RESUMO
In order to explore the pollution characteristicsï¼ ecological risksï¼ and pollution sources of heavy metals in farmland soils around typical factories in Hunan Provinceï¼ the content characteristics of eight heavy metals in farmland soils around fluoride factoriesï¼ leather factoriesï¼ and plating plants were analyzed. The geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate the pollution and environmental risk of heavy metals. The correlation analysisï¼ hierarchical cluster analysisï¼ and principal component analysis were used to analyze the sources of heavy metals. The Monte-Carlo model was used to evaluate the probability risk of regional ecological risk. The results showed that the main pollution elements in the soil were Cd and Znï¼ and their mean values were 4.46 and 2.73 times the background valuesï¼ respectively. Zn was at a mild pollution level in the soil of the three typical factoriesï¼ and Cd was at a moderate pollution level in the whole fluoride factory. The pollution sources of heavy metals in the typical factories were mainly natural sourcesï¼ industrial activity sources ï¼industrial waste dischargeï¼ mineral miningï¼ and smelting activitiesï¼ï¼ traffic sourcesï¼ etc. The results of potential ecological risk assessment showed that the ecological risk of the fluoride factory was at a high risk levelï¼ and the ecological risk of the leather factory and plating plants was at a high risk level. Cd was the main contributing element. The results of Monte-Carlo probabilistic ecological risk assessment reduced the uncertainty of deterministic assessmentï¼ which could provide scientific basis for accurate risk management and control in the regions.
RESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the presence and persistence of antibiotics in wastewater of four typical pharmaceutical manufactories in China and receiving water bodies and suggest the removal of antibiotics by the wastewater treatment process. It also evaluated the environmental impact of antibiotic residues through wastewater discharge into receiving water bodies. The results indicated that thirteen antibiotics were detected in wastewater samples with concentrations ranging from 57.03 to 726.79 ng/L. Fluoroquinolones and macrolides were the most abundant antibiotic classes found in wastewater samples, accounting for 42.5% and 38.7% of total antibiotic concentrations, respectively, followed by sulfonamides (16.4%) and tetracyclines (2.4%). Erythromycin-H2O, lincomycin, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim were the most frequently detected antibiotics; among these antibiotics, the concentration of ofloxacin was the highest in most wastewater samples. No significant difference was found in different treatment processes used to remove antibiotics in wastewater samples. More than 50% of antibiotics were not completely removed with a removal efficiency of less than 70%. The concentration of detected antibiotics in the receiving water bodies was an order of magnitude lower than that in the wastewater sample due to dilution. An environmental risk assessment showed that lincomycin and ofloxacin could pose a high risk at the concentrations detected in effluents and a medium risk in their receiving water bodies, highlighting a potential hazard to the health of the aquatic ecosystem. Overall, The investigation was aimed to determine and monitor the concentration of selected antibiotics in 4 typical PMFs and their receiving water bodies, and to study the removal of these substances in PMFs. This study will provide significant data and findings for future studies on antibiotics-related pollution control and management in water bodies.