Novel Transcatheter Approach to Treat Primum Atrial Septal Defects.

•Degenerative common AVC defect can mimic rheumatic MV stenosis.•Closure of primum ASD can be achieved percutaneously.•Live 3D multiplanar TEE is crucial for procedural guidance.

Practical Considerations for Obtaining Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography Accreditation: Collective Experiences at Early-Adopting Centers.

The Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) is a nonprofit accrediting organization committed to ensuring the quality of diagnostic imaging and related procedures. It comprises a collaboration of stakeholders spanning numerous medical professionals and specialties. In a recent initiative, IAC Echocardiography introduced a new accreditation specifically for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography (PTE). This accreditation process is anchored in rigorous clinical peer review to ensure diagnostic quality and report accuracy, thus maintaining high standards of medical care. The authors present the inaugural 4 sites to achieve IAC accreditation for PTE, which have collaborated to share their experiences in achieving this accreditation. This review endeavors to offer actionable insights and proven solutions to navigate the accreditation journey for others. Mirroring the IAC Standards and Guidelines for PTE accreditation, this review is divided into three pivotal sections as follows: (1) organization of a perioperative echocardiography service, including stakeholder engagement to facilitate the application for accreditation; (2) performance of examinations and reporting; and (3) instituting quality improvement strategies and establishing a robust program. The pursuit of accreditation in PTE is to transcend a mere compliance exercise. It signifies a dedication to excellence, continual growth, and, above all, to the well-being of patients.

Real-Time Multiplanar Reconstruction Imaging Using 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in Structural Heart Interventions.

The complexity of structural heart interventions has led to a demand for sophisticated periprocedural imaging guidance. Although traditional 2-dimensional (2D) transesophageal techniques are used widely, new-generation 3D ultrasound probes enable high temporal and spatial resolution. Multiplanar reconstruction of acquired 3D datasets has gained considerable momentum for precise imaging and to increase the validity of measurements. Previously, this technique was used after the acquisition of suitable 3D datasets. Recent advances in technology have enabled the use of live mode for multiplanar reconstruction across different ultrasound vendor platforms. The use of live multiplanar reconstruction can enhance the precision in real-time imaging, enable simultaneous visualization of structures of interest in multiple planes, reduce the need for probe manipulation, and thereby contribute to the success of the procedures. In this narrative review, the authors describe the rationale and utility for 3D transesophageal live multiplanar reconstruction, and outline its use for the structural heart interventions of mitral and tricuspid valve edge-to-edge repair, left atrial appendage occlusion, and the Lampoon procedure. A 3D transesophageal echocardiogram with live-multiplanar reconstruction has the potential to advance guidance of these complex interventions.

The Association Between Hypophosphatemia and Lactic Acidosis After Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical significance of hypophosphatemia in cardiac surgery has not been investigated extensively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of postoperative hypophosphatemia and lactic acidosis in cardiac surgery patients at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: At a single academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent nontransplant cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass between August 2009 and December 2020. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serum phosphate and lactate levels were measured upon ICU admission in patients undergoing nontransplant cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. There were 681 patients in the low-phosphate (<2.5 mg/dL) group and 2,579 patients in the normal phosphate group (2.5-4.5 mg/dL). A higher proportion of patients in the low phosphate group (26%; 179 of 681; 95% CI: 23-30) had severe lactic acidosis compared to patients in the normal phosphate group (16%; 417 of 2,579; 95% CI: 15-18). In an unadjusted logistic regression model, patients in the low phosphate group had 1.9-times the odds of having severe lactic acidosis (serum lactate ≥4.0 mmol/L) when compared to patients in the normal phosphate group (95% CI: 1.5-2.3), and still 1.4-times the odds (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) after adjusting for several possible confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Hypophosphatemia is associated with lactic acidosis in the immediate postoperative period in cardiac surgery patients. Future studies will need to investigate it as a potential treatment target for lactic acidosis.

Initial experience with the fourth generation MitraClip™: Outcomes, procedural aspects, and considerations for device selection.

OBJECTIVES: We present our initial experience with the fourth-generation MitraClip™ (G4) system and propose preliminary criteria for device selection. BACKGROUND: The MitraClip™ G4 system recently underwent a "controlled release" for transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. The four new devices include technical improvements such as controlled gripper actuation (independent leaflet capture) and continuous left atrial pressure monitoring. To date, a patient-specific device selection algorithm, and the technology's impact on procedural times and success, have not been described. METHODS: We present an initial multi-center experience and short-term outcomes with the new system, suggest procedural and imaging considerations, and propose initial guidance for device selection. RESULTS: Sixty-one procedures performed by three operators at two centers between November 2019 and May 2020 were analyzed. At 30-day follow-up, there were three deaths (4.9%), four neurological events (6.6%), and seven re-hospitalizations (11.5%). Fifty-nine patients achieved device and procedural success (96.7%), and there was one device-related technical issue (1.6%). Compared to the same operators utilizing the third generation MitraClip™, the G4 system resulted in a significant reduction in the median number of clips used per patient (1 IQR 1-2 vs. 2 IQR 1-3, p = .023) and a trend toward shorter device times. CONCLUSION: Based on our initial experience, we found that the MitraClip™ G4 system is associated with high procedural success and fewer devices needed per procedure. The expanded device options may allow a more targeted approach to the myriad of pathologic presentations of mitral regurgitation. This early experience should provide a foundational opportunity for further refinement.

The Role of Novel Transcatheter Procedures in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease.

The development of percutaneous structural interventions in patients with acquired heart disease is happening at an exponential rate, and some of this technology is being used to treat patients with congenital heart disease. This review describes the pathophysiology of valvular abnormalities specific to congenital heart disease and discusses the application of structural procedures in this population. Although the overall experience has been encouraging, especially in high-risk patients, this article will highlight the reasons that a cautious approach to adoption of this technology is necessary in these patients.

Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: Analysis of the Position Statement From the European Society of Cardiology Acute Cardiovascular Care Association, With Perioperative Implications.

Effective management of cardiogenic shock (CS) is hampered by a lack of evidence-based information. This is a high-mortality condition, without clear, evidence-based guidelines for perioperative management, specifically-a lack of target endpoints for treatment (e.g.: mean arterial pressure or oxygenation), utility of regional care systems or the benefits of palliative care. The Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recently published a position statement that aimed to offer contemporary guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by CS. Herein, we review this complex clinical topic and review the ACCA statement on AMI associated with CS, with a focus on relevance to perioperative management.

To Clip or Not to Clip: The Use of MitraClip Therapy for Functional Mitral Regurgitation.

Percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of the mitral valve with the MitraClip device has been shown to serve as a safe and effective treatment for severe mitral regurgitation in the high-risk surgical population. Although the device originally was designed for the reduction of degenerative mitral regurgitation resulting from primary leaflet abnormalities, numerous studies have included patients with functional mitral regurgitation from annular or ventricular distortion. Two recent landmark studies examined the use of the MitraClip device for functional mitral regurgitation treatment and found drastically opposing results. Data reconciliation by others has suggested only a subset of those with functional mitral regurgitation may benefit from this treatment. Herein 2 seemingly similar cases to illustrate the subtle differences in patient selection that eventually may change the clinical outcome for this procedure are presented.

The Use of Intraoperative Three-Dimensional Echocardiography to Evaluate Origin of Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Regurgitant Jets.

Degradation of bioprosthetic aortic valves can eventually lead to both paravalvular and intravalvular regurgitation. However, differentiating between the two may be difficult in the case of multiple lesions in close proximity or highly eccentric jets. Whereas such exact distinction may be of little procedural significance in open cardiac surgery, it is of crucial importance when approaching such lesions in the catheterization laboratory or hybrid operating room. Interventions on one lesion often have a significant effect on the other. For example, guidewires may damage new bioprosthetic valve leaflets and dislodge vascular plugs. Even more concerning is the possibility of undergoing a lengthy and risky procedure on a lesion that does not truly exist. Fortunately, the use of three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography can expand our vision beyond the single imaging plane of a standard two-dimensional examination, allowing extensive manipulation of cutting planes and a wider field of view. Regurgitant jets can thus be tracked in a way that may be otherwise impossible, better quantifying their true origins. Here the authors present a unique case of misdiagnosis after surgical aortic valve degradation, where the use of intraoperative three-dimensional echocardiography significantly altered the preoperative plan and reduced operative time.