Effects of floral resources on honey bee populations in Mexico: Using dietary metabarcoding to examine landscape quality in agroecosystems.

The decline of honey bee populations significantly impacts the human food supply due to poor pollination and yield decreases of essential crop species. Given the reduction of pollinators, research into critical landscape components, such as floral resource availability and land use change, might provide valuable information about the nutritional status and health of honey bee colonies. To address this issue, we examine the effects of landscape factors like agricultural area, urban area, and climatic factors, including maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation, on honey bee hive populations and nutritional health of 326 honey bee colonies across varying landscapes in Mexico. DNA metabarcoding facilitated the precise identification of pollen from 267 plant species, encompassing 243 genera and 80 families, revealing a primary herb-based diet. Areas characterized by high landscape diversity exhibited greater pollen diversity within the colony. Conversely, colonies situated in regions with higher proportions of agricultural and urban landscapes demonstrated lower bee density. The maximum ambient temperature outside hives positively correlated with pollen diversity, aligning with a simultaneous decrease in bee density. Conversely, higher relative humidity positively influenced both the bee density of the colony and the diversity of foraged pollen. Our national-level study investigated pollen dietary availability and colony size in different habitat types, latitudes, climatic conditions, and varied levels and types of disturbances. This effort was taken to gain a better insight into the mechanisms driving declines in honey bee populations. This study illustrates the need for more biodiverse agricultural landscapes, the preservation of diverse habitats, and the conservation of natural and semi-natural spaces. These measures can help to improve the habitat quality of other bee species, as well as restore essential ecosystem processes, such as pollination and pest control.

The First Latin American Consensus on Superficial and Perforating Venous Mapping.

With the aim of obtaining a map which is useful as a diagnostic tool and therapeutical orientation, complementing the written report of duplex ultrasound venous study, Latin-American Scientific Societies of Phlebology, Vascular Surgery and Vascular Imaging were invited to participate, through their regional representatives, to the First Consensus of Superficial and Perforating Venous Mapping. A consensus process using a modified Delphi method was carried out. An International Working Group was formed, which developed a Prototype of the Venous Mapping that worked as a starting point for consensus, and was presented in a first virtual meeting of 54 experts (societies' representatives) when the methodology was explained. For the consensus process, two rounds of self-administrated questionnaires with feedback were used. In the first questionnaire a 100% consensus was obtained in the 15 statements (an agreement range of 85.2% to 100%) In the analysis of qualitative data, three categories according to the actions to implement were identified - actions which involved no action, minor changes and major changes. This analysis was used to build the second questionnaire, which reached a consensus in its six statements (agreement range of 87.1% to 98.1%). A final consensus on every field proposed was established with the approval of all the experts consulted and it was presented at a third online meeting. The document of the superficial and perforating venous mapping reached by consensus is presented hereafter.

Fetal surgery for occipital encephalocele: A case report.

Background: Occipital encephalocele is a congenital defect of the neural tube at the level of the cranial midline, which results in herniation of meninges and brain tissue. The results of the management of myelomeningocele study determine the maternal and fetal risks for an open fetal surgery and have motivated the constant review of the concepts and strategies which the pediatric neurosurgeon can employ for the treatment of neural tube defects in the prenatal period. Case Description: We present a case of a female patient in utero of 26 gestational weeks with the diagnosis of an occipital encephalocele treated by open fetal surgery. During week 20 of gestation, the diagnosis of occipital encephalocele was made by ultrasound, which was corroborated by fetal magnetic resonance that showed cranial protrusion of neural and meningeal content in the occipital region, measuring 1.6 × 2.8 × 3.3 cm with an approximate volume of 7.7 cc through a bone defect of 6 mm. The closure of the defect was performed by the postnatal surgical technique adapted to the open fetal surgery. Later, the patient was born transabdominal with a 2.8 cm occipital wound, with suture points and approximated borders, normocephalic, without clinical signs of sepsis, hydrocephalus, or overt neurologic compromise. Conclusion: Open fetal surgery is a therapeutic option in the face of an isolated occipital encephalocele. This case report demonstrates the viability of the surgical procedure by the adaptation of a postnatal surgical technique to a prenatal surgery. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term functional results, comparing them with those seen in patients who undergo a postnatal procedure.

Guía de práctica clínica: tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de episodios agudos y profilaxis del angioedema hereditario ­ Parte I: Enfoque diagnóstico / Clinical practice guidelines: screening, diagnosis and management of acute events and prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema ­ Part I: Diagnostic approach

El angioedema hereditario (AEH) es una enfermedad genética rara, con una prevalencia aproximada entre 1 por cada 50.000 habitantes, caracterizada por episodios de edemas a nivel subcutáneo y de mucosas (abdominal, genitourinario, respiratoria), siendo potencialmente mortal cuando hay afectación de la laringe. En Perú se estiman 600 pacientes con AEH. El AEH se puede clasificar del siguiente modo: con deficiencia del inhibidor de C1 (tipos I y II), y sin deficiencia del inhibidor de C1 (denominado anteriormente tipo III). El diagnóstico de laboratorio incluye prueba de complemento C4, prueba cuantitativa y cualitativa para inhibidor de C1 esterasa, y estudios genéticos.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a genetic rare disease with a prevalence of approximately 1 per 50,000 inhabitants, characterized by episodes of edema at the subcutaneous level and mucous membranes (abdominal, genitourinary, respiratory), being potentially fatal when there is involvement of the larynx. In Peru, there are an estimated 600 patients with HAE. HAE can be classified as follows: with C1 inhibitor deficiency (types I and II), and without C1 inhibitor deficiency (previously called type III). Laboratory diagnosis includes C4 complement test, quantitative and qualitative tests for C1 inhibitor esterase, and genetic studies. In this first part of the Clinical Practice Guide, we present the recommendations for the diagnostic approach of HAE.

Guía de práctica clínica: tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de episodios agudos y profilaxis del angioedema hereditario ­ Parte II: Manejo y tratamiento / Clinical practice guidelines: screening, diagnosis and management of acute events and prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema ­ Part II: Management and treatment

El angioedema hereditario (AEH) es una enfermedad genética rara, con una prevalencia aproximada entre 1 por cada 50.000 habitantes, caracterizada por episodios de edemas a nivel subcutáneo y de mucosas (abdominal, genitourinario, respiratoria), siendo potencialmente mortal cuando hay afectación de la laringe. En Perú se estiman 600 pacientes con AEH. El AEH se puede clasificar del siguiente modo: con deficiencia del inhibidor de C1 (tipos I y II), y sin deficiencia del inhibidor de C1 (denominado anteriormente tipo III). El diagnóstico de laboratorio incluye prueba de complemento C4, prueba cuantitativa y cualitativa para inhibidor de C1 esterasa, y estudios genéticos. Existen tratamientos específicos a nivel mundial para crisis agudas y profilaxis en AEH. Sin embargo, en Perú el único tratamiento registrado actualmente es el ecallantide, útil en crisis agudas; además, podemos utilizar tratamientos alternativos como el ácido tranexámico y el danazol. En esta segunda parte de la Guía de Práctica Clínica, presentamos las recomendaciones para el manejo y el tratamiento del AEH.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a genetic rare disease with a prevalence of approximately 1 per 50,000 inhabitants, characterized by episodes of edema at the subcutaneous level and mucous membranes (abdominal, genitourinary, respiratory), being potentially fatal when there is involvement of the larynx. In Peru, there are an estimated 600 patients with HAE. HAE can be classified as follows: with C1 inhibitor deficiency (types I and II), and without C1 inhibitor deficiency (previously called type III). Laboratory diagnosis includes C4 complement test, quantitative and qualitative test for C1 inhibitor esterase, and genetic studies. There are specific treatments worldwide for acute crises and prophylaxis in HAE; in Peru the only currently registered treatment is ecallantide, useful in acute crises; we can also use alternative treatments such as tranexamic acid and danazol. In this second part of the Clinical Practice Guide, we present the recommendations for the management and treatment of HAE.

Diversity of phenological patterns of Handroanthus ochraceus (Bignoniaceae) in Costa Rica

The study of phenological patterns in plant communities is of vital importance for understanding the temporal cycles of ecosystems, but there is little information on the diversity of phenological patterns that can occur at the intraspecific level, as well as the genetic or environmental factors causing this variation. In Handroanthus ochraceus, a deciduous tree species of neotropical dry forests, ecophysiological studies have proposed the release of water stress as the mechanism that triggers flowering and the sprouting of new leaves. During four years, I observed the cycles of leaf fall, flowering, fruiting, and new leaf production in seven Costa Rican sites that differed in their proximity to water courses and in soil moisture. Six were located in dry forest areas, and one in premontane forest. There were two general phenological patterns: the explosive, where trees depend on the first rains for floral anthesis and the expansion of leaf meristems, and the staggered pattern, with unsynchronized flowering at the beginning and middle of the dry season, independently of rainfall. Although this phenological variation has been previously recognized, the occurrence of these two patterns is not determined by the proximity of water courses, contradicting phenological models proposed for this tree species.

El estudio de los patrones fenológicos en comunidades de plantas es de importancia vital para entender los ciclos temporales de los ecosistemas, pero hay poca información sobre la diversidad de patrones fenológicos que pueden ocurrir a nivel intraespecífico, así como sobre los factores genéticos o ambientales que explican esta variación. En Handroanthus ochraceus, una especie arbórea de bosques secos, estudios ecofisiológicos han propuesto la reducción del estrés hídrico como el mecanismo que dispara la floración y la brotación de hojas nuevas. Durante cuatro años se observaron los ciclos de caída de hojas, floración, fructificación y producción de hojas nuevas en esta especie en siete sitios en Costa Rica, que diferían en su proximidad a fuentes de agua y por consiguiente en los niveles de humedad del suelo. Dos patrones fenológicos generales fueron observados: el patrón explosivo, en el cual los árboles dependen de las primeras lluvias para desarrollar la antesis floral y la expansión de los meristemos foliares, y el patrón escalonado, en el cual los árboles pueden florecer en una forma modular durante el comienzo y parte media de la estación seca, en forma independiente de las lluvias. Aunque esta variación en patrones fenológicos ha sido previamente reconocida, en este estudio se demuestra por vez primera que esta variación no está necesariamente asociada a diferentes niveles de humedad del suelo, contradiciendo modelos fenológicos propuestos para esta especie de árbol.

Factores asociados con preeclampsia severa en pacientes atendidas en dos hospitales de Huánuco, Perú / Factors associated with severe preeclampsia in pregnant women seen in two hospitals in Huánuco, Peru

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores predisponentes de preeclampsia severa. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, analítico, de casos y controles, efectuado en pacientes atendidas, de enero a diciembre de 2017, en los Hospitales de Contingencia Hermilio Valdizan y Tingo María de la región de Huánuco, Perú. Se consideraron factores asociados con preeclampsia: los previos a la concepción, maternos y ambientales. Para la asociación entre variables se realizó un análisis multivariado mediante el modelo de regresión logística, se calcularon la razón de momios y el IC95%. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 136 casos (preeclampsia severa) y 272 controles. Entre los factores predisponentes de preeclampsia severa se encontraron: antecedentes de preeclampsia (p < 0.001; RM = 13.27), edad de la madre mayor de 35 años (p < 0.001; RM = 3.93), obesidad (p = 0.001; RM = 3.66), embarazo con un nuevo compañero sexual (p < 0.001; RM = 7.15) y el embarazo gemelar (p = 0.01; RM = 9.57). CONCLUSIÓN: Los antecedentes de preeclampsia, la edad materna mayor de 35 años, la obesidad, el embarazo con un compañero sexual distinto y el embarazo gemelar fueron los factores de riesgo de preeclampsia severa en el grupo de estudio.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Identify the predisposing factors of severe preeclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical study of cases and controls, carried out in patients attended, from January to December 2017, at the Hermilio Valdizan and Tingo María Contingency Hospitals of the Huánuco region. Factors associated with preeclampsia were considered: pre-conception, maternal and environmental factors. For the association between variables, a multivariate analysis was performed using the logistic regression model, calculating the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: We included 136 cases (severe preeclampsia) and 272 controls. Among the predisposing factors of severe preeclampsia were: preeclampsia (p <0.001, OR = 13.28), age of the mother over 35 years (p <0.001, OR = 3.93), obesity (p = 0.001, OR= 3.66), pregnancy with a new sexual partner (p <0.001; OR = 7.15) and twin pregnancy (p = 0.01; OR = 9.57). CONCLUSION: The history of preeclampsia, maternal age over 35 years, obesity, pregnancy of a new sexual partner and twin pregnancy are risk factors for severe preeclampsia.

Biocidal effect of a hexane-soluble extract of Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae) / Efecto biocida del extracto hexánico de Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae)

Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae) is an economically important shrub known in Mexico as Oregano. In this work, the biocidal effect of the hexane extract of L. graveolens leaves was evaluated on two crop pests. Thus, larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda were fed with mixtures of extract and artificial diet. The nematicidal activity was evaluated on juveniles of Meloydogine javanica. Regarding S. frugiperda, quantitative differences between treatments and control were observed in dead pupae, surviving adults, and deformed adults (P < 0.05). All the surviving adults from the extract treatments were deformed. Nematicidal effect was registered, the LC50 and LC90 were 0.672 (0.654-0.690) and 0.965 (0.937-0.998) mg/mL respectively. The extract was characterized by NMR and GC-MS, being thymol the most abundant component (70.6%) in addition to carvacrol (22.8%). The results suggest the consideration of the hexane extract of L. graveolens leaves within the alternatives for the biological control of pests.

Lippia graveolens Kunth (Verbenaceae) es un arbusto con importancia económica conocido en México como Orégano. En éste trabajo se evaluó el efecto biocida del extracto hexánico de hojas L. graveolens sobre dos plagas agrícolas. Así, larvas de S. frugiperda fueron alimentadas con mezclas de dieta artificial y extracto. La actividad nematicida fue evaluada en juveniles de Meloydogine javanica, Respecto a S. frugiperda, se observaron diferencias cuantitativas entre tratamiento y control en cuanto a pupas muertas, adultos sobrevivientes y adultos deformes (P < 0.05). Todos los adultos provenientes de tratamientos con extracto estuvieron malformados. Hubo efecto nematicida, calculándose CL50 y CL90 de 0.672 (0.654-0.690) y 0.965 (0.937-0.998) mg/mL respectivamente. El extracto se caracterizó por RMN y CG-EM. Los compuestos más abundantes fueron timol (70.6%), ademas del carvacrol (22.8%). Los resultados sugieren considerar al extracto hexánico de hojas de L. graveolens dentro de las alternativas para el control biológico de plagas.

Female fruit production depends on female flower production and crown size rather than male density in a continuous population of a tropical dioecious tree (Virola surinamensis).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Factors related to pollen and resource limitation were evaluated to predict female fruit production in a tropical dioecious tree. Pollen limitation via variation in the male density at local scales is expected to limit female reproduction success in dioecious plants. METHODOLOGY: We modeled the roles of local male density, female crown size, crown illumination, and female flower production on female fruit initiation and mature fruit production in a continuous population (62 ha plot) of a tropical dioecious tree (Virola surinamensis). In addition, we used microsatellites to describe the scale of effective pollen flow, the male effective population size, and the spatial genetic structure within/between progenies and males. KEY RESULTS: The local male density was not related to female fruit initiation or mature fruit production. Female floral production had a positive effect on fruit initiation. The female crown size was positively related to fruit maturation. Seeds from the same female and seeds from different but spatially proximal females were generally half-siblings; however, proximal females showed greater variation. Proximal male-female adult pairs were not significantly more genetically related than distant pairs. The probability of paternity was negatively affected by the distance between seeds and males; most effective pollen dispersal events (∼85%) occurred from males located less than 150 m from females. The number of males siring progenies was greater than the number of males found at local scales. CONCLUSIONS: Female fecundity in this continuous population of Virola surinamensis is not limited by the availability of pollen from proximal males. Rather, resource allocation to floral production may ultimately determine female reproductive success.

Anemia en mujeres en edad fértil de la Comunidad Nativa Ese'eja - Palma Real, Madre de Dios, Perú / Anemia in women of childbearing age in the Native Community Ese'eja - Palma Real, Madre Dios, Peru

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres en edad fértil en comunidades nativas EseÆeja en Madre de Dios, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, un muestreo tipo censal, se determinó la concentración de hemoglobina mediante la técnica de micro hematocrito. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el paquete estadístico STATA 11.0 (STATA Corp. Texas, US). Resultados: El 77,63% de las mujeres mostró cifras de hemoglobina inferiores a 12 g/dl de ellas, el 29,5% se encontraba entre 11,0 y 11,9 g/dl, lo que se considera como anemia leve; el 70,5% restante tenía la hemoglobina entre 7,0 y 10,9 g/dl. Conclusiones: La anemia es una alteración altamente prevalente en mujeres en edad fértil de la comunidad nativa EseÆeja Palma Real.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age in the EseÆeja native communities. Methods: An observational, descriptive and transversal study with census sampling. The hemoglobin was determined by micro hematocrit technique. Data analysis was performed using the statistical package STATA 11.0 (Stata Corp. Texas, U.S.). Results: Hemoglobin levels below 12 g/dl was recorded in 77.63% of women, 29.5% of them had mild anemia (hemoglobin levels between 11.0 gr/dl and 11.9 g/dl), and 70.5% had hemoglobin levels between 7.0 gr/dl and 10.9 g/dl. Conclusions: Anemia is highly prevalent in women of childbearing age in the native community EseÆeja Palma Real.

Immunoglobulin G avidities in infants in Mexico after primary immunization with three doses of polyribosylribitol phosphate-tetanus toxoid Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.

Serum immunoglobulin G concentrations and avidities specific to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) were measured in 208 children living in Guadalajara and Mexico City. Protective concentrations were found in 98.9% and 100.0% of participants, respectively. Geometric mean concentrations differed between both populations and/or among age groups. Mean avidities differed only among the 7- to 12-month-old children. Diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis-hepatitis B-Hib primary vaccination seems to induce protection in Mexican children.

Anticapsular polysaccharide IgG concentrations in Mexican children formerly immunized with Haemophilus influenzae b PRP-T vaccine.

BACKGROUND: In 1999 H. influenzae b (Hib) PRP-T vaccine was introduced into primary immunization schedule in Mexico. There have been no studies evaluating antibody response after widespread immunization in our country. It is now recognized that Hib conjugates induce significant initial antibody levels that in some cases wane over time. This study relies on the measurement of IgG serum antibody concentrations to Hib capsular polysaccharide (PS) and is interpreted in the light of the accepted levels > or =0.15 microg/mL for short-term protection against Hib invasive disease and > or =5.0 microg/mL for protection against Hib oropharyngeal carriage. METHODS: Using a validated ELISA assay, we measured the IgG serum antibody concentrations in 115 children between 7 and 93 months of age who had received three doses of PRP-T. We used the standard reference serum US FDA 1983 for quantification of PS antibody levels. Concentrations were estimated using 3(rd) degree polynomial regression lines. As there was no unvaccinated group available (>95% of Mexican children have received the Hib vaccine), the study was designed as a cross-sectional. RESULTS: All children had serum IgG concentrations > or =0.15 microg/mL [range 0.24-54.64 microg/mL]; 69.6 % (80/115) had > or =1.0 microg/mL and 14 % (16/115) showed concentrations > or =5.0 microg/mL. The vaccine elicited geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of 4.0, 1.6, 1.4 and 2.4 microg/mL in groups of 7-12, 13-24, 25-48 and 49-93 month-old respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PRP-T vaccination in this group of Mexican children has resulted in serum IgG concentrations > or =0.15 microg/mL, suggesting that Hib immunization has conferred protection against invasive disease.

Expression of apolipoprotein AI mRNA in peripheral white blood cells of patients with alcoholic liver disease.

Because (i) changes in plasma and liver mRNA of apolipoprotein (apo) AI have been observed in patients with alcoholic liver disease, (ii) apo AI mRNA can be induced in non-hepatic tissues, and (iii) apolipoproteins expression is influenced by plasma colloid osmotic pressure (P(CO)) and viscosity (eta), we analyzed the Apo AI mRNA expression in the peripheral white blood cells (PWBC), P(CO), and eta in control volunteers (C), patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), and cirrhotic patients with superimposed alcoholic hepatitis (LC+AH). We found that apo AI mRNA is expressed in the PWBC in 20% of C and it is induced 1.5 fold in 66.6% of LC and 1.95 fold in 85% of LC+AH. A significant decrease of P(CO) in LC and LC + AH (14.8 +/- 2.4 and 16.2 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, respectively) compared to C (27.9 +/- 2 mm Hg) was observed. By contrast, eta was mildly increased from 1.7389 +/- 0.07 in C to 1.8022 +/- 0.154 in LC and 1.9030 +/- 0.177 in LC+AH. No significant correlation was found between P(CO) and eta with apo AI mRNA but with lipid profile. In conclusion, apo AI mRNA expression in PWBC is associated to liver disease severity and could be an indirect indicator of alcoholic liver damage.

Vagotomia supraselectiva: indicaciones y resultados clinicos / Supraselective vagotomy: indications and clinical results

Se analizaron las historias clinicas de 50 pacientes consecutivos que recibieron vagotomia supraselectiva (VSS) como tratamiento de ulcera duodenal, en el Hospital San Igancio de Bogota entre 1976 y 1984. El 74% corresponde al sexo masculino con promedio de edad de 34.9 anos y 6.2 anos de presentar sintomas ulcerosos. La indicacion mas frecuente fue la intratabilidad en 24 casos: la evolucion postoperatoria fue satisfactoria con una estancia hospitalaria de 6.4 dias sin mortalidad operatoria ni postoperatoria. La sensacion de distension abdominal fue la molestia prosoperatoria mas frecuente, presente en 8 pacientes. El seguimiento se realizo en un lapso de 5 a 14 anos. La clasificacion de Visck muestra 86.6% en los grupos I y II y solo se presentaron 2 (6.6%) recidivas ulcerosas comprobadas. La VSS se considera como una operacion segura y con resultados satisfactorios en el tratamiento de la ulcera duodenal intratable

Carcinoide del apéndice cecal / Carcinoid tumor of the vermiform appendix

Se presentan 4 casos de carcinoide del apéndice cecal operados en un período de 4 años, sobre un total de 624 apendicectomías realizadas. Se destaca que la totalidad de las intervenciones fueron consecuencia de cuadros de apendicitis agudas y el diagnóstico se hizo por los exámenes histopatológicos correspondientes ya que la formación tumoral no fue advertida macroscópicamente por el cirujano en ninguno de los casos. En todos los pacientes la evolución postoperatoria fue satifactoria y el seguimiento inmediato y mediato no ha demostrado hasta el presente la existencia de metástasis o de otras localizaciones del tumor carcinoide

Colagitis esclerosante primaria / Primary sclerotic cholangitis

La colangites esclerosante primaria es uma patología poco frecuente de origen desconocido, de evolución insidiosa y difícil manejo. Los autores presentan 2 casos basándose en los postulados de Myers