[Gut microbiota: its development and relation to certain diseases]. / Crevná mikrobiota: jej vývin a vztah k vzniku niektorých ochorení.

Coexistence of humans with microorganisms is well known for a long time. Besides the association with infectious diseases, personal microbiota is important for human health, possibly for some non-infectious diseases. Colonization of the human body with appropriate microorganisms after delivery is essential for physiological immune system maturation and also has an influence on central nervous system development. The composition of the gut microbiota is affected by the mode of delivery, early life nutrition and last but not least by lifestyle and drug, especially antibiotics intake. A comparison of gut microbiomes between individuals living in different parts of the world showed a cardinal variation in its composition and basic enterotypes were defined. Interestingly, it has been found out that the different microbiota species composition covers the same, respectively similar metabolic pathways. It is suggested that gut microbiota composition and its dysbiosis may influence civilization diseases development, e. g. diabetes mellitus, obesity, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, and autoimmune diseases.Key words: gut microbiota microbiome health immune system dysbiosis.

Inflammatory bowel disease: factors involved in pathogenesis.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in developed countries increases every year. The aetiology is still not completely understood and its clarification is a key prerequisite for effective prophylaxis and therapy. IBD is most-likely caused by a combination of several factors: environmental, genetic, immunological, and disruption of intestinal microbiota composition - dysbiosis. "Westernization" of lifestyle and urbanization seem to be among the most serious environmental factors. The pathogenesis is also influenced by the imbalance between the TH1 and TH2 cellular response and the expression of genes involved in T cell response and immunodeficiency. Last but not least, the worldwide overuse of antimicrobial drugs depletes the microbiome, which has a direct impact on the development of the dysbiosis. The subject of this review is a detailed characterization of the above-mentioned factors involved in the onset and development of IBD. Key words: gut microbiota inflammatory bowel disease immunopathogenesis dysbiosis.

[Testing of the potentially probiotic lactobacilli for use in food supplements]. / Testovanie potenciálne probiotických laktobacilov pre pouzitie vo výzivových doplnkoch.

UNLABELLED: Some lactobacilli strains are used as probiotics in food industry and in dietary supplements. Eight lactobacilli strains, originated from the stomach of the lamb and goatling, are tested for their potential use in human and/or veterinary medicine in our department. Sanguinarine is a major alkaloid of Papaveraceae suspension cultures. For its antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory properties sanguinarine found application in dental preparations. A mixture of sanguinarine with other alkaloids is used for appetite stimulation of livestock. This paper is focused on testing of selected lactobacilli sensitivity to sanguinarine, isolated from the opium poppy suspension cultures. L. reuteri KO5 demonstrated the lowest sensitivity (MIC 0.6 mg.l-1). Other less sensitive strains were L. murinus C, L. mucosae D and L. plantarum KG4 (MIC 0.3 mg.l-1). For a combination of more strains of microorganisms in one preparation it is necessary to know their ability to influence their growth and survival. To test the mutual influence of lactobacilli, the streak line method on agar plates was used. The results show that the strains L. reuteri E, L. plantarum KG1 a L. reuteri KO4m are the most suitable ones for the use in combinations. KEYWORDS: Lactobacillus spp. probiotics food supplements sanguinarine.

[Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria]. / Bakteriocíny produkované baktériami mliecneho kvasenia.

Lactic acid bacteria comprise several genera of gram-positive bacteria that are known for the production of structurally different antimicrobial substances. Among them, bacteriocins are nowadays in the centre of scientific interest. Bacteriocins, proteinaceous antimicrobial substances, are produced ribosomally and have usually a narrow spectrum of bacterial growth inhibition. According to their structure and the target of their activity, they are divided into four classes, although there are some suggestions for a renewed classification. The most interesting and usable class are lantibiotics. They comprise the most widely commercially used and well examined bacteriocin, nisin. The non-pathogenic character of lactic acid bacteria is advantageous for using their bacteriocins in food preservation as well as in feed supplements or in veterinary medicine.