Genome Editing Technology: A New Frontier for the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Over the past 2 decades, genome-editing technique has proven to be a robust editing method that revolutionizes the field of biomedicine. At the genetic level, it can be efficiently utilized to generate various disease-resistance models to elucidate the mechanism of human diseases. It also develops an outstanding tool and enables the generation of genetically modified organisms for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. The versatile and novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system mitigates the challenges of various genome editing techniques such as zinc-finger nucleases, and transcription activator-like effector nucleases. For this reason, it has become a ground-breaking technology potentially employed to manipulate the desired gene of interest. Interestingly, this system has been broadly utilized due to its tremendous applications for treating and preventing tumors and various rare disorders; however, its applications for treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain in infancy. More recently, 2 newly developed genome editing techniques, such as base editing and prime editing, have further broadened the accuracy range to treat CVDs under consideration. Furthermore, recently emerged CRISPR tools have been potentially applied in vivo and in vitro to treat CVDs. To the best of our knowledge, we strongly enlightened the applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system that opened a new window in the field of cardiovascular research and, in detail, discussed the challenges and limitations of CVDs.

Nanostructured 3D-porous graphene hydrogel based Ti/Sb-SnO2-Gr electrode with enhanced electrocatalytic activity.

Nanostructured highly porous 3D-Ti/Sb-SnO2-Gr electrode, based on 3D porous graphene hydrogel was fabricated via a fast-evaporation technique through layer by layer (LBL) deposition. The 3D pores are uniformly distributed on the high fidelity of substrate with pore sizes of 7-12 nm, as confirmed by SEM analysis. Compared to Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrode, the fabricated 3D porous electrode possesses high oxygen evolution potential (2.40 V), smaller charge transfer resistance (29.40 Ω cm-2), higher porosity (0.90), enhanced roughness factor (181), and larger voltammetric charge value (57.4 mC cm-2). Electrocatalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was employed to evaluate the efficiency of the fabricated 3D-Ti/Sb-SnO2-Gr anode. The results show that the electrochemical reaction follows pseudo first order kinetics with rate constant (k) value of 4.93 × 10-2 min-1, which is about 3.91 times higher compared to flat Ti/Sb-SnO2. The fabricated electrode demonstrates better stability and low specific energy consumption signifying its potential usage in electrocatalysis.