Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Long-Term Trends in Ischemic Stroke Mortality in China Caused by Specific Risk Factors from 1990 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study the primary risk factors for the long-term trends of mortality rates in ischemic stroke (IS) in China. METHODS: Using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) database, research was conducted on the 11 primary risk factors for the mortality rates of IS in China from 1990 to 2019. This study employed joinpoint regression software and the age-period-cohort method to evaluate the trends of mortality rates divided by age, period, and cohort over time. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) caused by a diet high in red meat and high body mass index in China showed an upward trend. ASMR increased first and then decreased due to smoking, diet high in sodium, particulate matter pollution, high fasting plasma glucose, and high systolic blood pressure. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), kidney dysfunction, low temperature, and lead exposure remained relatively stable during this period. In the 35-45 age group, the mortality rate of IS due to high LDL-C was up to about 60%, and smoking affected men more than women. Overall, high LDL-C, high systolic blood pressure, and particulate matter pollution were the most common risk factors in patients with IS. The risk of death rose with age. The period and cohort relative risks showed that metabolic risk factors had the greatest impact on the mortality of IS. CONCLUSION: Metabolic risk factors have become the primary risk factors for the ASMR of IS in China. Relevant authorities should pay attention to their long-term effects on IS. Effective public health policies and interventions should be implemented to reduce the burden of IS.

Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and cognitive impairment in China: a community population-based cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance (IR) is a feature of metabolic syndrome and plays an important role in cognitive impairment (CI). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a convenient and cost-effective surrogate for assessing IR. This study aimed to assess the association between the TyG index and CI. METHODS: This community population-based cross-sectional study used a cluster-sampling methodology. All participants underwent the education-based Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and those with CI were identified using standard thresholds. The fasting blood triglyceride and glucose levels were measured in the morning, and the TyG index was calculated as ln (½ fasting triglyceride level [mg/dL] × fasting blood glucose level [mg/dL]). Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analysis were used to assess the relationship between the TyG index and CI. RESULTS: This study included 1484 subjects, of which 93 (6.27%) met the CI criteria. Multivariable logistic regression showed that CI incidence increased by 64% per unit increase in the TyG index (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-2.63, p = 0.042). CI risk was 2.64-fold higher in the highest TyG index quartile compared to the lowest TyG index quartile (OR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.19-5.85, p = 0.016). Finally, interaction analysis showed that sex, age, hypertension, and diabetes did not significantly affect the association between the TyG index and CI. CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that an elevated TyG index was associated with a higher CI risk. Subjects with a higher TyG index should manage and treat at an early stage to alleviate the cognitive decline.

Latencies to the first interictal epileptiform discharges recorded by the electroencephalography in different epileptic patients.

PURPOSE: Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) captured in electroencephalography (EEG) have a high diagnostic value for epileptic patients. Extending the recording time may increase the possibility of obtaining IEDs. The purpose of our research was to determine how long it took for various epileptic individuals to receive their first IEDs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were diagnosed with epilepsy and had no anti-seizure medications (ASMs) between September 2018 and March 2019 in the neurology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. Each individual underwent a 24-h long-term video electroencephalographic monitoring (VEM) procedure. Clinical information including age, gender, age of seizure onset, frequency of seizures, the interval between last seizure and VEM, and results of neuroimaging were gathered. We also calculated the times from the start of the VEM to the first definite IEDs. RESULTS: A total of 241 patients were examined, including 191 with focal-onset epilepsy and 50 with generalized epilepsy. In individuals with focal-onset epilepsy, the median latency to the first IED was 63.0 min (IQR 19.0-299.0 min), as compared to 30.0 min (IQR 12.5-62.0 min) in patients with generalized epilepsy (p < 0.001). The latency to the first IED is significantly related to the age of seizure onset (HR = 0.988, p = 0.049), the interval between last seizure and VEM (HR = 0.998, p = 0.013). But it is not correlated with seizure frequency, gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: IEDs were discovered during 24-h EEG monitoring in 222/241(92.1%) of the epilepsy patients that were included. Compared to focal-onset epilepsy, generalized epilepsy demonstrated a much shorter latency to IED. Patients with late-onset epilepsy or those without recent episodes may require longer EEG monitoring periods.

Short-term efficacy of stenting as a rescue therapy for acute atherosclerotic occlusion in anterior cerebral circulation.

Purpose: The study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of the Neuroform EZ stent in treating acute anterior circulation large artery occlusion. Methods: The clinical data of 42 consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation large atherosclerotic occlusion who were treated with the Neuroform EZ stent from January 2018 to August 2019 in our stroke care center, including baseline characteristics, images, therapeutic condition, and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed. Results: There were 42 mechanical thrombectomy (MT) failure cases of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis with rescue Neuroform EZ stent implantation, of which 78.6% (33/42) had a good prognosis and 88.1% (37/42) showed no re-stenosis at follow-up. The average time from puncture to recanalization is 79.50 ± 14.19 min. The successful rate of intraoperative stent release is 97.6%, while there is one case of stent displacement, three cases of thrombus escape, and six cases of hemorrhage. Conclusion: Rescue therapy of the Neuroform EZ stent for acute anterior circulation large atherosclerotic occlusion can archive good short-term imaging and clinical results, while long-term follow-up is still needed to verify.

Burden of ischemic stroke in mainland China and Taiwan province from 1990 to 2019: with forecast for the next 11 years.

Ischemic stroke is featured with high incidence, mortality, and disability. The aim of this study is to use Global Burden of Disease database to describe and compare the burden of ischemic stroke in mainland China and Taiwan province and to further predict the expected changes in the next 11 years using statistical modeling methods. Information on ischemic stroke incidence and mortality in China (mainland and Taiwan province) during 1990-2019 was obtained from the Global Burden of Disease database to analyze the effects of region, gender, and age on the incidence and mortality of ischemic stroke in China. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to predict the age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized mortality rate of ischemic stroke in males and females in mainland China and Taiwan province in the next 11 years. The period from 1990 to 2019 witnessed an overall upward trend in the number of incidence and deaths in mainland China and Taiwan province. In 2019, there were nearly 2.87 million ischemic incidence cases with stroke in mainland China, with more female patients than male in the age group of over 60 years. Among the nearly 1.03 million deaths, the death toll of men under the age of 85 years was higher than that of women, while in Taiwan province, the number of incidence was 28 771, with more female patients of all ages than male. Among the 6788 deaths, the death toll of men under the age of 80 years was higher than that of women. In 2019, the age group with the highest number of patients in the two regions was 65-69 years, while the highest number of deaths was found in people aged 85 years and above. As our autoregressive integrated moving average model predicted, the age-standardized incidence rate value of ischemic stroke is expected to be 163.23/100 000 persons in mainland China by 2030, which would continue to increase, while the age-standardized mortality rate value of ischemic stroke is expected to be 16.41/100 000 persons in Taiwan province by 2030, which showed a decreasing trend. Disease burden of ischemic stroke is still increasing in mainland China and Taiwan province, and health resources should be deployed to implement effective prevention and control strategies, taking into account region, gender, and age.

Case report and literature review: fatal cerebral fat embolism following facial autologous fat graft.

Background: Severe cerebral artery embolism is a rare complication of facial autologous fat injection. However, its incidence has markedly increased with the recent rise in facial cosmetic procedures. Case presentation: We report a 31-year-old Chinese woman who presented with unconsciousness 6 h after having undergone a facial autologous fat injection. A neurological examination revealed stupor, bilaterally diminished pupillary light reflexes, right-sided central facial palsy, and no reaction to pain stimulation of right limbs. Diffusion-weighted imaging displayed patchy hyperintense lesions in the left frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated fat embolism in the left internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, and middle cerebral artery. We immediately performed mechanical thrombectomy under sufficient preoperative preparations but failed to achieve complete recanalization. Pathological examination of the embolus confirmed the presence of adipocytes. Although we actively administered symptomatic and supportive treatments, the patient eventually died due to the progression of cerebral herniation and systemic infection. Conclusion: Due to the ineffectiveness of current treatment and the inferior prognosis, fat embolism, a severe complication of autologous fat graft, should draw the attention of both plastic surgeons and neurologists so that actions may be taken for both its prevention and treatment.

Post-dural puncture headache combined with pneumocephalus secondary to vaginal delivery following epidural anesthesia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pneumocephalus is rare in vaginal deliveries. Pneumocephalus may be asymptomatic or present with signs of increased intracranial pressure. However, parturients who received epidural anesthesia with air in their brains may experience low intracranial pressure headaches after giving birth, causing the diagnosis of pneumocephalus to be delayed. We report a case of a parturient who developed post-dural puncture headache combined with pneumocephalus secondary to vaginal delivery following epidural anesthesia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old G1P0 Chinese woman at 38 weeks gestation was in labor and received epidural anesthesia using the loss of resistance to air technique and had a negative prior medical history. She presented with postural headache, neck stiffness and auditory changes 2 h after vaginal delivery. The head non-contrast computed tomography revealed distributed gas density shadows in the brain, indicating pneumocephalus. Her headache was relieved by bed rest, rehydration, analgesia, and oxygen therapy and completely disappeared after 2 weeks of postpartum bed rest. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report that positional headaches after epidural anesthesia may not indicate low intracranial pressure alone; it may combine with pneumocephalus, particularly when using the loss of resistance to air technique. At this moment, head computed tomography is essential to discover other conditions like pneumocephalus.

Nonlinear relationship between pulse pressure and risk of cognitive impairment: A 4-year community-based cohort study in Xi'an, China.

OBJECTIVES: It has been known that pulse pressure (PP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke, however, the relationship between PP and cognitive impairment is unclear. METHODS: This was a community-based cohort study. Participates were followed-up for 4 years and new-onset cognitive impairment was diagnosed. Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to investigate the relationship between PP and cognitive impairment. Propensity score matching (PSM) and sensitivity analysis among ApoEε4 non-carriers were performed to confirm the results. RESULTS: 1462 participants were included at baseline and 1173 completed the follow-up. There were 42 (3.5%) new-onset cognitive impairment of whom 31 were diagnosed with MCI and 11 with dementia during the follow-up. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that PP was positively associated with cognitive impairment (OR = 2.853, 95% CI 1.079-7.548, p = 0.035), and RCS suggested a non-linear relationship (Pnon-linear = 0.034). The risk of cognitive impairment merely changed when the PP was below about 46.7 mmHg and increased rapidly thereafter. After the covariates were well balanced using PSM (standardized mean differences <0.1 for all covariates), logistic regression analysis revealed the risk of cognitive impairment was still higher for those with high PP (OR = 3.369, 95% CI 1.202-9.441, p = 0.021). Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results with primary analysis. CONCLUSION: PP is associated with cognitive impairment in a non-linear manner among middle-aged and elderly. The risk of cognitive impairment increases rapidly when PP exceeds about 46.7 mmHg, which may be informative for subsequent research of PP control ranges.

Diabetes influences the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in SH-SY5Y cells and induces Aß deposition and cognitive dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Diabetes has been regarded as an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study found that diabetes activated autophagy, but lysosome function was impaired. Autophagy-lysosome dysfunction may be involved in Aß deposition in diabetic cognitive impairment. In the present study, we used STZ-induced diabetic rats and SH-SY5Y cells to investigate whether diabetes inhibits autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. We found that in the in vivo study, STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited cognitive dysfunction, and the lysosome function-related factors CTSL, CTSD, and Rab7 were decreased (P < 0.05). In an in vitro study, the mRFP-GFP-LC3 assay showed that the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was partly blocked in SH-SY5Y cells. High glucose treatment downregulated the number of autophagolysosomes, downregulated CTSD, CTSL, and Rab7 expression (P < 0.05), and then influenced the function of ACP2 to partly block the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes to inhibit Aß clearance. These findings indicate that high glucose treatment affected lysosome function, interfered with the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, and partly blocked autophagic flux to influence Aß clearance.

Associations among Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Hip Ratio, and Cognitive Impairment Tend to Follow an Opposite Trend and Are Sex Specific: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Area of Xi'an, China.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between obesity and cognitive impairment (CI) is highly heterogeneous in previous studies, which may be due to insufficient consideration of anthropometric indicators and sex. This study compared the cross-sectional relationships among body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and CI among people aged ≥40 years, and sex-specific relationships were also considered. METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a cluster sampling design. CI was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score lower than the cutoff value. Multivariate logistic regression was used. BMI and WHR were fitted as both restricted cubic splines and categorical data. Stratified analysis and interaction analysis were performed to explore the sex-specific relationship. RESULTS: A total of 1,792 subjects (40.5% male) were analyzed, and 230 were confirmed to have CI. The relationships among BMI, WHR, and CI were significant (poverall = 0.023, pnonlinear = 0.097; poverall = 0.017, pnonlinear = 0.078, respectively) but exhibited an opposite trend in the total population in the analyses with BMI and WHR as restricted cubic splines. Further categorical analyses showed that subjects with a BMI <23 kg/m2 tended to have a higher risk of CI than those with BMI ≥23 kg/m2 (16.2% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.017; OR = 1.366 [0.969-1.926], p = 0.075), and subjects with a WHR >0.92 had a significantly higher risk of CI than those with a WHR ≤0.92 (11.7% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.011; OR = 1.619 [1.161-2.258], p = 0.005). In addition, the relationship between a low BMI and CI was more significant in males (p = 0.034), while the relationship between a high WHR and CI was more significant in females (p = 0.002). Further studies are needed to confirm the sex differences because of the marginal significance result in the interaction analysis (p = 0.051 for interaction term BMI × sex; p = 0.056 for interaction term WHR × sex). CONCLUSION: The relationships among BMI, WHR, and CI exhibit an opposite trend. A low BMI or high WHR was positively associated with CI, which was more prominent in males for a low BMI and females for a high WHR.

Pulse Pressure Is Associated with Rapid Cognitive Decline over 4 Years: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Aiming to investigate the relationship between pulse pressure (PP) and cognitive decline, cognitively normal subjects from a community-based longitudinal cohort were followed-up for 4 years. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate global cognitive function, and a ≥2-point decrease in the MMSE score from baseline was defined as cognitive decline. Restricted cubic spline, multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship between PP and cognitive decline. A total of 1173 participants completed the follow-up, and 205 (17.5%) met the criteria for cognitive decline. Restricted cubic splines showed no nonlinear relationship between PP and ΔMMSE (Poverall = 0.037, Pnon-linear = 0.289) or cognitive decline (Poverall = 0.003, Pnon-linear = 0.845). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that PP was positively related to ΔMMSE (b = 0.021, p = 0.020). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that PP was positively associated with cognitive decline (OR = 1.020, p = 0.023). A stratified analysis found an association between PP and cognitive decline in participants who were aged ≤65 years, male, and APOEε4 noncarriers and who had school education ≤6 years or hypertension. A sensitivity analysis after propensity-score matching did not alter our findings. These findings highlight that elevated PP is associated with rapid cognitive decline, particularly in males, middle-aged, low-educated, hypertensive individuals and APOEε4 noncarriers.

Sleep disturbance is associated with mild cognitive impairment: a community population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep is conducive to the elimination of brain metabolites and the recovery of brain function. However, the relationship between sleep disturbance and Mild Cognitive Impairment is not fully been determined. METHODS: This was a community population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 1,443 participants from a village in the suburbs of Xi'an, China were enrolled in 2017. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), and sleep disturbance was defined as a PSQI score > 5. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive function and Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI) was defined as the MMSE score less than cutoff values and meets the diagnostic criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the relationships between sleep disturbance and MCI. RESULTS: Among 1,443 subjects, 69(4.78%) had MCI, and 830 (57.52%) had sleep disturbance. In bivariate analysis, MCI was associated with sleep disturbance (ρ = 0.094, P<0.001). In the binary logistic regression, MCI was positively associated with the sleep disturbance (OR = 2.027, 95%CI = 1.112-3.698, P = 0.021). In the internal constitution of PSQI, MCI was negatively associated with the habitual sleep efficiency (OR = 0.447, 95%CI = 0.299-0.669, P < 0.001). Compared with waking up before or at 7 am, waking up after 7 am (OR = 0.555, 95%CI = 0.309-0.995, P = 0.048), or 8 am (OR = 0.296, 95%CI = 0.097-0.902, P = 0.032) was probably more likely to have normal cognition. However, people who slept more than 8 h a day might be more likely to suffer from MCI (OR = 5.560, 95%CI = 1.419-21.789, P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Sleep disturbance is associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment. However, the causal relationship between them is not clear. It needs to be further studied.

Resting heart rate is associated with novel plasma atherosclerosis biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Resting heart rate (RHR) is a strong predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Both soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (sLRP1) and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) are novel plasma biomarkers for atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the potential associations between RHR and plasma sLRP1 and sRAGE levels and whether any associations might be modified by apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carrier status. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 941 apparently healthy adults aged 40 years or older. Plasma sLRP1 and sRAGE levels were measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. APOE gene polymorphisms were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: RHR was a significant determinant of log-transformed sLRP1 (ß = 0.004; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.002-0.007; P = 0.001) and log-transformed sRAGE (ß = 0.005; 95% CI, 0.002-0.007; P <0.001) independently of age, sex, body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids, lifestyle, and medical history. Additionally, APOE ε4 carrier status was inversely associated with log-transformed plasma sLRP1 level (ß = -0.072; 95% CI, -0.130 to -0.015; P = 0.01) and did not modify the relationship between RHR and plasma sLRP1 level. CONCLUSIONS: An elevated RHR was associated with increased sLRP1 and sRAGE values, which was not modified by APOE genotype. The underlying mechanism of this effect may be relevant to the progression of atherosclerosis.

The Relationship Between Pre-existing Coronary Heart Disease and Cognitive Impairment Is Partly Explained by Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in the Subjects Without Clinical Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is closely associated with cognitive impairment, especially in severe cases of heart failure. However, it is unclear whether cardiac systolic function plays a role in the relationship between pre-existing CHD and cognitive impairment in subjects without clinical heart failure. Methods: In total, 208 subjects from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were recruited from June 2014 to January 2015, and were divided into CHD (n = 118) and non-CHD (n = 90) groups according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The global cognitive function of all subjects was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and cognitive impairment was defined as the score lower than the cutoff value. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured using transthoracic echocardiograms. The relationship among pre-existing CHD, LVEF, and cognitive impairment was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: In total, 34 subjects met the criteria of cognitive impairment. Univariate analysis showed that the cognitive impairment prevalence in the CHD group was significantly higher than that in the non-CHD group (22.0 vs. 8.9%, p = 0.011). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that CHD was significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 3.284 [95% CI, 1.032-10.450], p = 0.044) after adjusting for confounds except for LVEF. However, the OR of CHD decreased (OR = 2.127 [95% CI, 0.624-7.254], p = 0.228) when LVEF was further corrected as a continuous variable, and LVEF was negatively associated with the risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.928 [95% CI, 0.882-0.976], p = 0.004). Conclusion: Pre-existing CHD is associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment, and such an association can be considerably explained by reduced LVEF. An impaired cardiac systolic function may play a key role in the relationship between CHD and cognitive impairment among patients with pre-heart failure conditions.

The Association of Plasma Amyloid-ß and Cognitive Decline in Cognitively Unimpaired Population.

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between baseline plasma Aß and cognitive decline during follow-up in cognitively unimpaired population. Materials and Methods: Cognitively unimpaired population was selected from people who lived in the suburbs of Xi'an, China. The levels of plasma Aß1-42 and Aß1-40 were tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and neuropsychological battery were used to assess cognition. Two years later, MMSE was tested again, and significant cognitive decline was defined as a decrease in MMSE scores ≥5 points. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between baseline plasma Aß and cognitive change during the two-year follow-up. Results: A total of 1144 participants completed the study, among whom 59 subjects (5.2%) presented significant cognitive decline. The high plasma Aß1-42 level group had more significant cognitive decline (P = 0.023). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that significant cognitive decline was associated with the high levels of baseline plasma Aß1-42 (OR = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.005-1.083, P = 0.026). However, significant cognitive decline was not associated with baseline plasma Aß1-40 levels and Aß1-42 /Aß1-40 ratio. Conclusion: Population with high level of baseline plasma Aß1-42 manifested significant cognitive decline over 2 years; however, further investigation on the dynamics of plasma Aß and long-term follow-up are needed.

Peripheral Transport Proteins Were Associated with 4-Year Cognitive Decline in APOE ɛ4 Non-Carriers: A Longitudinal, Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (sLRP1) and soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) play major roles in peripheral clearance of amyloid-ß (Aß). OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between baseline sLRP1/sRAGE and early cognitive decline in a longitudinal study and explore the possible effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) on their association. METHODS: Cognitively normal subjects were followed-up for 4 years. The baseline plasma levels of sLRP1 and sRAGE were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Global cognition was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and cognitive decline was defined as a ≥2-point decrease of MMSE after 4 years. The association between baseline sLRP1/sRAGE and 4-year cognitive decline were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Interaction analysis was performed to discover the potential effect of APOE genotype on the relationship. RESULTS: 769 participants were included in the final analysis, with 122 subjects (15.86%) were cognitive decline. Baseline sLRP1/sRAGE levels were not associated with 4-year cognitive decline after multivariable adjustments in the total cohort. However, there was significant interaction effect between sRAGE and APOE genotype on cognitive decline (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-3.86, p = 0.019). Lower levels of sRAGE were associated with increased risk of cognitive decline among APOE ɛ4 non-carriers (adjusted OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.48, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Individuals with lower levels of sRAGE had an increased risk of 4-year cognitive decline in APOE ɛ4 non-carriers, indicating that the association between sRAGE and cognitive decline might depend on the APOE genotype. However, the specific mechanisms need to be further elucidated.

The Relationships Between Lipid Accumulation Product Levels and Cognitive Decline Over 4 Years in a Rural Area of Xi'an, China.

Background and Aims: The relationships between blood lipid levels and obesity and cognitive impairment have not been fully determined. Considering that the lipid accumulation product (LAP) is a composite index of blood lipid levels and obesity, we investigated the relationships between LAP levels at baseline and cognitive decline over 4 years. Methods: A total of 983 subjects (≥40 years) from a longitudinal cohort in a village of Xi'an, China, who completed the baseline survey were followed-up for 4 years. All participants underwent face-to-face interviews and cognitive assessments at baseline and at the 4-year follow-up. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive function, and an MMSE score dropping ≥ 2 points from baseline was defined as cognitive decline. The relationships between LAP and cognitive decline were analyzed by linear regression models. Results: During the 4-year follow-up, 172 patients exhibited cognitive decline (17.5%). Univariate analysis showed that the rate of change in MMSE score was significantly different between the low-LAP group and the high-LAP group (t = -2.26, p = 0.024). Multiple linear regression indicated that a high LAP was positively associated with cognitive decline (ß = 0.564, p = 0.012). Stratified multivariate analysis showed that LAP was positively associated with cognitive decline in the normal blood pressure female subgroup (ß = 1.29, p = 0.002) but not in the high blood pressure group or the male group. Conclusions: High LAP is associated with cognitive decline in females with normal blood pressure but not in those with high blood pressure or males. This indicates that the relationships between blood lipid levels and obesity and cognitive impairment may be affected by blood pressure and sex.

Blood Triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein Levels Are Associated with Plasma Amyloid-ß Transport: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have found that blood lipids are associated with plasma amyloid-ß (Aß) levels, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Two Aß transporters, soluble form of low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (sLRP1) and soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), are crucial in peripheral Aß transport. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the effects of lipids on the relationships between plasma Aß and transporter levels. METHODS: This study included 1,436 adults aged 40 to 88 years old. Blood Aß, sLRP1, sRAGE, and lipid levels were measured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the relationships between lipids and plasma Aß, sLRP1, and sRAGE. RESULTS: After adjusting for all possible covariates, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) was positively associated with plasma Aß42 and sRAGE (ß= 6.158, p = 0.049; ß= 121.156, p < 0.001, respectively), while triglyceride (TG) was negatively associated with plasma Aß40, Aß42, and sRAGE (ß= -48.389, p = 0.017; ß= -11.142, p = 0.020; ß= -147.937, p = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, positive correlations were found between plasma Aß and sRAGE in the normal TG (Aß40: ß= 0.034, p = 0.005; Aß42: ß= 0.010, p = 0.001) and HDL-c groups (Aß40: ß= 0.023, p = 0.033; Aß42: ß= 0.008, p = 0.002) but not in the high TG and low HDL-c groups. CONCLUSION: Abnormal levels of TG and HDL-c are associated with decreased Aß and sRAGE levels. Positive correlations between plasma Aß and sRAGE were only found in the normal TG and HDL-c groups but not in the high TG and low HDL-c groups. These results indicated that dyslipidemia contributing to plasma Aß levels might also be involved in peripheral Aß clearance.

Blood Pressure Level Is Associated With Changes in Plasma Aß1 -40 and Aß1-42 Levels: A Cross-sectional Study Conducted in the Suburbs of Xi'an, China.

Objectives: Amyloid-ß (Aß) deposition in the brain is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Hypertension is a risk factor for AD, but the effects of hypertension on Aß deposition are not fully determined. Considering peripheral Aß closely relates to Aß deposition in the brain, we investigated the relationships between blood pressure (BP) level and plasma Aß concentrations. Methods: One-thousand and sixty-nine participants (age above 45) from a village in the suburbs of Xi'an, China were enrolled. Questionnaires and validated Chinese versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were used to collect information about vascular risk factors and assess cognition function. The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype was detected using PCR and sequencing. Plasma Aß levels were measured using ELISA. The associations between BP and plasma Aß levels were analyzed by using multivariate linear regression. Results: Plasma Aß1-40 level was higher in high BP group than that in normal BP group (53.34 ± 8.50 pg/ml vs. 51.98 ± 8.96 pg/ml, P = 0.013), in high SBP group than that in normal SBP group (53.68 ± 8.69 pg/ml vs. 51.88 ± 8.80 pg/ml, P = 0.001) and in high MABP group than that in normal MABP group (54.05 ± 8.78 pg/ml vs. 52.04 ± 8.75 pg/ml, P = 0.001). After controlling for the confounding factors, SBP (b = 0.078, P < 0.001), DBP (b = 0.090, P = 0.008) and MABP (b = 0.104, P < 0.001) correlated with plasma Aß1-40 level positively in ApoE ε4 non-carriers, but not ApoE ε4 carriers. Conclusions: Elevated BP levels were associated with increased plasma Aß1-40 levels in middle-aged and elderly ApoE ε4 non-carriers.