Molecular differentiation of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis using a new multiplex PCR targeting the mtDNA cox1 gene in wild boars in southern Italy.

The increase of wild boar populations density and their meat consumption across Europe could expose humans to a plethora of foodborne diseases as sarcocystosis, caused by the zoonotic protozoan Sarcocystis suihominis. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) containing S. suihominis sarcocysts. Despite this, to date very few data are available on the risk of infection by this parasite to wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat consumers. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. in wild boars from southern Italy, applying both histology and a new multiplex PCR assay targeting the cox1 gene. Between 2019 and 2020, 997 muscle tissues (i.e., n = 269 oesophagus, n = 277 diaphragms, n = 298 hearts, n = 153 tongues) from 311 wild boars were collected and screened by a combined histological and molecular approach. Overall, 251 (80.7%) animals tested were positive for Sarcocystis spp., and S. miescheriana whose definitive hosts are canids, was the only molecularly identified species. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection was found according to the wild boar age and muscle tissue. Findings outlined the low zoonotic potential of infection to humans via wild boar meat consumption in Italy and the importance of the application of new molecular methods in distinguishing different Sarcocystis species.

Sirtuin 1 Expression in Canine Mammary Tumors: A Pilot Study.

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a protein involved in aging, cell protection, and energy metabolism in mammals. Recently, SIRT1 has been intensively studied in medical oncology, but the role of SIRT1 is still controversial, as it has been proposed as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of SIRT1 by immunohistochemistry in canine mammary tissues, and by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis in different canine mammary cell lines. Our results showed a decrease in SIRT1 expression from normal mammary gland tissue, and from benign and well-differentiated malignant tumors (G1) to less differentiated ones (G2-G3). Furthermore, a shift in the subcellular localization of SIRT1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was observed in less differentiated malignant tumors. However, further studies are needed to investigate the subcellular localization of SIRT1 in canine cancer cells and the role it may play in oncogenesis in animals.

Autophagy up-regulation upon FeHV-1 infection on permissive cells.

FeHV-1 is a member of the Herpesviridae family that is distributed worldwide and causes feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR). Since its relationship with the autophagic process has not yet been elucidated, the aim of this work was to evaluate the autophagy mediated by FeHV-1 and to determine its proviral or antiviral role. Our data showed that autophagy is induced by FeHV-1 in a viral dose and time-dependent manner. Phenotypic changes in LC3/p62 axis (increase of LC3-II and degradation of p62) were detected from 12 h post infection using western blot and immuno-fluorescence assays. In a second step, by using late autophagy inhibitors and inducers, the possible proviral role of autophagy during FeHV-1 infection was investigating by assessing the effects of each chemical in terms of viral yield, cytotoxic effects, and expression of viral glycoproteins. Our findings suggest that late-stage autophagy inhibitors (bafilomycin and chloroquine) have a negative impact on viral replication. Interestingly, we observed an accumulation of gB, a viral protein, when cells were pretreated with bafilomycin, whereas the opposite effect was observed when an autophagy inducer was used. The importance of autophagy during FeHV-1 infection was further supported by the results obtained with ATG5 siRNA. In summary, this study demonstrates FeHV-1-mediated autophagy induction, its proviral role, and the negative impact of late autophagy inhibitors on viral replication.

Immunoexpression of Relaxin and Its Receptors in Stifle Joints of Dogs with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease.

The etiology of spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs is unknown despite being one of the most impacting orthopedic diseases in dogs. Numerous studies have contributed to the understanding of a multifactorial pathogenesis, this, however, without identifying a pivotal link to explain progressive collagen degeneration and osteoarthritic changes. In human medicine, recent reports have identified relaxin as a triggering factor in ligament ruptures in knee and metacarpal joints. We thus hypothesized that relaxin might also play a role in canine cruciate ligament rupture. Relaxin's primarily known property is connective tissue remodeling through collagenolysis. We therefore investigated relaxin and its cognate receptors LGR7/LGR8 in 18 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) and compared them to a group of dogs with normal stifle joints. Applying immunohistochemistry (IHC), double immunofluorescence (dIF), and western blot analysis (WB), we found strong and significantly increased expression of both relaxin and its receptors in ruptured cruciate ligaments, and in synovial membranes. Pattern of immuno-staining on dIF strongly suggests relaxin binding to primed receptors and activation of signaling properties, which in turn may have affected collagen matrix metabolism. Thus, in canine cranial cruciate ligament disease, relaxin/receptor signaling may be a primary trigger for collagen fiber degradation and collagen lysis, eventually followed by ligament rupture.

Metabolic Flexibility in Canine Mammary Tumors: Implications of the Carnitine System.

Deregulation of fatty acid catabolism provides an alternative energy source to glycolysis for cancer cell survival and proliferation. The regulator enzymes of the carnitine system (CS), responsible for the transport of fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes for ß-oxidation are deregulated in tumorigenesis. Recently, we found that Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1), a crucial regulator of CS components, is expressed and dysregulated in canine mammary tumor (CMT) tissues and cells. In this study, we examined the protein expression of the three remaining enzymes of CS (Carnitine Acylcarnitine Translocase (CACT), Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 (CPT2), Carnitine O-acetyltransferase (CrAT), in canine mammary cells and tissues by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of the components of CS was found in normal mammary glands and a concomitant deregulation of expression in CMT tissues that inversely correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation. Moreover, the expression and a different deregulation of CS-related proteins was also observed in CF33, CMT-U27, CMT-U309, and P114 cell lines used as in vitro model. These results demonstrate for the first time the expression of CS components in CMT tissues and cancer cells; however, further studies are needed to elucidate their roles in dogs as well.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 A expression profile in canine mammary tumors.

Genetic alterations and/or epigenetic modifications occur frequently in the majority of cancer cells. In addition to playing a crucial role as promoters of tumorigenesis, these processes can also generate metabolic pathways that are different from those in normal cells. Besides the Warburg effect, an alteration in lipid metabolism is also found in cancer cells. Thus, elucidation of the regulators involved in this metabolic reprogramming might provide tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and ultimately treatment of canine mammary tumours (CMTs) in particular. One such regulator is carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), which is involved in transportation of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for beta-oxidation, thereby providing an alternative pathway for the generation of energy for tumour growth and development. In this study, the canine cell lines MDCK, CMT-U309, CMT-U27, and P114 were used as in vitro models for western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. Furthermore, western blot and immunohistochemistry were carried out to evaluate CPT1A protein expression in the CMT specimens. The CPT1A protein and mRNA expression levels were increased in the CMT cell lines relative to their levels in normal epithelial cells. Moreover, increased CPT1A expression levels were found in the CMT tissues, being inversely correlated with the tumour differentiation grade. However, additional studies are required to further specify the role of CPT1A in CMTs.