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1.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord ; 22(1): 208, 2022 05 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35538423

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is considered reliable for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes mellitus (DM). It also indicates cardiovascular complications related to DM. However, only a few studies have been conducted on this topic. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between newly diagnosed hypertension and HbA1c among non-diabetic Sudanese adults. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in the sample were gathered using a questionnaire, and HbA1c was measured using an Ichroma machine. RESULTS: Three hundred and eighty-four healthy participants were enrolled in this study. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 56.0 (14.0) years, and 72.1% of the participants were female. The median (IQR) body mass index (BMI) was 31.2 (8.7) kg/m2. One hundred and fifteen (29.9%) participants presented newly diagnosed hypertension. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that age (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01‒1.05); BMI (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.05‒1.14); HbA1c levels (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.29‒3.67) was positively associated with newly diagnosed hypertension. For an HbA1c level of 5.0% or more, the sensitivity and specificity of newly diagnosed hypertension were 91.3% and 28.2%, respectively (area under the curve = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.55-0.67; P ˂ 0.001). Participants who presented HbA1c levels of 5.0% or more were found to be at higher risk for newly diagnosed hypertension (AOR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.14‒5.61). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated a high prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension, and HbA1c levels were positively associated with newly diagnosed hypertension.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Diabetes Mellitus , Hipertensão , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco
2.
BMC Womens Health ; 22(1): 165, 2022 05 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35562723

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a global health problem associated with significant morbidity during reproductive age. Only a few published studies that address the clinical manifestations and phenotypic presentation of the disease have been conducted in Africa, including Sudan. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical and biochemical presentation of the different PCOS phenotypes among infertile Sudanese women. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from January to December 2019. A total of 368 infertile women with PCOS (based on the Rotterdam criteria) were recruited from a fertility center in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic characteristics were described and compared between the four phenotypes of PCOS. RESULTS: Majority (321 [87.2%]) of the women had oligo/anovulation (OA). Polycystic ovary morphology on ultrasound appeared in 236 (64.1%) women, acne in 171 (46.5%) women, acanthosis nigricans in 81 (22.0%) women, and hirsutism in 101 (27.4%) women. Phenotype D was the most prevalent among infertile Sudanese women (51.6%), followed by phenotype B (22.6%), phenotype C (18.2%), and phenotype A (7.6%). No statistical differences in the body mass index and hormonal profile between the four phenotypes were noted. Women with phenotype A were older and had high mean blood pressure, and a higher waist/hip ratio was observed among women with phenotype D. CONCLUSION: Unlike the global distribution of PCOS phenotypes, Sudanese women uniquely expressed phenotype D as the most prevalent. More epidemiological studies are needed in the region due to geographical, ethnic, and genetic variations.


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a global health problem associated with significant drawbacks during reproductive life. Few published studies have been conducted in Africa (including Sudan) addressing the clinical manifestations and phenotypic presentation of the disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and biochemical presentation of the different PCOS phenotypes among infertile Sudanese women. A total of 368 infertile women with PCOS from a fertility center in Khartoum, Sudan, participated in the study. Clinical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic characteristics were described and compared between the four phenotype groups of PCOS. In this regard, Sudanese women uniquely expressed phenotype D as the most prevalent, and this does not match with the global distribution of PCOS phenotypes. Moreover, women with phenotype A were older and had high mean blood pressure, and a higher waist/hip ratio was observed among women with phenotype D. More epidemiological studies on this subject are needed in the region due to geographical, ethnic, and genetic variations.


Assuntos
Infertilidade Feminina , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Infertilidade Feminina/etiologia , Masculino , Fenótipo , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/complicações , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Sudão/epidemiologia
3.
Nutrients ; 14(4)2022 Feb 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35215541

RESUMO

There are few published studies on the association between vitamin D concentrations and preterm birth (PB) in sub-Saharan Africa. The current study aimed to assess the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH)] D) levels and PB. A matched case-control study (60 women in each arm) was conducted in Medani maternity hospital in central Sudan. The cases were women with spontaneous PB, and healthy women with term deliveries were the controls. The clinical/medical and obstetric history was gathered using a questionnaire. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum 25(OH)D levels. Women with PB had significantly lower median (interquartile range) 25(OH)D concentrations compared with the controls (18.4 (7.3) ng/mL vs. 20.2 (16.5) ng/mL, p = 0.001). Forty-two (70.0%) women with PB and 29 (48.3%) women in the control group had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL). The results of the multivariable logistic regression showed that the 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively associated with PB (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.87-0.97). Vitamin D-deficient pregnant women were at a higher risk of PB (aOR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.17-6.23). Low 25(OH)D concentrations were found at the time the variable was determined in women with spontaneous PB and were an independent risk factor for PB.


Assuntos
Nascimento Prematuro , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/etiologia , Sudão/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia
4.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg ; 116(5): 487-491, 2022 05 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34697632

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There are few published data on the role of vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH)]D) levels and pre-eclampsia. METHOD: A case-control study, with 60 women in each arm, was conducted in Medani Hospital in Sudan. The cases were women with pre-eclampsia and healthy pregnant women as controls. The medical and obstetric history was obtained using a questionnaire. The serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured using ELISA. RESULTS: The median (IQR) of 25(OH)D concentration was significantly lower in women with pre-eclampsia than in the controls (10.0 [6.5] vs 18.3 [22.1] ng/mL). Fifty-three cases with pre-eclampsia (88%) and 36 cases in the control group (60%) had vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D level≤20 ng/mL). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the 25(OH)D levels were negatively associated with pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR [AOR]=0.87, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.92). Vitamin D-deficient women were at a higher risk of pre-eclampsia (AOR=4.51, 95% CI 1.70 to 11.94). CONCLUSION: Low 25(OH)D levels were reported in women with pre-eclampsia and were an independent risk factor for pre-eclampsia.


Assuntos
Pré-Eclâmpsia , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Eclâmpsia/epidemiologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/etiologia , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Sudão/epidemiologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Deficiência de Vitamina D/complicações
5.
J Clin Lab Anal ; 35(8): e23873, 2021 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34125975

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that is increasing globally. It is associated with chronic complications that are more common among patients with poor glycaemic control. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) is the gold standard for monitoring glycaemic control. Measurements of HbA1c are relatively expensive and not available in some remote areas of developing countries. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the agreement between the calculated and measured HbA1c levels. The equation to compute the calculated HbA1c also incorporated the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and was as follows: HbA1c  = 2.6 + 0.03 × FBG (mg/dl). RESULT: We enrolled 290 patients with type 2 DM in this study. Of these, 204 (70.3%) were females and the mean (SD) age was 54.9 (12.8) years. The mean (SD) diabetes duration was 6.8 (5.5) years. There were 211 (72.8%) patients using oral hypoglycaemic agents, 62 (21.4%) were using insulin and 17 (5.9%) were using both insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents. There was a borderline difference between the mean (SD) calculated and measured HbA1c levels (p = 0.054). There was a significant correlation between the calculated and measured HbA1c (r = 0.595, p < 0.001). However, there was no agreement between the calculated and measured HbA1c . The bias ±SD (limits of agreement) for calculated versus measured HbA1c was -1.008 ± 2.02% (-5.05, 2.032). CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of a significant correlation between the calculated and measured HbA1c , the calculated level has shown an unacceptable agreement with the measured HbA1c .


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Glicemia/análise , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
6.
Int Breastfeed J ; 16(1): 48, 2021 06 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34187508

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a global health problem and it is the main cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Breastfeeding has been reported to be associated with lower postpartum blood pressure in women with gestational hypertension. However, there is no published data on the role that breastfeeding might play in preventing preeclampsia. The aim of the current study was to investigate if breastfeeding was associated with preeclampsia in parous women. METHOD: A case-control study was conducted in Saad Abualila Maternity Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, from May to December 2019. The cases (n = 116) were parous women with preeclampsia. Two consecutive healthy pregnant women served as controls for each case (n = 232). The sociodemographic, medical, and obstetric histories were gathered using a questionnaire. Breastfeeding practices and duration were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 98 (84.5%) women with preeclampsia and 216 (93.1%) women in the control group had breastfed their previous children. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of preeclampsia (no breastfeeding vs breastfeeding) was 3.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64,7.70 and p value = 0.001 based on these numbers. After adjusting for age, parity, education level, occupation, history of preeclampsia, history of miscarriage, body mass index groups the adjusted OR was 3.19, 95% CI 1.49, 6.82 (p value = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding might reduce the risk for preeclampsia. Further larger studies are required.


Assuntos
Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Aleitamento Materno , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Paridade , Pré-Eclâmpsia/epidemiologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/prevenção & controle , Gravidez
7.
J Clin Lab Anal ; 34(10): e23435, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32614103

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at 24-28 weeks gestation is the current recommended method to the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Many recent studies investigating HbA1c in detecting GDM yield different results. There are no published data on HbA1c in the diagnosis of GDM in Sub-Saharan countries including Sudan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the antenatal care of Saad Abuelela Maternity Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan during the period from February to November 2018 to assess the reliability of HbA1c in the diagnosis of GDM. GDM was diagnosed according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-eight women were enrolled. The mean (SD) of the age, gravidity, and gestational age of the enrolled women were 27.8 (5.6) years, 2.36 (2.2) and 26.26 (2.43) weeks, respectively. Sixty-eight women (19.5%) had GDM. A poor productively for HbA1c in diagnosis GDM was shown (AUC = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.55-0.69). At HbA1c level of 4.150%, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis for GDM were 76.51% and 37.85%, respectively. At HbA1c level of 5.850%, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis for GDM were 13.24% and 91.43%, respectively. While there was no significant (Spearman) correlation between fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, there were significant correlations between HbA1c and OGTT 1 and 2 hours of OGTT. CONCLUSION: In this study, HbA1c has a poor reliability, insufficient sensitivity or specificity for use to diagnose GDM.


Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional/sangue , Diabetes Gestacional/diagnóstico , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Adulto , Área Sob a Curva , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Gravidez , Curva ROC , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Estatísticas não Paramétricas
8.
BMC Res Notes ; 13(1): 147, 2020 Mar 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32160921

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with periodontal disease among pregnant Sudanese women. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Antenatal Care Clinic of Saad Abualila Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) from August to October 2018. Socioeconomic-demographic information and reproductive history were gathered using a questionnaire. Body mass index was computed from the weight and height. The diagnosis of periodontal disease was performed using criterion that also evaluated bleeding upon probing. RESULTS: Four hundred and four women were enrolled in the study, with a mean (SD) gestational age of 30.0 (8.7) weeks. Their mean (SD) age and parity were 27.0 (5.7) years and 1.6 (1.7), respectively. Ninety-seven (24.0%) of these 404 women had periodontal disease, which was mild, moderate and severe in 49 (12.1%), 36 (8.9%) and 12 (3.0%) women respectively, while 307 (76.0%) women had no periodontal disease. In logistic regression, age, parity, education, and brushing were not associated with periodontitis, but lower gestational age was associated with periodontal disease (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, P = 0.011).


Assuntos
Doenças Periodontais/epidemiologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Gravidez , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sudão/epidemiologia
9.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet ; 147(2): 202-205, 2019 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31420866

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between anemia and cesarean delivery. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Saad Abu-Alela Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan from March 1 to November 30, 2107. The cases were women who had cesarean delivery; women who delivered vaginally were the controls. Obstetrics history was gathered using a questionnaire. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age, parity, residence, job, education, and newborn gender between women who delivered by cesarean (n=130) and women who delivered vaginally (n=260). While mean (SD) of the body mass index (29.3 (5.4) kg/m2 vs 26.3 (5.6) kg/m2 , P<0.001) was significantly higher, hemoglobin level (103.0 (8.0) g/L vs 107.0 (8.0) g/L, P=0.001) was significantly lower in women who delivered by cesarean compared with women who delivered vaginally. In logistic regression analyses, age, gravidity, occupation, education, history of miscarriage, and newborn gender were not associated with cesarean delivery; overweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-4.26), obesity (AOR 7.17, 95% CI 3.64-14.13) and anemia (AOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.47-4. 11) were associated with cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: The significant association between anemia and cesarean delivery has important implications for the prevention and treatment of anemia among these women.


Assuntos
Anemia/epidemiologia , Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Sudão/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
10.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg ; 113(1): 31-35, 2019 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30325455

RESUMO

Background: Anaemia during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and child health. Investigations of anaemia and its predictors among pregnant women are needed for preventive measures. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and determinants of anaemia in early pregnancy in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical characteristics were gathered using a questionnaire. Serum ferritin, magnesium and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured using different laboratory methods. Results: Of the 180 women in the study, 65.0% had anaemia (haemoglobin [Hb] <11 g/dl), 0.6% had severe anaemia (Hb <7 g/dl), 38.9% had iron deficiency (serum ferritin <15 µg/l), 30.6% had iron deficiency anaemia (<11 g/dl and serum ferritin <15 µg/l) and 57.2% had magnesium deficiency (<1.80 mg/dl). There was no significant difference in the age, parity, gestational age, body mass index (BMI) and hs-CRP between anaemic and non-anaemic pregnant women. Anaemic pregnant women had significantly lower levels of serum ferritin and serum magnesium. While age, parity, gestational age, BMI and hs-CRP were not associated with anaemia, low serum ferritin (odds ratio [OR] 0.97 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.96 to 0.99]) and low serum magnesium (OR 0.91 [95% CI 0.84 to 0.99]) were associated with anaemia. There were significant positive correlations between Hb and serum ferritin (r=0.382, p<0.001) and serum magnesium (r=0.192, p=0.010). Conclusion: The role of magnesium as a possible contributing factor to anaemia in pregnancy has important implications for prevention and treatment of these women.


Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/etiologia , Deficiências de Ferro , Deficiência de Magnésio/complicações , Magnésio/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Adulto , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/epidemiologia , Anemia/etiologia , Anemia/prevenção & controle , Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Idade Gestacional , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Deficiência de Magnésio/sangue , Deficiência de Magnésio/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Sudão/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários
11.
Virol J ; 15(1): 20, 2018 01 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29357885

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Previous published studies have reported conflicting results of association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and preeclampsia. There was no published data on HBV and preeclampsia in Africa including Sudan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between HBsAg seropositivity and preeclampsia. METHODS: A case -controls study (200 women in each arm) was conducted at Saad Abualila Maternity Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. The cases were women with preeclampsia and the controls were healthy pregnant women. Socio-demographic characteristics were gathered using questionnaire and HBsAg was investigated using an ELISA. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the cases and the controls in their age, parity, residence, education and blood groups. The majority of the cases were mild preeclampsia (159; 79.5%). In comparison with the controls, a significantly higher number of the cases were HBsAg seropositive [30 (15.0%) vs.12 (6.0%), P = 0.005]. In binary regression women with HBsAg seropositive were at higher risk of preeclampsia than women who were HBsAg seronegative (OR = 2.86, 95%, CI = 1.41-5.79, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: In the current study HBsAg seropositivity is associated with preeclampsia. Preventive measure should be implemented.


Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite B , Hepatite B/complicações , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/epidemiologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/etiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Sudão/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29214043

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth (PTB) is the major health problem world-wide; there are few published studies on PTB and folic acid. METHODS: The study was conducted to assess the serum level of folic acid in PTB. A case-control study was conducted at Saad Abualila maternity hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) during the period of March through December 2015. Women who delivered live singleton babies were dived in two groups; the cases were women who had PTB "delivery before completed 37weeks but after 24 weeks of pregnancy" and the controls were women who delivered at term (37-42 weeks). Medical and obstetrics history was gathered using questionnaire. Serum folic acid was measured. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve (56 in arm of the study) women were enrolled to the study. There was no significant difference between the cases and the controls in their age, parity, hemoglobin, body mass index, education and occupation. The median (interquartile) level of folic acid was significantly lower in the cases (PTB) than the level in the controls, 4.8(2.8-8.2) vs. 9.5(8.6-12.0) ng/ml. In binary regression, folic acid level was associated with lower risk of PTB (OR=0.64; 95%=0.53-0.77, P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between gestational age and folic acid level (r = 0.447, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Thus serum folic acid level was significantly lower in women with PTB. Folic acid level was associated with lower risk of PTB.

13.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 180(1): 23-27, 2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28316042

RESUMO

The study aimed to evaluate the serum level of zinc and copper in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A case-control study was conducted at Saad Abualila infertility center (Khartoum, Sudan). The cases were women who had a PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria. The controls were infertile women with no evidence of PCOS. The socio-demographic characteristics and medical history data were gathered using questionnaires. Zinc and copper levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. While there was no difference in zinc and copper levels between the two groups (50 women in each arm), mean (SD) of body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in women with PCOS compared to the controls [28.4 (4.2) vs. 25.6 (5.7) kg/m2; P = 0.006], respectively. There were no significant differences in the level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH, prolactin, testosterone, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) between the cases and the controls. In linear regression analyses, none of the investigated factors were associated with PCOS. Zinc and copper were not associated with PCOS in this setting.


Assuntos
Cobre/sangue , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/sangue , Zinco/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Sudão , Testosterona/sangue
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