332,518. CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful gains in population health might be achieved over 10 years by implementing at-scale approaches capable of providing substantial and sustained reductions in LDL-C beyond those achievable with statins.

Impact of age on the predictive value of NT-proBNP in patients with diabetes mellitus stabilised after an acute coronary syndrome.

AIMS: To assess the impact of age on the prognostic value of NT-proBNP concentration in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stabilised after an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). METHODS: The AleCardio study compared aleglitazar with placebo in 7226 patients with T2DM and recent ACS. Patients with heart failure were excluded. Median follow-up was 104 weeks. Baseline NT-proBNP plasma concentration was measured centrally. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the mortality predictive information provided by NT-proBNP across age groups. RESULTS: Median age was 61y (IQR 54, 67). NT-proBNP concentration increased by quartile (Q) of age (median 264, 318, 391, and 588 pg/ml). Compared to Q1, patients in Q4 of NT-proBNP had higher (p < 0.001) adjusted HR for all-cause (aHR 6.9; 95 % CI 4.0-12) and cardiovascular (11; 5.4-23) death. Within each age Q, baseline NT-proBNP in patients who died was 3 times higher than in survivors (all p < 0.001). When age and NT-proBNP levels were modeled as continuous variables, their interaction term was nonsignificant. The relative prognostic information provided by NT-proBNP (percent of total X2) increased from 38 % in age Q1 to 75 % in age Q4 for mortality, and from 50 % to 88 % for CV death. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with T2DM stabilised after an ACS, NT-proBNP level predicts death irrespective of age.

Relating Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations to Cardiovascular Event Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comparison of 3 Tests.

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) is a risk factor for cardiovascular events and modifies the benefit of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors. Lipoprotein(a) concentration can be measured with immunoassays reporting mass or molar concentration or a reference measurement system using mass spectrometry. Whether the relationships between lipoprotein(a) concentrations and cardiovascular events in a high-risk cohort differ across lipoprotein(a) methods is unknown. We compared the prognostic and predictive value of these types of lipoprotein(a) tests for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS: The ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. We compared risk of a MACE in the placebo group and MACE risk reduction with alirocumab according to baseline lipoprotein(a) concentration measured by Siemens N-latex nephelometric immunoassay (IA-mass; mg/dL), Roche Tina-Quant turbidimetric immunoassay (IA-molar; nmol/L), and a noncommercial mass spectrometry-based test (MS; nmol/L). Lipoprotein(a) values were transformed into percentiles for comparative modeling. Natural cubic splines estimated continuous relationships between baseline lipoprotein(a) and outcomes in each treatment group. Event rates were also determined across baseline lipoprotein(a) quartiles defined by each assay. RESULTS: Among 11 970 trial participants with results from all 3 tests, baseline median (Q1, Q3) lipoprotein(a) concentrations were 21.8 (6.9, 60.0) mg/dL, 45.0 (13.2, 153.8) nmol/L, and 42.2 (14.3, 143.1) nmol/L for IA-mass, IA-molar, and MS, respectively. The strongest correlation was between IA-molar and MS (r=0.990), with nominally weaker correlations between IA-mass and MS (r=0.967) and IA-mass and IA-molar (r=0.972). Relationships of lipoprotein(a) with MACE risk in the placebo group were nearly identical with each test, with estimated cumulative incidences differing by ≤0.4% across lipoprotein(a) percentiles, and all were incrementally prognostic after accounting for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all spline P≤0.0003). Predicted alirocumab treatment effects were also nearly identical for each of the 3 tests, with estimated treatment hazard ratios differing by ≤0.07 between tests across percentiles and nominally less relative risk reduction by alirocumab at lower percentiles for all 3 tests. Absolute risk reduction with alirocumab increased with increasing lipoprotein(a) measured by each test, with significant linear trends across quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, 3 lipoprotein(a) tests were similarly prognostic for MACE in the placebo group and predictive of MACE reductions with alirocumab at the cohort level. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01663402.

Safety and Tolerability of Inclisiran for Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in 7 Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: Inclisiran is a small interfering RNA agent to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to provide reliable evidence to date on the long-term safety profile of inclisiran. METHODS: This post hoc analysis comprised patients treated with 300 mg inclisiran sodium or placebo in the completed (ORION-1, -3, -5, -9, -10, and -11) and ongoing (ORION-8) trials. Exposure-adjusted incidence rates and Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative incidence of reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE), abnormal laboratory measurements, and incidence of antidrug antibodies were analyzed. RESULTS: This analysis included 3,576 patients treated with inclisiran for up to 6 years and 1,968 patients treated with placebo for up to 1.5 years, with 9,982.1 and 2,647.7 patient-years of exposure, respectively. Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that TEAEs that were serious or led to discontinuation; hepatic, muscle, and kidney events; incident diabetes; and elevations of creatine kinase or creatinine accrued at a comparable rate between groups for up to 1.5 years, with similar trends continuing for inclisiran beyond this period. Numerically fewer major cardiovascular events reported as TEAEs occurred with inclisiran during this period. Treatment-induced antidrug antibodies were uncommon with inclisiran (4.6%), with few of these persistent (1.4%) and not associated with greater incidence of TEAEs leading to study drug discontinuation or serious TEAEs. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with inclisiran was well tolerated in a diverse population, without new safety signals, supporting the safety of inclisiran in patients with dyslipidemia.

Pharmacologic and Genetic Downregulation of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Survival From Sepsis.

OBJECTIVES: Treatments that prevent sepsis complications are needed. Circulating lipid and protein assemblies-lipoproteins play critical roles in clearing pathogens from the bloodstream. We investigated whether early inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) may accelerate bloodstream clearance of immunogenic bacterial lipids and improve sepsis outcomes. DESIGN: Genetic and clinical epidemiology, and experimental models. SETTING: Human genetics cohorts, secondary analysis of a phase 3 randomized clinical trial enrolling patients with cardiovascular disease (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab [ODYSSEY OUTCOMES]; NCT01663402), and experimental murine models of sepsis. PATIENTS OR SUBJECTS: Nine human cohorts with sepsis (total n = 12,514) were assessed for an association between sepsis mortality and PCSK9 loss-of-function (LOF) variants. Incident or fatal sepsis rates were evaluated among 18,884 participants in a post hoc analysis of ODYSSEY OUTCOMES. C57BI/6J mice were used in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia sepsis models, and in lipopolysaccharide-induced animal models. INTERVENTIONS: Observational human cohort studies used genetic PCSK9 LOF variants as instrumental variables. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES participants were randomized to alirocumab or placebo. Mice were administered alirocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor, at 5 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg subcutaneously, or isotype-matched control, 48 hours prior to the induction of bacterial sepsis. Mice did not receive other treatments for sepsis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Across human cohort studies, the effect estimate for 28-day mortality after sepsis diagnosis associated with genetic PCSK9 LOF was odds ratio = 0.86 (95% CI, 0.67-1.10; p = 0.24). A significant association was present in antibiotic-treated patients. In ODYSSEY OUTCOMES, sepsis frequency and mortality were infrequent and did not significantly differ by group, although both were numerically lower with alirocumab vs. placebo (relative risk of death from sepsis for alirocumab vs. placebo, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.32-1.20; p = 0.15). Mice treated with alirocumab had lower endotoxin levels and improved survival. CONCLUSIONS: PCSK9 inhibition may improve clinical outcomes in sepsis in preventive, pretreatment settings.

Inclisiran in patients with prior myocardial infarction: A post hoc pooled analysis of the ORION-10 and ORION-11 Phase 3 randomised trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Among patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI), the risk of future ischaemic cardiovascular events is increased, and intensive lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is indicated to achieve guideline-recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. Here, the efficacy and safety of inclisiran, a small interfering ribonucleic acid, were evaluated in patients with or without prior MI from the pooled ORION-10 and ORION-11 Phase 3 trials. METHODS: Patients (n = 2636) were randomised 1:1 to receive 284 mg inclisiran (300 mg inclisiran sodium) or placebo on Day 1, Day 90, and 6-monthly thereafter over 18 months, along with background oral LLT, including statins. Of these, 1643 (62.3%) patients had an MI prior to randomisation, stratified as recent (>3 months to <1 year) or remote (≥1 year), and 993 (37.7%) patients were without a prior MI. The percentage change in LDL-C from baseline and safety were assessed. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were well balanced across the treatment arms and MI strata. The mean (95% confidence interval) placebo-corrected LDL-C reductions from baseline to Day 510 with inclisiran were 52.6% (40.1, 65.1), 50.4% (47.0, 53.8), and 51.6% (47.4, 55.9) for recent, remote, and no prior MI, respectively. Corresponding time-adjusted LDL-C reductions were 50.0% (41.4, 58.7), 52.2% (49.8, 54.7), and 51.2% (48.1, 54.2). In each MI stratum, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) at the injection site (all mild to moderate) were observed more in inclisiran-treated patients than placebo, without an excess of other TEAEs. CONCLUSIONS: Inclisiran provided effective and consistent LDL-C lowering, irrespective of MI status.

Projected Outcomes of Optimized Statin and Ezetimibe Therapy in US Military Veterans with Coronary Artery Disease.

Importance: Many patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) do not achieve the guideline-directed goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Objective: To estimate reductions in the rates of adverse events associated with CAD in a large US military veteran population that may be achieved through use of optimized statin therapy alone or with ezetimibe compared with the prevailing lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Design, Setting, and Participants: In this observational cohort study, US military veterans with CAD were identified by coronary angiography between June 2015 and September 2020 across 82 US Department of Veterans Affairs health care facilities. Exposures: The exposures were observed LLT, LLT with an optimized statin regimen, and LLT with optimized statin and ezetimibe. Main Outcomes and Measures: Observed rates of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary revascularization, and potential reductions in those outcomes with optimized LLT based on expected further reductions in LDL-C levels and application of formulas from The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Results: The analysis cohort comprised 111 954 veterans (mean [SD] age, 68.4 [8.8] years; 109 390 men [97.7%]; 91 589 White patients [81.8%]; 17 592 Black patients [15.7%]). The median (IQR) observation period for this study was 3.4 (2.1-4.0) years. At the time of index angiography, 66 877 patients (59.7%) were treated with statin therapy, and 623 patients (0.6%) were treated with ezetimibe. At 6 months, the number of patients with statin prescriptions increased to 74 400 (68.7%), but the number of patients with high-intensity statin prescriptions was only 57 297 (52.9%). At 6 months, ezetimibe use remained low (n = 1168 [1.1%]), and LDL-C levels were 70 mg/dL or more in 56 405 patients (52.1%). At 4 years, observed incidences of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary revascularization were 21.6% (95% CI, 21.3%-21.8%), 5.0% (95% CI, 4.9%-5.2%), 2.2% (95% CI, 2.1%-2.3%), and 15.4% (95% CI, 15.2%-15.7%), respectively. With optimized statin treatment, projected absolute reductions in these incidences were 1.3% (95% CI, 0.9%-1.7%), 0.8% (95% CI, 0.7%-1.0%), 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1%-0.3%), and 2.3% (95% CI, 2.0%-2.7%), respectively. With optimized statin and ezetimibe treatment, projected absolute reductions were 1.8% (95% CI, 1.2%-2.4%), 1.1% (95% CI, 0.9%-1.3%), 0.3% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.4%), and 3.1% (95% CI, 2.6%-3.6%), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of veterans with CAD, suboptimal LLT was prevalent in the clinical setting. Optimization of statin therapy was projected to produce clinically relevant reductions in the risks of death and cardiovascular events. Despite a lesser lipid-lowering efficacy of ezetimibe, its widespread use on a population level in conjunction with optimized statin therapy may be associated with further meaningful reductions in cardiovascular risk.

Effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition on cancer events: A pooled, post hoc, competing risk analysis of alirocumab clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the risk of new and worsening cancer events among participants who received the lipid-lowering therapy alirocumab, a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor. DESIGN: Pooled post hoc analysis. SETTING: Six phase 3 or phase 4 placebo-controlled randomised trials with alirocumab. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 24,070 patients from the safety population with complete dosing data (alirocumab, n = 12,533; placebo, n = 11,537). INTERVENTION: Alirocumab 75 mg, alirocumab 150 mg, alirocumab 75 mg increasing to 150 mg if low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dL not achieved, or placebo, all every 2 weeks. All participants received background high-intensity or maximum-tolerated statin therapy. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The first new or worsening incident cancer events were assessed during the treatment-emergent adverse event period. Four outcomes were evaluated: any-neoplasm, malignant neoplasms, broad definition of hormone-sensitive cancers, and stricter definition of hormone-sensitive cancers. Sub-distribution hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a competing risk framework, with death as a competing risk. RESULTS: Considering both treatment arms in aggregate, 969 (4.03%), 779 (3.24%), 178 (0.74%) and 167 (0.69%) patients developed any neoplasm, malignant neoplasms, broad definition of hormone-sensitive cancer and strict definition of hormone-sensitive cancer events, respectively. There was no significant difference in the risk of having any neoplasm in the alirocumab versus the placebo group (sub-distribution hazards ratio [95% CI], 0.93 [0.82-1.1]; p = 0.28). A nominally lower risk of having any neoplasms with alirocumab was observed among subjects aged ≥64 years (sub-distribution hazards ratio 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor combined with statin does not appear to increase the risk of new or worsening cancer events.

Effect of alirocumab on cataracts in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Some data suggest that low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with risk of cataracts. Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduce LDL-C below levels achieved with statins alone. We determined whether the incidence of cataracts was influenced by treatment with the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab versus placebo, and whether that incidence was affected by achieved LDL-C levels. METHODS: The ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (NCT01663402) compared alirocumab with placebo in 18,924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome receiving high-intensity or maximum-tolerated statin. Incident cataracts were pre-specified events of interest. In multivariable analysis using propensity score-matching on characteristics including cataract risk factors, incident cataracts were compared in the alirocumab and placebo groups according to LDL-C levels achieved with alirocumab. RESULTS: Over median follow-up of 2.8 years (interquartile range 2.3 - 3.4), the incidence of cataracts was similar with alirocumab (127/9462 [1.3%]) versus placebo (134/9462 [1.4%]); hazard ratio [HR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 - 1.20). In patients treated with alirocumab with ≥ 2 LDL-C values < 25 mg/dL (0.65 mmol/L), the incidence of cataracts was 71/4305 (1.6%), versus 60/4305 (1.4%) in propensity score-matched patients from the placebo group (HR 1.10, CI 95% 0.78 - 1.55). In patients treated with alirocumab with ≥ 2 LDL-C values < 15 mg/dL (0.39 mmol/L), the incidence of cataracts was 13/782 (1.7%), versus 36/2346 (1.5%) in matched patients from the placebo group (HR 1.03, CI 95% 0.54 - 1.94). CONCLUSION: Treatment with alirocumab versus placebo, added to statin, did not influence the incidence of cataracts, even when achieved LDL-C levels on alirocumab were very low. Longer follow-up studies might be necessary to exclude the long-term effects on the incidence or progression of cataracts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01663402 .

Efficacy and safety of inclisiran in patients with cerebrovascular disease: ORION-9, ORION-10, and ORION-11.

Patients with cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) have been shown to benefit from lipid-lowering therapies, but guideline-recommended levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are often not attained with statin treatment alone. The ORION-9, ORION-10, and ORION-11 trials evaluated the efficacy and safety of inclisiran in 3660 primary and secondary prevention patients with hyperlipidemia despite maximum tolerated statin treatment. This pooled post hoc analysis comprised 202 randomized patients from those trials with established CeVD who had received either 284 mg inclisiran (equivalent to 300 mg inclisiran sodium, n = 110) or placebo (n = 92) on Days 1, 90, and 6-monthly thereafter up to Day 540. At baseline, mean (SD) LDL-C was 108.4 (34.3) mg/dL and 110.5 (35.3) mg/dL in inclisiran and placebo arms, respectively. Inclisiran produced a mean (95% CI) placebo-corrected percentage change in LDL-C from baseline to Day 510 of -55.2 (-64.5 to -45.9; p < 0.0001); the corresponding time-adjusted percentage change from baseline after Day 90 and up to Day 540 was -55.2 (-62.4 to -47.9; p < 0.0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and TEAEs at the injection site, mostly mild, were more frequent with inclisiran versus placebo (82.7% vs 70.7% and 3.6% vs 0%, respectively). In patients with CeVD, twice-yearly dosing with inclisiran (after the initial and 3-month doses) in combination with maximally tolerated statins provided effective and consistent LDL-C reductions and was well tolerated.

Lipoprotein(a) and the Effect of Alirocumab on Revascularization After Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Many patients require revascularization after index acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Lipoprotein(a) is thought to play a pathogenic role in atherothrombosis. In ODYSSEY OUTCOMES, alirocumab reduced major adverse cardiovascular events after ACS, with greater reduction among those with higher lipoprotein(a) levels. We explored whether risk of revascularization after ACS was modified by the level of lipoprotein(a) and treatment with alirocumab or placebo. METHODS: In ODYSSEY OUTCOMES alirocumab was compared with placebo in 18,924 patients with ACS and elevated atherogenic lipoprotein levels despite optimized statin treatment. In this post hoc analysis, treatment effects are summarized using competing risks proportional hazard models. RESULTS: A total of 1559 (8.2%) patients had coronary, 204 (1.1%) had limb, and 40 (0.2%) had carotid revascularization. Alirocumab reduced coronary revascularization (2.8 vs 3.2 events per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio [HR], 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-0.97]; P = 0.01) and any revascularization (3.2 vs 3.7 events per 100 patient-years; HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.78-0.94]; P = 0.001). Baseline lipoprotein(a) quartile was directly associated with risk of coronary or any revascularization in the placebo arm and inversely related to treatment HRs (all P for trend < 0.01). Alirocumab produced the greatest reduction of coronary revascularization in patients with baseline lipoprotein(a) in the top quartile (≥ 59.6 mg/dL; HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.57-0.84]), but no apparent reduction in the bottom quartile (HR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.82-1.22]). Findings were similar for the effect of alirocumab on any revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Alirocumab reduced revascularization rates after ACS. The risk of revascularization and reduction in that risk with alirocumab were greatest in patients with elevated lipoprotein(a) at baseline.

Transiently achieved very low LDL-cholesterol levels by statin and alirocumab after acute coronary syndrome are associated with cardiovascular risk reduction: the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial.

AIMS: Long-term, placebo-controlled cholesterol-lowering trials have demonstrated legacy effects (clinical benefits that persist or emerge after trial end). It is unknown whether legacy effects follow a short period of very low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels achieved with statin plus PCSK9 inhibitor. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 18,924 patients post-acute coronary syndrome, the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo, each added to high-intensity or maximum-tolerated statin therapy. Patients with two consecutive LDL-C levels <0.39 mmol/L (15 mg/dL) on alirocumab had blinded placebo substitution for the remainder of the trial with continued statin treatment. In post hoc analyses, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in these patients were compared to MACE in propensity score-matched patients from the placebo group with similar baseline characteristics and study medication adherence. In the alirocumab group, 730 patients had blinded placebo substitution at a median 8.3 months from randomization, after a median 6.0 months with LDL-C < 0.39 mmol/L. They were matched to 1460 placebo patients. Both groups had lower baseline LDL-C and lipoprotein(a) and better study medication adherence than the overall cohort. Over a median follow-up of 2.8 years, MACE occurred in 47 (6.4%) alirocumab patients with limited-duration, very low achieved LDL-C versus 122 (8.4%) matched placebo patients (treatment hazard ratio 0.72; 95% confidence interval 0.51, 0.997; P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: A short period of LDL-C levels <0.39 mmol/L achieved with statin and alirocumab, followed by statin monotherapy, was associated with lower risk of MACE than statin monotherapy throughout the observation period. Clinical benefit persisted for several years. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01663402.