High inflammatory cytokines gene expression can be detected in workers with prolonged exposure to silver and silica nanoparticles in industries.

Occupational health must be strictly considered in industries particularly in nanoparticle factories where workers were exposed to different types of chemicals. We measured the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in workers who developed skin lesions after exposure to silver and silica nanoparticles. Using a questionnaire in this cross-sectional study, we identified 110 workers in nanoparticle industries who were exposed to silver and silica nanoparticles. We also included 40 healthy subjects as controls from the administrative department of the same factories who were not exposed to nanoparticles. Peripheral blood samples used to measure the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR. In comparison with the control group, the workers who developed skin lesions had significantly higher levels of interleukin IL4, IL6, IL8, and TNF-α, particularly after two or three decades of exposure to silver and silica nanoparticles. Participants who were exposed to silver had higher levels of IL6 and IL8 compared with those who were exposed to silica. Necessary measures must be considered to protect workers in nanoparticle industries against the potential toxic effects of these compounds. Our network pharmacology study suggests corresponding biochemical pathways for these disorders.

Determination of the epitopic peptides of fig mosaic virus and the single-chain variable fragment antibody by mass spectrometry.

The study of antibody-antigen interactions, through epitope mapping, enhances our understanding of antibody neutralization and antigenic determinant recognition. Epitope mapping, employing monoclonal antibodies and mass spectrometry, has emerged as a rapid and precise method to investigate viral antigenic determinants. In this report, we propose an approach to improve the accuracy of epitopic peptide interaction rate recognition. To achieve this, we investigated the interaction between the nucleocapsid protein of fig mosaic virus (FMV-NP) and single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv-Ab). These scFv-Ab maintain high specificity similar to whole monoclonal antibodies, but they are smaller in size. We coupled this with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The experimental design involved using two different enzymes to digest FMV-NP separately. The resulting peptides were then incubated separately with the desired scFv-Ab at different incubation times and antibody concentrations. This allowed us to monitor the relative rate of epitopic peptide interaction with the antibody. The results demonstrated that, at a 1:1 ratio and after 2 h of interaction, the residues 122-136, 148-157, and 265-276 exhibited high-rate epitopic peptide binding, with reductions in peak intensity of 78%, 21%, and 22%, respectively. Conversely, the residues 250-264 showed low-rate binding, with a 15% reduction in peak intensity. This epitope mapping approach, utilizing scFv-Ab, two different enzymes, and various incubation times, offers a precise and dependable analysis for monitoring and recognizing the binding kinetics of antigenic determinants. Furthermore, this method can be applied to study any kind of antigens.

Targeting TGF-ß-Mediated SMAD Signaling Pathway via Novel Recombinant Cytotoxin II: A Potent Protein from Naja naja oxiana Venom in Melanoma.

Since the current treatments have not resulted in the desired outcomes for melanoma patients, there is a need to identify more effective medications. Together with other snake venom proteins, cytotoxin-II has shown promising results in tumoral cells. In this study, recombinant cytotoxin-II (rCTII) was expressed in SHuffle® T7 Express cells, while the epitope mapping of rCTII was performed to reveal the antibody-binding regions of rCTII. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to assess the viability of SK-MEL-3 and HFF-2 cells after treating these cells with rCTII. The qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP-3), SMAD2, SMAD3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and miR-214 in order to reveal the rCTII-induced signaling pathways in melanoma. Our results have shown that two regions of amino acids, 6-16 and 19-44, as predicted epitopes of this toxin, are essential for understanding the toxicity of rCTII. Treating the melanoma cells with rCTII substantially inhibited the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß)-SMAD signaling pathway and down-regulated the expression of MMP-3 and miR-214 as well. This cytotoxin also restored apoptosis mainly via the intrinsic pathway. The down-regulation of MMP-3 and miR-214 might be associated with the anti-metastatic property of rCTII in melanoma. The inhibitory effect of rCTII on the TGF-ß signaling pathway might be associated with increased apoptosis and decreased cancer cell proliferation. It is interesting to see that the IC50 value of rCTII has been lower in the melanoma cells than non-tumoral cells, which may indicate its potential effects as a drug. In conclusion, rCTII, as a novel medication, might serve as a potent and efficient anticancer drug in melanoma.

Conjugation of Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibody to Magnetic Nanoparticles and Screening of Fig Mosaic Virus by MALDI TOF Mass Spectrometry.

The ability of mass spectrometry for discrimination between protein and peptide masses which are unique to specific pathogens provides an accurate and fast method for the detection of different types of pathogens, especially viruses. Capsid proteins are specific to each virus and can be used as a biomarker for detection of this pathogen. On the other hand, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies have been recently used to enhance the accuracy of immunoassay techniques. So conjugation of mass spectrometry and scFv antibody provides a very accurate and fast method for the detection of viruses. In this report, for the first time, we have immobilized scFv antibody of fig mosaic virus (FMV) on the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to extract the virus capsid protein from complex biological media and subsequently identified this protein through both its intact molecular mass and peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).

Generation and molecular docking analysis of specific single-chain variable fragments selected by phage display against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of fig mosaic virus.

The mosaic disease caused by fig mosaic virus (FMV) is considered the plague of fig worldwide. A naïve phage display library, raised against the recombinant nucleocapsid protein of FMV (FMV-Np) was screened to obtain specific monoclonal recombinant antibodies in the form of single chain variable fragments (scFvs). After three rounds of biopanning, the bacterially expressed FMV-Np was used as an antigen for selecting specific phages for the production of specific soluble scFvs to be used in immunological assays. The binding specificity of scFvs against FMV-infected fig samples was evaluated by immunoblotting and Plate trapped antigen-ELISA (PTA-ELISA), which revealed efficient of the resultant scFvs to the target antigen. Silico homology-modelling and molecular docking analysis confirmed the scFv and FMV-Np interactions with the anti-FMV-Np scFv through an estimated binding energy of -650 kj mol-1; considered to be generated from the interactions between 13 amino acids residues predicted as putative epitopes in the interface pocket of FMV-Np and scFv antibody. This high affinity was further confirmed in the specificity of ELISA and immunoblotting assays. This is the first report on the application of phage display technology to generate specific recombinant scFvs against FMV that can be applied in development of antibody-mediated protection strategy to control the fig mosaic disease.

Simple and effective label free electrochemical immunosensor for Fig mosaic virus detection.

Here, the construction and characterization of the first immunosensor for highly sensitive and label free detection of Fig mosaic virus (FMV) is reported. The specific antibody against nucleocapsid of the virus was raised and immobilized at the surface of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and 3-mercapto propionic acid (MPA) modified gold electrode, via carbodiimide coupling reaction. The immunosensor fabrication steps were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical detection of FMV was conducted using differential pulse voltammetry in ferri/ferrocyanide solution as a redox probe. The proposed immunosensor exhibited high selectivity, good reproducibility and high sensitivity for FMV detection in a range from 0.1 nM to 1 µM with a detection limit of 0.03 nM. Moreover, good results were obtained for determination of FMV in real samples, indicating the feasibility of the developed immunosensor for detection of fig mosaic disease, without the need for molecular (e.g. PCR) amplification.

Production of a polyclonal antiserum against recombinant nucleocapsid protein and its application for the detection of fig mosaic virus.

Mosaic disease (MD), caused by Fig mosaic emaravirus (FMV), is the most important and devastating virus disease of fig trees worldwide. The detection of FMV in infected plants is possible only through the use of molecular techniques, i.e. RT-PCR and LAMP, which both offer high sensitivity of detection, but are also considered laborious when dealing with a large number of samples. To cope with this restriction, a polyclonal antiserum through the immunization of a rabbit by injecting the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (NP) of FMV was raised and evaluated for its efficacy in Western Blot, Dot immuno-binding and DAS-ELISA. The results obtained showed that the raised antiserum was able to identify the nucleocapsid protein of FMV (p3) which was found to have an estimated molecular weight of ca. 35 KDa. In addition, the antiserum, when used in the three serological assays, was able to detect the p3 of FMV in protein extracts of infected plants with different levels of efficacy. Dot immuno-binding, using denatured plant protein extract, proved to be the most efficient serological assay for detecting FMV in samples collected from different fig orchards. This is the first report on an antiserum raised against FMV that could be used for immunological detection of the virus.

Isolation and Characterization of Novel Phage Displayed scFv Fragment for Human Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Molecular Docking Analysis of Their Interactions.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression amplifies to excess amounts in several disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Although, Anti-TNF biologics have revolutionized the treatment of these autoimmune diseases, formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) has dramatically affected their use. The next generation antibodies (e.g. Fab, scFv) have not only reduced resulted immunogenicity, but also proved several benefits including better tumor penetration and more rapid blood clearance. Using affinity selection procedures in this study, a scFv antibody clone was isolated from naïve Tomlinson I phage display library that specifically recognizes and binds to TNF-α. The TNF-α recombinant protein was expressed in genetically engineered Escherichia coli SHuffle® T7 Express, for the first time, which is able to express disulfide-bonded recombinant proteins into their correctly folded states. ELISA-based affinity characterization results indicated that the isolated novel 29.2 kDa scFv binds TNF-α with suitable affinity. In-silico homology modeling study using 'ModWeb' as well as molecular docking study using Hex program confirmed the scFv and TNF-α interactions with a scFv-TNF- α binding energy of around -593 kj/mol which is well in agreement with our ELSIA results. The cloned scFv antibody may be potentially useful for research and therapeutic applications in the future.