Aqueous humor protein markers in myopia: a review.

PURPOSE: Myopia is one of the most common forms of refractive error. Most myopia manifests itself as a relative growth of the eye axis, resulting in a state in which light is projected in front of the retina after being refracted by the refractive system of the eyeball. So far, the specific pathogenesis of myopia is still not well explained, through the results of animal experiments, researchers have proposed various possible scenarios, but all these are based on animal models, and there may still be a certain gap with the mechanism of true myopia in humans. The most readily available in clinical work is aqueous humor obtained during cataract surgery, for which we reviewed these studies of aqueous humor samples from myopic patients. METHODS: A systematic literature search was done on PubMed using key words including "myopia," "aqueous humor," and "protein." RESULTS: The results of existing aqueous humor studies have shown that the difference in substances in the aqueous humor of myopia is related to the degradation of the scleral matrix, chronic inflammation of the eye, pro-fibrosis, blood vessel production, and inhibition. There may be more than one reason associated with myopia progression. CONCLUSION: The specific mechanism of myopia has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the means of preventing and treating myopia should focus on inhibiting the degradation of the scleral matrix, promoting the proliferation of scleral collagen fibers, and alleviating chronic inflammation of the eyes. Further research into myopic aqueous humor may provide us with new insights.

Correlation analysis of aqueous humor metabolomics with myopic axial length and choroidal parameters.

BACKGROUND: To explore differential metabolites in the aqueous humor of patients with different axial lengths and their correlations with axial length and choroidal parameters. METHODS: In this study, we included 12 patients with axial lengths less than 24 mm, 11 patients with axial lengths between 24 and 26 mm, and 11 patients with axial lengths greater than 26 mm. We collected their aqueous humor samples during cataract surgery for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis. Simultaneously, we collected relevant clinical parameters such as axial length, subfoveal choroidal thickness, and choroidal vascular index. Correlations between clinical data, differential metabolites, and clinical indicators were analyzed. In addition, we plotted receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: The results showed that axial length was significantly negatively correlated with choroidal thickness (r=-0.7446, P < 0.0001), and that several differential metabolites were significantly correlated with certain clinical parameters. After analyzing receiver operating characteristic curves, 5-methoxytryptophol and cerulenin were found to have excellent discriminative power, demonstrating their potential as biomarkers. In the enrichment analysis, we found that the differential metabolites among each group were involved in several special pathways (Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism, Vitamin B6 Metabolism, Pantothenate, and coenzyme A Biosynthesis), suggesting that abnormalities in these metabolic pathways may play a role in the process of axial myopia. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified alterations in certain metabolic pathways in different axial lengths. At the same time, we found several metabolites with significant correlation with clinical indicators, among which 5-methoxytryptophol and cerulenin were associated with axial myopia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration date:11/04/2022. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2200058575. TRIAL REGISTRY: The First Affiliated Hospital of the Zhejiang University School of Medicine.

Idiopathic Hypertrophic Cranial Pachymeningitis with Scleritis and Optic Disc Involvement: a Case Report and Literature Review.

This report describes a case of idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis (IHCP) with scleritis and optic disc involvement. The patient was a 56-year-old woman with chief complaints of fever, headache, binocular pain, and redness. Biochemical and immunological indicators, cranial magnetic resonance imaging, and relevant ophthalmological examinations were employed for evaluation. Infectious and neoplastic causes were excluded. Typical meningeal thickening and enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging revealed IHCP. Diffuse hyperaemia and oedema of the conjunctiva and the T-shape sign on the B-scan suggested anterior and posterior scleritis, respectively. Abnormalities in fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and visual field examination suggested optic disc involvement. After anti-infection and steroid therapy, the patient's temperature returned to normal and the symptoms of headache, binocular pain, and redness improved. Neurologists and ophthalmologists should consider the combination of IHCP with scleritis in their differential diagnosis when patients complain of headache accompanied by ocular pain and redness.