Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in patients with HIV/AIDS: A case report and review of the literature.

RATIONALE: Bordetella bronchiseptica is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infections in domesticated dogs and cats and a rare zoonotic pathogen in immunocompromised humans. With increasing numbers of people acquiring pets and spending time with them in confined spaces due to COVID-19 lockdowns, it is important to be aware of adverse health consequences brought about by this interaction. We present a case of B bronchiseptica pneumonia in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and review key characteristics of an additional 30 cases of B bronchiseptica infections in 29 patients with HIV/AIDS that were identified by literature review. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 61-year-old male with HIV/AIDS who was not on antiretroviral therapy and had advanced immunosuppression with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of 3 cells/µL sought medical attention for multiple somatic issues including subjective fevers, shortness of breath, and intermittent chest pain. DIAGNOSIS: Computed tomography of the chest identified bilateral nodular opacities in the lower lobes with scattered areas of ground glass opacities. B bronchiseptica was identified in sputum culture by mass spectrometry followed by supplementary biochemical testing. INTERVENTIONS: Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics were initiated and changed to levofloxacin after susceptibility testing was completed. OUTCOMES: The patient was discharged after symptomatic improvement with levofloxacin. LESSONS: Pneumonia with interstitial infiltrates in the setting of advanced CD4 lymphocyte depletion is the most common clinical syndrome caused by B bronchiseptica in patients with HIV/AIDS, and may be accompanied by sepsis. Advanced immune suppression, as well as chronic medical conditions, for example, alcoholism, diabetes, and renal failure that compromise host defenses are also commonly found in cases of B bronchiseptica infection in patients who do not have HIV infection. Reported animal contact among patients was not universal. Isolates were susceptible to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, but typically resistant to most cephalosporins.

The Effect of Nomenclature Revision of Streptococcus bovis to Streptococcus gallolyticus on Subsequent Colon Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND: Lack of awareness of the taxonomic revision from the familiar Streptococcus bovis to the less familiar Streptococcus gallolyticus may be associated with a decrease in recommended colon cancer screening in patients with bacteremia from this organism. This could subsequently lead to a delay in diagnosis or underdiagnosis of colon cancer and other serious underlying gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether the nomenclature change of S. bovis to S. gallolyticus resulted in decreased colon cancer screening. METHODS: This study was a retrospective, observational, nationwide analysis of patients who had positive blood cultures for S. bovis/S. gallolyticus from any Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2017. RESULTS: There was no difference in the primary end point of intent for colonoscopy between the S. gallolyticus and S. bovis groups (66.5% [117/176] vs 62.1% [624/1005], respectively; P = .26). The overall mortality rate was 33.8% among 1181 patients included in the study, with a significantly lower mortality in patients with evidence of intent for colonoscopy (29.6% vs 42.5%; P ≤ .001), gastroenterology (GI) consultation (29.8% vs 41.4%; P < .001), infectious diseases (ID) consultation (29.4% vs 39.0%; P = .001), or either consultation (31.9% vs 40.7%; P = .013), compared to those that did not. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in colon cancer screening rates between patients with episodes of bacteremia reported as S. bovis and those reported as S. gallolyticus. Overall mortality was lower in patients who had ID consultation, GI consultation, or evidence of colonoscopy.

Capnocytophaga canimorsus Bloodstream Infection Associated with an Urticarial Exanthem.

Background. Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a fastidious, slow-growing, Gram-negative rod that is a commensal bacterium in normal gingival flora of canine and feline species. Infection with the organism may cause disease ranging from flu-like symptoms to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), fulminant sepsis, meningitis, and endocarditis with an overall fatality rate of 6-26%. Risk factors for infection from C. canimorsus include immunosuppression, alcoholism, and asplenia. Case Presentation. We describe an unusual case with a relatively indolent clinical course and an urticarial exanthem in an otherwise young immunocompetent patient with a history of type 1 diabetes. The patient presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a <1-day history of rhinorrhea, fever, and dyspnea. He met sepsis criteria on initial presentation, but left against medical advice and returned to the ED the following day, with new arthralgias and a diffuse rash, multiple erythematous, tender macules scattered across his trunk and extremities, and tonsillar erythema. He had not taken the doses of the prescribed amoxicillin. Blood cultures two days later signaled positive for growth with the Gram stain showing a Gram-negative rod. Three 7-8 cm tender targetoid lesions with central clearing were identified on the patient's back. The patient reported two nonengorged ticks crawling on his body a week prior and sustaining a dog bite to his ear three weeks before presentation. Ultimately, the organism was identified as C. canimorsus through MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and additional biochemical testing. He was given appropriate antibiotics and improved clinically thereafter. Despite the patient's bacteremia, he never progressed to fulminant sepsis and followed a mild clinical course with several unusual characteristics. C. canimorsus is an uncommon cause of illness in humans, but is an important pathogen to consider when evaluating a patient with a dog bite, known risk factors, and an urticarial exanthem as empiric treatment may prevent severe outcomes.

A Case of Maternal Sepsis and Fetal Demise Associated with Streptococcus pseudoporcinus.

Streptococcus pseudoporcinus has recently been described in relation to its colonization of the female genitourinary tract. Since prior reports have linked S. pseudoporcinus only with minor morbidities, the organism previously has not been considered to be a cause of serious puerperal infections. A 41-year-old gravida 2, para 1-0-0-1 presented with abdominal pain and intrauterine fetal demise. A beta hemolytic Streptococcus was isolated from her placenta, endometrium, urine, and two blood culture sets. The isolate was a Streptococcus pseudoporcinus, which colonizes the female genital tract and can resemble Streptococcus agalactiae. This case demonstrates that S. pseudoporcinus is a potential cause of severe maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Misdiagnosis of Bordetella bronchiseptica Respiratory Infection as Bordetella pertussis by Multiplex Molecular Assay.

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are useful for the rapid detection of pathogens, though diagnostic challenges may arise. We report 2 immunocompromised patients with Bordetella bronchiseptica respiratory infection misdiagnosed as Bordetella pertussis using PCR, including discussion of transmission, diagnostic testing, clinical implications, and infection control considerations.

The new frontier of diagnostics: Molecular assays and their role in infection prevention and control.

Recent advances in technology over the last decade have propelled the microbiology laboratory into a pivotal role in infection prevention and control. The rapid adaptation of molecular technologies to the field of clinical microbiology now greatly influences infectious disease management and significantly impacts infection control practices. This review discusses recent developments in molecular techniques in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. It describes the basic concepts of molecular assays, discusses their advantages and limitations, and characterizes currently available commercial assays with respect to cost, interpretive requirements, and clinical utility.

BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel for Detection of Enterovirus D68.

During the enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) outbreak of 2014, the BioFire FilmArray (FA) respiratory panel was used to detect rhinovirus/enterovirus in respiratory specimens; suspected EV-D68-positive specimens were sent to CDC for confirmation. Positive rhinovirus/enterovirus FA targets revealed patterns loosely associated with EV-D68 that may be useful for confirmation triaging.