Conservation status and regional habitat priorities for the Orinoco crocodile: Past, present, and future.

Conservation of large predator species has historically been a challenge because they often overlap in resource utilization with humans; furthermore, there is a general lack of in-depth knowledge of their ecology and natural history. We assessed the conservation status of the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius), defining regional habitat priorities/crocodile conservation units (RHP/CCU) and regional research priorities (RRP) for this species. We also estimated a species distribution model (SDM) to define current suitable areas where the species might inhabit and/or that might be successfully colonized. The SDM area obtained with a suitable habitat probability ≥ 0.5 was 23,621 km2. Out of 2,562 km2 are included within protected areas in both Colombia (1,643 km2) and Venezuela (919 km2), which represents only 10.8% of C. intermedius' potential range. Areas such as Laguna de Chigüichigüe (flood plain lagoon) exhibited an increase in population abundance. In contrast, localities such as the Cojedes and Manapire Rivers reported a significant reduction in relative abundance values. In Colombia, disparity in previous survey methods prevented accurate estimation of population trends. Only one study in this country described an increase over a 13 years span in the Ele, Lipa, and Cravo Norte River populations based on nest surveys. We defined 34 critical areas (16 in Colombia, 17 in Venezuela, and one covering both countries) where we need to preserve/research/monitor and/or generate management actions, 10 RHP/CCU (six from Venezuela and four from Colombia) and 24 RRP (11 from Venezuela, 12 from Colombia, and one in both countries). Caño Guaritico (Creek) and the Capanaparo River in Venezuela and the Ele, Lipa, Cravo Norte River System and the Guayabero River in Colombia were defined as areas with the most optimal conditions for long-term preservation and maintenance of C. intermedius populations. We conclude that the conservation status of this species is still critical, which implies the necessity to increase efforts to recover the species, especially in Colombia, to guarantee its survival as a structural and functional component of the ecosystems it inhabits.

Heridas y parásitos en cocodrilos del orinoco (crocodylus intermedius) en un río altamente impactado por actividades humanas / Injuries and parasites in Orinoco crocodiles (crocodylus intermedius) in a river with high impact by anthropic activities

El Sistema del Río Cojedes (SRC) en Venezuela ha sufrido un importante impacto por actividades humanas en los últimos 50 años. En cocodrilos del Orinoco juveniles (n=101) de las secciones del río al norte, más intervenidas, se encontró una baja incidencia de heridas (5,9 por ciento) comparados con individuos de tallas similares (n=98) provenientes de secciones de río menos alteradas, ubicadas al sur, entre los cuales 77,6 por ciento mostraron heridas (c2=105,2; P>0,001). El tipo de heridas más frecuentes fueron la pérdida de parte de la cola (70,5 por ciento) y mutilaciones parciales o totales de algunas de las extremidades (21,9 por ciento). Los cocodrilos de tallas relativamente grandes (>600mm de longitud cabeza-cloaca) mostraron menor incidencia de heridas severas (10,7 por ciento) que individuos de menor talla (24,3 por ciento), pero la diferencia no fue significativa (c2= 2,27; P=0,13). La forma redondeada de muchas heridas, sugiere que fueron causadas por peces depredadores, en especial pirañas. Muestreos preliminares de peces mostraron que las pirañas son menos diversas y abundantes en las secciones del río al norte, las más afectadas por actividades humanas. La presencia de parásitos (nematodos Paratrichosoma y garrapatas) fue también más frecuente en cocodrilos de las secciones del río al sur (c2= 12,5; P<0,001). La ocurrencia de sanguijuelas es relativamente baja si se compara con la reportada para poblaciones de cocodrilos en otras localidades