[Xiongcan Yishen Formula up-regulates the clock gene expressions in the testis tissue of the rats with late-onset hypogonadism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Xiongcan Yishen Formula (XYF) on the expressions of the clock genes in the testis tissue of the rats with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). METHODS: Forty-eight 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, normal control, model control, testosterone propionate (TP), and low-, medium- and high-dose XYF. The LOH model was made in the later 5 groups of rats by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose at 480 mg/kg/d for 56 successive days, while the normal controls were injected with the same volume of normal saline. After modeling, the rats in the low-, medium- and high-dose XYF groups were treated intragastrically with XYF at 10.4, 20.8 and 41.6 g/kg/d, bid, respectively, those in the normal and model control groups with the same volume of distilled water, and those in the TP group intramuscularly with TP at 5.21 mg/kg/d, qd alt, all for 28 days. After treatment, the supernatant was obtained for measurement of the serum T level by ELISA, and the testis tissue collected for determination of the mRNA and protein expressions of BMAL1, NR1D1, PER2, CRY1, StAR and CYP11A1 by RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the normal controls, the rats in the LOH model control group showed significantly decreased serum T and mRNA and protein expressions of BMAL1, NR1D1, PER2, CRY1, StAR and CYP11A1 (P < 0.05). In comparison with the findings in the model controls, the T level was remarkably increased in the TP and XYF groups (P < 0.05), the expressions of StAR mRNA and CYP11A1 mRNA and protein markedly up-regulated in the high-dose XYF group (P < 0.05), and so was the expression of the StAR protein in the XYF and TP groups (P < 0.05), those of BMAL1 and NR1D1 proteins and PER2 mRNA and protein in the high-dose XYF group (P < 0.05), those of BMAL1 mRNA and CRY1 protein in the medium- and high-dose XYF groups (P < 0.05), that of NR1D1 mRNA in the XYF and TP groups (P < 0.05), and that of CRY1 mRNA in the medium- and high-dose XYF and TP groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Xiongcan Yishen Formula could up-regulate the expressions of the clock genes in the testis tissue of the LOH rats and increase the serum T level as well, which may underlie the mechanisms of Xiongcan Yishen Formula acting on LOH.

[Potential mechanisms of Jiarong Tablets in the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism in men: An exploration based on network pharmacology].

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic targets and related signaling pathways of Jiarong Tablets (JRT) in the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in males by network pharmacology, and further analyze its potential action mechanism. METHODS: Using the Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Analysis Platform (TCMSP), we obtained the active ingredients and therapeutic targets of JRT, disease targets of LOH through the GeneCards and OMIM databases, and drug-disease common targets, followed by drawing a Vennny's diagram of the common targets. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the common targets using STRING and an intersection network of JRT active ingredients-LOH-targets with Cytoscape 3.7.2, performed GO bio-functional and KEGG enrichment analyses of the common targets using the R-Language software, and identified the potential signaling pathways of JRT acting on LOH. RESULTS: Totally, we obtained 80 bioactive ingredients from JRT and 64 common targets of LOH, with IL-6, INS, AKT1, JUN and MAPK8 as the core targets in the order of the frequency occurrences. GO and KEGG analyses showed that these targets mainly involved the MAPK, HIF-1, Ras and ErbB signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: JRT acts on LOH with multiple targets, through multiple routes and at multiple levels, which is related to the expression of testosterone synthetase, oxidative stress and apoptosis of Leydig cells.

[Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of late-on-set hypogonadism using D-galactose].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and duration of establishing a model of late-on-set hypogonadism (LOH) in rats using D-galactose (D-gal) and the optimal concentration of D-gal in modeling. METHODS: Thirty-five 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups of an equal number to receive intraperitoneal injection of normal saline (normal control) or D-gal at 480 mg/kg/d (high-dose), 240 mg/kg/d (medium-dose) and 120 mg/kg/d (low-dose) for 6 or 8 weeks respectively. Another five 18-month-old SD rats were taken as positive controls. After modeling, the animals were subjected to tail suspension test and mating test, weighed, and then sacrificed for examination of the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum testosterone (T), testis index and semen parameters, determination of the expressions of the BMAL1 and NR1D1 proteins in the testis tissue by Western blot, and observation of the pathological and ultrastructural changes in the testis tissue under the light microscope and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Compared with the normal controls, the serum T level was significantly decreased in the 6-week medium-dose D-gal (6WMD), 6-week high-dose D-gal (6WHD), 8WMD, 8WHD and positive control groups (P < 0.05), and so were sperm concentration and the percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) in the 8WHD and positive control groups (P < 0.05), and the numbers of captures and ejaculations in all the model rats and positive controls (P < 0.05), while the body weight was markedly increased in the 8-week low-dose D-gal (8WLD), 8WMD and 8WHD groups (P < 0.05), and so were the tail suspension time in the 6WHD, 8WHD, 8WMD, 8WLD and positive control groups (P < 0.05) and the FBG level in all the model rats and positive controls (P < 0.05). The expression of the BMAL1 protein was significantly decreased in the 6WHD, 8WLD, 8WMD, 8WHD and positive control groups (P < 0.05), and so was that of NR1D1 in the 8WMD, 8WHD and positive control groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the positive controls, no statistically significant differences were observed in the serum T level in the 6WHD and 8WHD groups (P > 0.05), the testis index in the 8WMD and 8WHD groups (P > 0.05), sperm concentration, percentage of FMS, time of tail suspension and numbers of captures and ejaculations in the 8WHD group (P > 0.05), the level of FBG in the 6WMD, 6WHD, 8WLD, 8WMD and 8WHD groups (P > 0.05), the expression of BMAL1 in the 6WHD, 8WLD, 8WMD and 8WHD groups (P > 0.05), and that of NR1D1 in the 6WLD, 8WMD and 8WHD groups (P > 0.05). Pathological and ultrastructural changes in the testis tissue were observed in all the model rats and positive controls, most significantly in the 8WHD and positive control groups. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to establish an LOH model in male SD rats by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal, most recommendably at the centration of 480 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks.