Chemical data evaluation: general considerations and approaches for IUPAC projects and the chemistry community (IUPAC Technical Report).

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has a long tradition of supporting the compilation of chemical data and their evaluation through direct projects, nomenclature and terminology work, and partnerships with international scientific bodies, government agencies and other organizations. The IUPAC Interdivisional Subcommittee on Critical Evaluation of Data (ISCED) has been established to provide guidance on issues related to the evaluation of chemical data. In this first report we define the general principles of the evaluation of scientific data and describe best practices and approaches to data evaluation in chemistry.

Targeting Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction With L-Carnitine for the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major medical problem and the world's third leading cause of death. COPD is a chronic disease with heterogeneous clinical symptoms, disease progression, and treatment responses. Besides pulmonary symptomatology, the common systemic clinical manifestations are cachexia, muscle weakness, and widespread comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, and infections. The adverse effects of pharmaceutical therapies contribute to the difficulty of health risk assessment and management of COPD patients. This review shows how skeletal muscle dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities contribute significantly to COPD patients' symptoms, functional activities, quality of life, and overall disease outcomes. Based on the clinical evidence of L-carnitine and derivatives as metabolic and muscle bioenergetic enhancers, we propose broader research and implementation of this nutraceutical agent as an effective, inexpensive, and safe adjuvant therapeutic for the long-term management of COPD patients. Moreover, we believe the management of COPD as a chronic disease should be shifted from symptomatic reactive pharmaceutical intervention to more constructive and non-toxic approaches using a single or combination of natural and nutritional agents with potential muscle metabolic enhancing and immunomodulating activities to achieve a better overall outcome for the patients in terms of morbidity, mortality, and medical cost-reduction.

The Rationality of Implementation of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Differentiation-inducing Agent in Cancer Therapy.

One of the major hallmarks of many cancer cells is dedifferentiated cells (immature cells) with little or no resemblance to normal cells. Besides the poor differentiation, malignant cells also have important features such as aggressiveness and resistance to different therapeutics. Differentiation potentiators hold great promise for cancer treatment. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a well-characterized pharmaceutical solvent. It is used as a component of numerous cancer therapeutic approaches, including cancer treatment and several approved cancer immune therapeutics such as Car-T cell therapy and the FDA-approved drug Mekinist (trametinib DMSO) for melanoma treatment. It is also biologically recognized as a pharmaceutical solvent and cryoprotectant. In the current literature, there are no mentions of DMSO's possible ability to potentiate therapeutic activity as a component of these cancer treatments. This review aimed to summarize scientific evidence and substantiate the concept that DMSO can contribute positively to the overall efficacy of cancer treatment as an adjuvant that is safe, inexpensive, and an effective differentiation-inducing therapeutic agent.

Aromatic hydrocarbon data in sediments from Port Valdez, Alaska.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in sediments from 14 locations in Port Valdez, Alaska in an effort to understand changes associated with the operation of a marine terminal where crude oil delivered by pipeline was transferred to tankers for marine shipment. Samples of surficial sediment were collected annually from 1989 through 2019 at water depths of roughly 30 to 240 m by haps corer of Van Veen grab. PAH concentrations were determined by flame-ionization gas chromatography from 1989 to 2002 and by single ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from 2003 to 2019. Geographic coordinates and environmental variables (water depth, total organic carbon, and sediment grain-size) were also determined. The data are useful for comparisons to trend data elsewhere as well as the investigation of measurement uncertainty in chemical measurements.

Multivariate analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Port Valdez, Alaska, 1989-2019.

Sampling was conducted in Port Valdez, the site of the Valdez marine oil terminal where crude oil is loaded onto tankers for ocean shipment, to characterize sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations arising from discharge of treated ballast-water from 1989 to 2019. Sediment PAH concentrations have declined since 1991 due to technological improvements in ballast water treatment processes and reductions in the volume of water treated. Spatial variations are associated with water depth reflecting geological and oceanographic characteristics. Comparisons between uncorrected hydrocarbon (compatible with data from 1989 to 2002) and surrogate-corrected concentrations for 2003-2019 suggest minor influence by corrections on inferences. It appears that if reliable measurements are made, the number of analytes and surrogate corrections have minimal influence for characterizing the directions and strengths of spatial and temporal change like that observed in Port Valdez. At present, PAH concentrations in the study area represent low risk for ecological effects.

Determinants of compassion in providing care to older people: Educational implications.

BACKGROUND: Care provision underpinned by compassion builds trust and ensures a deeper understanding of the health needs of older people. Yet nursing curricula in the United Kingdom focus on knowledge and skill acquisition rather than caring with compassion. This negatively impacts on the quality of care. Despite this, there is limited research on compassion in the care of older people. AIM: To explore the views of nurse educators (NE), pre-registration nursing students (PNS) and clinical mentors (CM) of the determinants of compassion in the care of older people. METHODS: A generic qualitative research design was used. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 39 participants (NE = 8; CM = 8; PNS = 23). These were digitally-recorded, fully transcribed and analysed thematically using NVivo software. FINDINGS: Three main themes emerged from the data analysis: the meaning of compassion, extrinsic determinants of compassion in care, and intrinsic determinants of compassion in care. DISCUSSION: The outcome of this study suggests that nurses and students think that compassion speeds up older people's recovery and enhances the quality of care. NEs consider its application in clinical practice a demonstration of competence. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of compassion in practical sessions of pre-registration nursing curricula and in the care of the older person may result in improved understanding of the latter and provision of holistic, safe and effective care.

Estimation of measurement uncertainty including surrogate recoveries in the study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments.

We examine the use of surrogates in the measurement of concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in marine sediment, consider shortcomings of current interpretations of the results from this widely used approach, and propose an alternative data treatment. We focus on the current common practice of accepting all data within a predefined range of acceptable recoveries as equally valid and propose treating surrogate recovery data as one component of measurement uncertainty. Our analysis leads us to conclude that the more uniform surrogate recoveries are, the more justified the assumption that they reveal measurement bias and appropriately can be used as corrections; but that the less uniform recoveries are, the greater the need to treat them as a source of measurement uncertainty. We recognize that acceptance of the ideas presented here will require much thought and refinement by the environmental analytical community. We welcome a thorough discussion.

Insights into the use and complexities of the Policy Delphi technique.

AIM: To describe the Policy Delphi technique and show how it was used in a research study in the Republic of Ireland. BACKGROUND: Policy Delphi is a variant of the Delphi technique, but differs in that its purpose is to explore consensus rather than aid it. It is an appropriate methodological tool for researching complex issues that benefit from the insights and consensus of a group of experts. It is useful in examining options and implications of policy and assessing their acceptability. Data sources A three-round policy Delphi study was the second phase of a sequential mixed-method design. The study was intended to examine stakeholders' perceptions of the clinical role of lecturers in nursing to identify supportive and limiting factors that affect the clinical role, with the purpose of determining a model for best practice. REVIEW METHODS: A review of literature about Policy Delphi from its development to current use (1970-2013) was undertaken to explore the technique. DISCUSSION: The complexities of using the Policy Delphi methodology to explore policy options are discussed. CONCLUSION: Policy Delphi is an underused tool that would benefit nursing research. The output from a Policy Delphi study produces a substantial number of new ideas and an evaluation of those ideas for use in decision making. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH/PRACTICE: Policy Delphi can offer researchers a means to explore levels of consensus on policy issues that have major effects on nursing developments. Practitioners may also benefit because it provides a useful way to assess and validate expert knowledge that could be contestable in a range of practice situations.

Associations between macrofauna and sediment hydrocarbons from treated ballast water effluent at a marine oil terminal in Port Valdez, Alaska.

Sediment-dwelling macrofauna, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and abiotic parameters were monitored annually in benthic marine sediments from 1989-2007 in Port Valdez, a period of declining routine discharge of treated marine ballast water containing residual PAH from a major crude oil loading facility. The resulting dataset was used to evaluate associations between macrofauna and environmental characteristics including PAH concentrations. The influences of natural abiotic gradients on macrofauna were stronger than associations between macrofauna and sediment PAH. Though overall associations of PAH with macrofaunal community structure were weak, effects were greater for the tube-dwelling polychaete worms Galathowenia oculata and Melinna cristata which responded negatively to low PAH values near sediment quality criteria (threshold effects concentration: TEC and field-based sediment quality criterion: fb-SQG: ∼300 ng g( -1)). Effects of PAH on benthic fauna may be strongest through poor survival of juveniles and failed recruitment over multiple years. Comparison of measured PAH concentrations to the TEC and field-based fb-SQG suggest that the observed levels of change in Port Valdez are minor and the criteria are ecologically appropriate for environmental monitoring. By demonstrating positive responses of sensitive fauna to reduction of PAH concentration, this study contributes to understanding the temporal change, ecological importance, and size of effects expected on benthic fauna in the presence of continuous exposure to low levels of hydrocarbons.

Motivational interviewing to change quality of life for people with chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic heart failure have a reduced quality of life due in part to their limited range of physical activity and independence. OBJECTIVES: The paper examines whether a physical activity 'lifestyle' intervention, based on motivational interviewing, will improve quality of life at five months from baseline, compared with conventional treatment. METHODS: Sixty older patients with chronic heart failure were randomly assigned to either a 'standard care', 'motivational interviewing' or 'both' treatment groups for five months in 2002. The primary outcome measures were the Medical Outcomes Short Form-36 Health Survey, the disease-specific Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire and the Motivation Readiness for Physical Activity scale. RESULTS: There were non-significant differences between the groups at baseline for age, coronary risk factors, severity of chronic heart failure, ejection fraction, specific laboratory tests, length of hospitalisation, medication and social support. Following treatment there was a significant increase (p<0.05) for three of the dimensions of the health survey in the 'motivational interviewing' group. All groups improved their scores (p<0.05) on the heart failure questionnaire. Over the five month period there was a general trend towards improvements in self-efficacy and motivation scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that a 'motivational interviewing' intervention, incorporating behaviour change principles to promote physical activity, is effective in increasing selected aspects of a general quality of life questionnaire and a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire. Thus a 'motivational interviewing' approach is a viable option compared with traditional exercise programming. It is important to test these motivational interviewing interventions more widely, especially to match individuals to treatments.

Neurobiological effects of melatonin as related to cancer.

Melatonin is a neurohormone naturally found in humans. Melatonin plays a role in maintaining sleep-wake rhythms; supplementation may help to regulate sleep disturbance that occur with jet lag, rotating shift-work and depression. Preliminary study of melatonin has shown potential for use in the treatment of epilepsy, tinnitus, migraine and neurodegenerative diseases. The latest publication in the Journal of Pineal Research by Edward Mills and colleagues has shown a compelling role of melatonin for the treatment of cancer. Melatonin's consistent relationship with cancer has been shown in many studies assessing links between shift work and cancer rates. High levels of melatonin have been linked to slower cancer progression. How melatonin affects cancer remains largely unclear. Although previous studies suggest different possible mechanisms, many of them are far distant from the primary physiological role of melatonin as a neurohormone. Conflicting studies are found on the role of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this article, we try to build and substantiate a neurobiological concept for the anticancer effects of melatonin.

Variations in benthic fauna underneath an effluent mixing zone at a marine oil terminal in Port Valdez, Alaska.

The distributions of hydrocarbons and infauna in sediments below a permitted mixing zone for the disposal of treated ballast waters in Port Valdez, Alaska were examined annually, 1999-2001. The associations of biological measures and the abundance of selected benthic organisms to total aromatic hydrocarbons (TARO) ranged up to large-sized effects, as compared against minimum-effect criteria (/r/> or =0.63). The apparent sensitivity of three polychaete worms to low levels of hydrocarbons makes them particularly useful as indicators of future changes in spatial distributions of hydrocarbons associated with discharged effluent. In 2001, sediment TARO concentrations decreased and the correlation values of TARO to biotic variables were generally less than in 1999 and 2000. Evidence supports a conclusion of a strong but spatially limited association of some fauna with accumulations of petroleum hydrocarbons in these sediments.

Long-term investigation of benthic fauna and the influence of treated ballast water disposal in Port Valdez, Alaska.

Benthic faunal structure and hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments were examined annually for 10 years (1989-1998) in Port Valdez, Alaska, where a near-bottom permitted discharge of treated tanker ballast waters containing residual petroleum has occurred since 1977. Measured concentrations of hydrocarbons in sediments near the discharge showed detectable increases in concentration, but on only one occasion were these increases either to levels exceeding ecotoxicological thresholds (Effects-Range Low, ER-L) or associated with alterations in the benthic community. Changes in faunal structure indicating disturbance were observed at one station near the discharge from 1995 to 1997 and were apparent as increased numbers of opportunistic taxa and anomalous trends in abundance and diversity. Minimum-effect (ME) hypotheses provided evidence of negligible to small effects on benthic infauna from disposal of treated ballast water. ME hypotheses have the potential to assist both researchers and managers by providing a tool to relate scientific results to ecological importance and decision criteria.