Tianeptine as an opiate replacement in a patient on methadone treatment: A case report.

Tianeptine, an antidepressant and full µ-opioid receptor agonist, has increased in popularity and has been used as an over-the-counter supplement over the past decade. Due to its well-documented euphoric effects, there exists elevated risk for potential abuse. Buprenorphine-naloxone has been successfully utilized to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) in patients concurrently using tianeptine, limiting withdrawal symptoms and abstinence. However, there is limited evidence on the management of tianeptine use disorder, specifically methadone or naltrexone. The current opioid epidemic, the emerging use of tianeptine, and the lack of physician awareness have emphasized the need for further research on the role of tianeptine in medication-assisted treatment for OUD. This case report aims to demonstrate how medication-assisted therapy can be successfully utilized in a patient with opioid and severe other (tianeptine) drug use disorder.

Buprenorphine: two adolescent case reports of bridging the transmucosal form to the extended-release subcutaneous injectable form.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 100,306 drug overdose deaths occurred in the US during a 12-month period ending in April 2021. Opioids were involved in 75% of these related deaths. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a constantly evolving public health crisis with potentially lethal consequences. In 2017, 900 adolescents began to misuse opioids every day. Nearly 10% of high school seniors reported using opioids nonmedically. Additionally, the incidence for hospitalizations for adolescents among children 1-19 years of age increased nearly 2-fold from 1997 to 2012. This data emphasizes the dangers associated with the increasing accessibility of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical opioids, particularly for adolescents. All three of the currently FDA approved medications for OUD have shown clear efficacy in decreasing all-cause mortality in adults. It is proposed that the same effects should be seen in adolescents but limited data is present. A recent study analyzed buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment amongst OUD in adolescents between 2001-2014; only 1 in 4 youth received any medication therapy within six months of diagnosis. Adolescents under 16 were the most likely to receive medications. However, even adolescents aged 17, for whom buprenorphine is FDA approved for, were less likely to receive therapy than adults over 18 years of age. The following case report aims to demonstrate how subcutaneous extended release buprenorphine treatment can be initiated effectively as an outpatient in an adolescent with OUD. It is critical that clinicians work to expand access to pharmacotherapy for adolescents struggling with OUD to ensure proper management and reduction of opioid-related overdoses.

The Role of Non-Pharmaceutical Fentanyl-Contaminated Counterfeit Oxycodone in Increasing Opioid Overdoses: A Commentary Review.

Importance: Opioid misuse/abuse is a pervasive problem in the United States, and the growing use of fentanyl-contaminated products is adding fuel to the opioid crisis.Objective: To review the rising prevalence of nonprescription fentanyl in counterfeit oxycodone, paying specific attention to oxycodone for cost analysis.Evidence Review: A literature search was performed using 3 databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and Clinical Key) to identify English-language articles published from January 2010 to October 2022. Search terms were street oxycodone and prescription oxycodone, street oxycodone. An additional search of fentanyl was performed to gather more information about the pharmacology behind fentanyl overdoses. Studies and articles were selected based on information related to the presence of non-prescription fentanyl in illicit supplies of oxycodone. Additional articles were included to demonstrate the cost, manufacturing, and overdose rates of fentanyl-laced counterfeit opioids. A total of 13 articles were included in the final review.Findings: The demand for illicit oxycodone provides an opportunity in which counterfeiters can thrive, using dangerous adulterating agents such as fentanyl to maximize their profits. Those purchasing oxycodone illicitly may or may not be aware of the presence of fentanyl in their tablets, which has clearly resulted in rising overdose numbers.Conclusion: Clinicians should counsel patients at risk for opioid misuse on the risks of counterfeit oxycodone.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2023;25(6):22nr03433. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

Xylazine Use in Pregnancy: The Effects of the Fentanyl Adulterant Xylazine on Pregnant Patients and the Developing Fetus.

Objective: A literature review was completed to outline the effects of xylazine on the pregnant patient while raising awareness of the increasing prevalence of opioid use disorder in pregnancy and the increase in adulterants in non-prescribed controlled substances. Data Sources: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the key words "xylazine, adulterant," "xylazine, humans," "xylazine, pregnancy," and "xylazine, placenta" to identify the studies evaluating xylazine's effects on humans and the pregnant patient. Study Selection: Studies were included if they provided information on symptoms of xylazine exposure, the prevalence of xylazine in pregnant humans and the hemodynamic effects of xylazine on both human and animal pregnant populations. Animal studies were included given the limited data on xylazine in pregnant humans. Four studies were utilized for background data and five studies were included in the final review of the effects of xylazine on pregnancy. Results: Studies involving humans show that xylazine toxicity can cause respiratory depression, bradycardia, and central nervous system depression. There is evidence of xylazine in human umbilical cord tissue, showing that the fetus is exposed to xylazine. Animal studies show decreased uterine blood flow, increased uterine vascular resistance, and decreased fetal growth in response to xylazine. Conclusions: Due to the limited studies on the effects of xylazine on pregnant populations, providers rely on animal studies for knowledge on xylazine's effects throughout pregnancy. Animal studies suggest an increased risk of adverse effects during pregnancy in response to xylazine. Future studies should focus on the pregnancy outcomes in patients exposed to xylazine to create more robust recommendations for treatment and pregnancy surveillance.

The Appearance of Xylazine in the United States as a Fentanyl Adulterant.

Importance: Use of xylazine in the United States as an adulterant for drugs of abuse has increased in recent years, thus it is important for health care providers to understand the basic pharmacology and toxidrome of the drug, as well as management options for patients who have overdosed.Observations: Data obtained from studies between 2006 and 2022 indicate a rapidly increasing incidence of xylazine overdose in the United States, with overdose cases now being seen in 25 states. Hallmark symptoms of xylazine overdose include respiratory depression, bradycardia, hyperglycemia, central nervous system depression, and initial hypertension turning to unstable blood pressure. Xylazine overdose is not reversible with naloxone and requires supportive measures.Conclusions and Relevance: It is important for health care providers to be aware of presenting symptoms in xylazine overdose so that proper care can be provided. Facilities may consider adding xylazine to their routine toxicology report to aid in patient management and better assess the incidence of xylazine use as an adulterant in a given geographic area.Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2023;25(6):22nr03473. Author affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

The Growing Epidemic of Opioid Use Disorder in the Elderly and Its Treatment: A Review of the Literature.

Objective: US demographic trends show an increasing proportion of adults aged > 65 years old, approximately 1 million of whom are living with an opioid use disorder (OUD). OUD may be particularly problematic in this age group due to age-related pain syndromes and comorbidities that increase the risk of side effects, overdose, and death. The objective of this review was to assess the safety and efficacy of medications for OUD (MOUD) in the elderly.Data Sources: A systematic search of the literature in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted from January 1992 through October 2021. The following terms were used: elderly, older adults, opioid use disorder, opioid dependence, buprenorphine, methadone, and medication-assisted treatment.Study Selection: The search yielded 633 results. After following PRISMA guidelines and careful manual exclusion, 13 studies were selected for the review. No studies examining use of buprenorphine were identified for MOUD.Results: The application of methadone for MOUD in the elderly shows that use is limited by preexisting conditions such as cardiac conduction abnormalities, which are more prevalent in the elderly than in the general population. Buprenorphine and naltrexone have been documented to have fewer interactions and potentially lethal adverse effects compared to methadone.Conclusion: Future studies should focus on the application of buprenorphine or naltrexone for MOUD in the elderly.

Treating opioid use disorder with rapid micro induction technique of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone in an outpatient setting-a case report.

In this case report, we present a patient on Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) for opioid use disorder (OUD) enrolled in an outpatient addictions clinic located inside a metropolitan academic hospital. He had been stable on methadone for more than six years, and had requested to be transitioned to buprenorphine due to economic constraints. He had initially been unsuccessful completing traditional induction due to withdrawal symptoms. By using the rapid micro induction technique, which benefits from the use of ancillary medications for comfort, the patient successfully transitioned to buprenorphine while monitored in the clinic for six days, with fewer reported symptoms of withdrawal. This shows a modified, expedited approach of transition from methadone to buprenorphine after a patient cannot tolerate full abstinence from opioids during traditional induction.

Rapid microinduction of sublingual buprenorphine from methadone in an outpatient setting: "A case series".

Buprenorphine (BPN), FDA approved for opioid use disorder (OUD), requires an induction protocol for the patient in mild to moderate withdrawal. This can be problematic in outpatient practice due to complicated medical management. An emerging technique in literature uses a novel approach, called microinduction. In this method, escalating microdoses of BPN are administered, without requiring the patient to stop the opioid agonist. Our addiction treatment center used a microdosing technique to transit patients from methadone to BPN, without requiring opioid abstinence. Our case series is novel as it was outpatient microinduction from methadone to BPN in 7 days or less.

Covid19 impact screening of patients undergoing medication treatment for opioid use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Populations with addiction are considered at-risk for both medical and financial effects of the COVID19 outbreak. Patients receiving medication treatment for opioid use disorder (MOUD) were screened to assess need, vulnerability factors and potential clinical impact of the pandemic for referral and allocation of resources. Methods: A 31-item quality improvement survey of COVID19-related factors (e.g. engagement in social distancing, food and financial security) and clinical benchmarks of anxiety, craving, and treatment response was administered between March 24 and April 29, 2020. Anonymized data were compiled for study. Frequencies and means were evaluated for gender, age and financial effects on anxiety and craving ratings. Results: A total of 200 (N = 117 male; N = 80 female; N = 1 transgender) patients (age 42 ± 13 years) were screened. Medical risk factors known to predict severe COVID19 reactions reported in 33% of patients did not contribute significantly to distress. While 95% of patients reported stable food and housing, personal financial and employment instability reported in 40% of patients was associated with significantly increased anxiety and craving rating, particularly for women. Conclusions: Financial ramifications of the COVID19 pandemic were the most salient concerns reported by patients engaged in MOUD in the early phases of the outbreak, particularly for women.