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More effective treatments for hepatitis viral infections have led to a reduction in the incidence of liver cirrhosis. A high-fat diet can lead to chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis, but the effects of lipid intake on liver disease status, including hepatitis C virus and alcohol, after elimination of the cause are unclear. To investigate the effects, we used a rat cirrhosis model and a high-fat diet in this study. Male Wistar rats were administered carbon tetrachloride for 5 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, one group was sacrificed. The remaining rats were divided into four groups according to whether or not they were administered carbon tetrachloride for 5 weeks, and whether they were fed a high-fat diet or control diet. At 12 weeks of age, liver fibrosis became apparent and then improved in the groups where carbon tetrachloride was discontinued, while it worsened in the groups where carbon tetrachloride was continued. Liver fibrosis was notable in both the carbon tetrachloride discontinuation and continuation groups due to the administration of a high-fat diet. In addition, liver precancerous lesions were observed in all groups, and tumor size and multiplicity were higher in the high-fat diet-fed groups. The expression of genes related to inflammation and lipogenesis were upregulated in rats fed a high-fat diet compared to their controls. The results suggest that a high-fat diet worsens liver fibrosis and promotes liver carcinogenesis, presumably through enhanced inflammation and lipogenesis, even after eliminating the underlying cause of liver cirrhosis.
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Tetracloreto de Carbono , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cirrose Hepática , Ratos Wistar , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Ratos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiologia , Carcinogênese , LipogêneseRESUMO
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency and covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE), overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) occurrence, and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 679 patients with cirrhosis. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydorxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels < 20 ng/mL. The associations between 25-OHD and CHE, OHE occurrence, and mortality were assessed using logistic regression, Fine-Gray competing risk regression, and Cox proportional hazards regression models, respectively. RESULTS: Of 428 eligible patients, 75% had vitamin D deficiency and 23% had CHE. The prevalence of CHE was higher in patients with vitamin D deficiency than in those without vitamin D deficiency (28% vs. 13%, p = 0.002). During the median follow-up period of 2.3 years, 14% of the patients developed OHE and 27% died. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had a higher incidence of OHE (p = 0.002) and mortality (p = 0.006) than those without vitamin D deficiency. After adjustment for potential covariates, multivariate analyses showed that 25-OHE was associated with CHE (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.99; p = 0.023), OHE occurrence (sub-distribution hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98; p = 0.013) and mortality (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; p = 0.020) in patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and is associated with CHE, OHE, and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Evaluation of vitamin D is essential to predict the outcomes of patients with cirrhosis.
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The identification of anticancer therapies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) is necessary for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. NGS can be easily performed when cell blocks (CB) are obtained from bile stored overnight. We compared NGS results of paired CB and surgically resected specimens (SRS) from the same cholangiocarcinoma cases. Of the prospectively collected 64 bile CBs from 2018 to 2023, NGS was performed for three cases of cholangiocarcinoma that could be compared with the SRS results. The median numbers of DNA and RNA reads were 95,077,806 [CB] vs. 93,161,788 [SRS] and 22,101,328 [CB] vs. 24,806,180 [SRS], respectively. We evaluated 588 genes and found that almost all genetic alterations were attributed to single-nucleotide variants, insertions/deletions, and multi-nucleotide variants. The coverage rate of variants in SRS by those found in CB was 97.9-99.2%, and the coverage rate of SRS genes by CB genes was 99.6-99.7%. The NGS results of CB fully covered the variants and genetic alterations observed in paired SRS samples. As bile CB is easy to prepare in general hospitals, our results suggest the potential use of bile CB as a novel method for NGS-based evaluation of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Bile , Colangiocarcinoma , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Humanos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Bile/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/genética , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Idoso , Mutação/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to reveal the prevalence and characteristics of individuals at risk of dysphagia in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and its association with health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 335 outpatients with CLD. Dysphagia risk, sarcopenia risk, malnutrition risk, and HRQOL were assessed using the Eating Assessment tool-10 (EAT-10), SARC-F, Royal Free Hospital-Nutrition Prioritizing Tool (RFH-NPT), and Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ), respectively. Dysphagia risk and low HRQOL were based on EAT-10 ≥3 and CLDQ overall score <5, respectively. Factors associated with dysphagia risk and low HRQOL were assessed using the logistic regression model. RESULTS: Dysphagia risk and lower HRQOL were observed in 10% and 31% of the patients, respectively. Patients with dysphagia risk were older, had lower liver functional reserve, were at higher risk for sarcopenia and malnutrition, and showed lower CLDQ overall score (median, 4.41 vs. 5.69; P < 0.001) than those without. After adjustment, SARC-F (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.50; P = 0.029) and RFH-NPT (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.04-2.81; P = 0.034) scores were independently associated with dysphagia risk. EAT-10 (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.30; P = 0.008) and SARC-F (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.18-1.59; P < 0.001) scores were also independently associated with low HRQOL. CONCLUSIONS: Dysphagia risk was prevalent in approximately 10% of patients with CLD and was associated with a risk of sarcopenia and malnutrition. Furthermore, dysphagia risk was related to HRQOL in patients with CLD.
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Transtornos de Deglutição , Hepatopatias , Desnutrição , Qualidade de Vida , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos de Deglutição/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/etiologia , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Hepatopatias/epidemiologia , Hepatopatias/complicações , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Sarcopenia/epidemiologia , Sarcopenia/etiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Avaliação Nutricional , Medição de Risco/métodos , Estado Nutricional , AdultoRESUMO
Objective: Colonoscopy is useful in diagnosing intestinal tuberculosis. However, the terminal ileum is generally not examined during routine colonoscopy. Therefore, even with colonoscopy, the diagnosis can be missed in patients with lesions confined to the terminal ileum. Herein, we report the case of an asymptomatic patient with intestinal tuberculosis, in whom a colonoscope insertion into the terminal ileum led to the diagnosis. Patient: An asymptomatic 71-year-old man visited our hospital for a colonoscopy after a positive fecal occult blood test. Results: Colonoscopy revealed diffuse edematous and erosive mucosa in the terminal ileum. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected by polymerase chain reaction and culture of biopsy specimens from the erosions, leading to the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis. The patient was treated with antitubercular agents for 6 months, and a follow-up colonoscopy revealed healing of the lesions. Conclusion: Asymptomatic intestinal tuberculosis may occasionally be detected on colonoscopy following a positive fecal occult blood test and is sometimes confined to the terminal ileum. Therefore, clinicians should consider intestinal tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of the causes of positive fecal occult blood test results and perform colonoscopies, including observation of the terminal ileum.
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The proto-oncogene MYCN expression marked a cancer stem-like cell population in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and served as a therapeutic target of acyclic retinoid (ACR), an orally administered vitamin A derivative that has demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in reducing HCC recurrence. This study investigated the role of MYCN as a predictive biomarker for therapeutic response to ACR and prognosis of HCC. MYCN gene expression in HCC was analyzed in the Cancer Genome Atlas and a Taiwanese cohort (N = 118). Serum MYCN protein levels were assessed in healthy controls (N = 15), patients with HCC (N = 116), pre- and post-surgical patients with HCC (N = 20), and a subset of patients from a phase 3 clinical trial of ACR (N = 68, NCT01640808). The results showed increased MYCN gene expression in HCC tumors, which positively correlated with HCC recurrence in non-cirrhotic or single-tumor patients. Serum MYCN protein levels were higher in patients with HCC, decreased after surgical resection of HCC, and were associated with liver functional reserve and fibrosis markers, as well as long-term HCC prognosis (>4 years). Subgroup analysis of a phase 3 clinical trial of ACR identified serum MYCN as the risk factor most strongly associated with HCC recurrence. Patients with HCC with higher serum MYCN levels after a 4-week treatment of ACR exhibited a significantly higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio 3.27; p = .022). In conclusion, serum MYCN holds promise for biomarker-based precision medicine for the prevention of HCC, long-term prognosis of early-stage HCC, and identification of high-response subgroups for ACR-based treatment.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica N-Myc , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/sangue , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangue , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica N-Myc/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/prevenção & controle , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/sangue , PrognósticoRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the relationship between animal naming test (ANT), falls, and fall-related fractures in patients with cirrhosis. Cognitive impairment and frailty were assessed using ANT and Karnofsky performance status (KPS), respectively. Factors stratifying the risk of previous falls and fall-related fractures within 1 year were assessed using a logistic regression model. Factors affecting patient performance in ANT were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. Of the 94 patients, 19% and 5% experienced falls and fall-related fractures, respectively. The performance in ANT was worse in patients who experienced falls (11 vs. 18; p < 0.001) and fall-related fractures (8 vs. 16; p < 0.001) than in those who did not. After adjustment, females, KPS, and ANT (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.93; p = 0.005) were associated with falls, while ANT was significantly associated with fall-related fractures (OR, 0.56; 95% CI 0.35-0.88; p = 0.012). Age and education affected the performance in ANT, whereas the use of Oriental zodiac did not. The ANT is useful for stratifying the risk of falls and fall-related fractures in patients with cirrhosis. The effects of age and education should be considered when applying ANT in the Japanese population.
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Disfunção Cognitiva , Fraturas Ósseas , Feminino , Humanos , Animais , Acidentes por Quedas , Fraturas Ósseas/epidemiologia , Fraturas Ósseas/etiologia , Fraturas Ósseas/psicologia , Cirrose Hepática , Pacientes , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary cancer of the liver and has a poor prognosis. Various animal models, including carcinogen-induced and genetically engineered rodent models, have been established to clarify the mechanisms underlying cholangiocarcinoma development. In the present study, we developed a novel mouse model of malignant lesions in the biliary ducts induced by the administration of the carcinogen azoxymethane to obese C57BLKS/J-db/db mice. A histopathological analysis revealed that the biliary tract lesions in the liver appeared to be an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with higher tumor incidence, shorter experimental duration, and a markedly increased incidence in obese mice. Molecular markers analyzed using a microarray and a qPCR indicated that the cancerous lesions originated from the cholangiocytes and developed in the inflamed livers. These findings indicated that this is a novel mouse model of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the context of steatohepatitis. This model can be used to provide a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for this malignancy.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Camundongos , Animais , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/patologia , Azoximetano/toxicidade , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Colangiocarcinoma/induzido quimicamente , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Carcinógenos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that promotes or suppresses tumorigenesis, depending on intracellular location and conformational structure. Acyclic retinoid (ACR) is an orally administered vitamin A derivative that prevents hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence by targeting liver cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we examined the subcellular location-dependent effects of ACR on TG2 activity at a structural level and characterized the functional role of TG2 and its downstream molecular mechanism in the selective depletion of liver CSCs. A binding assay with high-performance magnetic nanobeads and structural dynamic analysis with native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography-coupled multi-angle light scattering or small-angle X-ray scattering showed that ACR binds directly to TG2, induces oligomer formation of TG2, and inhibits the transamidase activity of cytoplasmic TG2 in HCC cells. The loss-of-function of TG2 suppressed the expression of stemness-related genes, spheroid proliferation and selectively induced cell death in an EpCAM+ liver CSC subpopulation in HCC cells. Proteome analysis revealed that TG2 inhibition suppressed the gene and protein expression of exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1) and heparan sulfate biosynthesis in HCC cells. In contrast, high levels of ACR increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations along with an increase in apoptotic cells, which probably contributed to the enhanced transamidase activity of nuclear TG2. This study demonstrates that ACR could act as a novel TG2 inhibitor; TG2-mediated EXT1 signaling is a promising therapeutic target in the prevention of HCC by disrupting liver CSCs.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Proteína 2 Glutamina gama-Glutamiltransferase , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , GlicosiltransferasesRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although liver diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, are associated with skeletal muscle atrophy, the mechanism behind their association has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of aging and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on the skeletal muscle, and the interaction between the liver and muscle were investigated using a diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model in senescence-accelerated mice. METHODS: A total of four groups of senescence-accelerated mice and the control mice were fed either a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-inducing or control diet, and their livers and skeletal muscles were removed for examinations. RESULTS: In the senescence-accelerated/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis group, serum level of alanine aminotransferase was markedly elevated and histopathology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was significant. Skeletal muscles were also markedly atrophied. The expression of the ubiquitin ligase Murf1 in the muscle was significantly increased with muscle atrophy, while that of Tnfa was not significantly different. In contrast, the hepatic Tnfa expression and serum TNF-α levels were significantly increased in the senescence-accelerated/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis group. These results suggest that liver-derived TNF-α might promote muscle atrophy associated with steatohepatitis and aging through Murf-1. The metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle indicated higher spermidine and lower tryptophan levels in the steatohepatitis-diet group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study revealed an aspect of liver-muscle interaction, which might be important in developing treatments for sarcopenia associated with liver diseases.
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Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Sarcopenia , Animais , Camundongos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Sarcopenia/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome has recently been described as an autoinflammatory disease associated with severe adult-onset inflammatory manifestations. The various clinical manifestations include recurrent high-grade fever, neutrophilic dermatoses, cutaneous vasculitis, chondritis of the ear and nose, pulmonary infiltrates, cytopenia, uveitis, gastrointestinal pain or inflammation, aortitis, hepatosplenomegaly, and hematological disorders. VEXAS syndrome is caused by somatic mutations of the ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) gene in myeloid-lineage cells. It is characterized by vacuolated myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells seen by bone marrow biopsy. We report the case of a 64-year-old Japanese man with VEXAS syndrome. At age 63, he was referred to us with a recurrent erythema on the hands associated with a general fever of 38-40°C that had persisted for 4 or 5 days and had recurred about once a month for a year. The skin rash appeared 2 or 3 days after the onset of each fever episode. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL), and the mediastinal lymph nodes were swollen. Sarcoidosis was suspected but was ruled out by several tests. Laboratory examinations showed elevated inflammatory markers. Bone marrow examination showed the vacuolization of myeloid precursor cells. A skin biopsy revealed dense dermal, predominantly perivascular, infiltrates. These consisted of mature neutrophils admixed with myeloperoxidase-positive CD163-positive myeloid cells, lymphoid cells and eosinophils. Sequencing analysis identified the somatic UBA1 variant c.122T > C, which results in p.Met41Thr. Treatment with oral prednisone (15 mg/day) and monthly intravenous tocilizumab injections (400 mg) completely resolved the symptoms. Neutrophils are a major source of reactive oxygen species, and the present case demonstrated numerous neutrophilic infiltrates. We hypothesize that the patient might have had elevated derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs). d-ROM quantification is a simple method for detecting hydroperoxide levels, and clinical trials have proven it useful for evaluating oxidative stress. In this study, we measured serum d-ROM before and after oral prednisone and tocilizumab treatment. The levels decreased significantly during treatment.
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This Special Issue aims to highlight the usefulness of microRNA (miRNA) as diagnostic and prognostic markers of gastroenterological cancer (GC) [...].
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Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais , MicroRNAs , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/diagnóstico , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/genéticaRESUMO
Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of the retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, these findings were revealed using HCC cell lines that express phosphorylated-RXRα (p-RXRα) proteins; therefore, it remains unclear whether p-RXRα affects hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. Therefore, to investigate the biological function of p-RXRα in vivo, we developed a doxycycline-inducible ES cell line and transgenic mouse, both of which overexpress the phosphomimetic mutant form of RXRα, T82D/S260D, in a doxycycline-dependent manner. We found that the development of liver tumors, especially high-grade adenoma and HCC, was enhanced in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-treated T82D/S260D-inducible mice. Moreover, the increased incidence of liver tumors in the transgenic mice was attributable to the promotion of cell cycle progression. Interestingly, the expression of ß-catenin protein and its target gene cyclin D1 was elevated in the liver tumors of DEN-treated T82D/S260D-inducible mice, concurrent with increased cytoplasmic and nuclear ß-catenin protein expression, indicating its stabilization and transcriptional activation. These results indicate that p-RXRα promotes DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice through the activation of the ß-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that p-RXRα may serve as a possible therapeutic target for HCC.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Animais , Carcinogênese/induzido quimicamente , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Dietilnitrosamina/toxicidade , Doxiciclina , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Receptor X Retinoide alfa/genética , Receptor X Retinoide alfa/metabolismo , Receptores X de Retinoides , Transdução de Sinais , beta Catenina/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic livers among viral hepatitis patients. A total of 333 HCC cases, including 69 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related and 264 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related, were divided into cirrhotic (Fibrosis-4 [FIB-4] index > 3.25) and non-cirrhotic groups (FIB-4 index ≤ 3.25). The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. The independent risk factors for the development of HCC were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The patients with HBV-related HCC were significantly younger, had better Child-Pugh scores, lower FIB-4 index and Mac-2 binding protein glycosylated isomers (M2BPGi) levels, more progressive cancer stage, and higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels than those with HCV-related HCC. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were less common in patients with HBV-related HCC. The non-cirrhotic group with HBV-related HCC had a higher visceral adipose tissue index (VATI), better Child-Pugh score, and higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), whereas the one with HCV-related HCC had a higher proportion of men, higher VATI, better Child-Pugh score, higher HbA1c, and a higher prevalence of hypertension, than the corresponding cirrhotic groups. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that age, male sex, VATI, HbA1c, the presence of hypertension, and HBV etiology were independent risk factors for HCC in a non-cirrhotic liver. A high accumulation of VAT is a risk factor for HCC in patients with non-cirrhotic livers.
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Sprue-like enteropathy associated with olmesartan is characterized by villous atrophy in the duodenum. We report the case of an 81-year-old woman diagnosed with olmesartan-associated sprue-like enteropathy with no villous atrophy in the duodenum. The patient had been taking olmesartan for 10 years and complained of diarrhea and weight loss. Despite undergoing general treatment for 2 months, her symptoms showed no improvement. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and pathological findings showed no villous atrophy in the duodenum. However, villous atrophy was observed in the small intestine by capsule endoscopy. Pathological biopsy with double balloon endoscopy provided a definitive diagnosis. Diarrhea improved with the discontinuation of olmesartan and weight increased within a week of withdrawal. After the improvement of clinical symptoms, both endoscopic and pathological findings of villous atrophy in small intestine showed improvement.
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Endoscopia por Cápsula , Doença Celíaca , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Imidazóis/efeitos adversos , Tetrazóis/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Although intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is thought to be a precursor lesion of pancreatic cancer, diagnosing malignant transformation of IPMN using non-invasive diagnostic methods is difficult and complicated. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are currently recognized as biomarkers and molecular targets of various diseases, including malignancy. In this study, we investigated a potential diagnostic approach using miRNA in pancreatic cyst fluid as a marker for evaluating malignant alternation of IPMN. Cystic fluid was sampled mainly during surgical resection. The collected samples were evaluated by performing comprehensive analysis of miRNA using a highly sensitive DNA chip. miRNA expression was compared between IPM adenoma (IPMA) and IPM carcinoma (IPMC) to evaluate the related biomarkers for malignant transformation of IPMN. miRNA analysis revealed that six miRNAs (miR-711, miR-3679-5p, miR-6126, miR-6780b-5p, miR-6798-5p, and miR-6879-5p) in IPMC were significantly enriched compared to those in IPMA. The difference was validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Cyst fluid miRNA analysis might be useful for diagnosing malignant alteration of IPMN. Further evaluations of diagnostic capability as well as functional analysis using the identified miRNAs are required with larger cohorts to confirm its efficacy.
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Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 is involved in inflammation and related tumorigenesis in the colorectum. This study aimed to investigate the chemopreventive ability of RQ-15986, a selective EP4 antagonist, in colitis-related colorectal tumorigenesis. Male Kyoto APC delta rats, which have APC mutations, were treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium and subsequently administered RQ-15986 for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, the development of colorectal tumor was significantly inhibited in the RQ-15986-treated group. The cell proliferation of the crypts and tumors in the colorectum was decreased following RQ-15986 treatment. RQ-15986 also suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, in the colon mucosa. In addition, the expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is involved in immune tolerance, were decreased in the colorectal epithelium and tumors of the RQ-15986-treated group. These findings indicate that RQ-15986 inhibits colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis by attenuating inflammation, suppressing cell proliferation, and modulating the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Targeting prostaglandin E2/EP4 signaling might be a useful strategy for chemoprevention of inflammation-related colorectal cancer.
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Proteína da Polipose Adenomatosa do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Dinoprostona/genética , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/genética , Animais , Azoximetano/toxicidade , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Carcinogênese/genética , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Dinoprostona/antagonistas & inibidores , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/patologia , Interleucina-18/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Mutação/genética , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Evidence regarding intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) as a type of precancerous lesion of cholangiocarcinoma is limited. Moreover, a reproducible in vivo model is lacking, and IPNB pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we use a doxycycline-inducible tetracycline (Tet)-on mice model to control fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) expression, which regulates branching and tubule formation. FGF10-induced IPNB mimics the multifocal and divergent human IPNB phenotypes via the FGF10-FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2)-RAS-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. A paracrine/autocrine growth factor is sufficient to initiate and maintain IPNB originating from the peribiliary glands, including biliary stem/progenitor cells. With KrasG12D, p53, or p16 mutations or both, Fgf10-induced IPNB shows stepwise carcinogenesis, causing associated invasive carcinoma. Fgf10-induced papillary changes and progression are suppressed by the inhibition of the FGF10-FGFR2-RAS-ERK signaling pathway, demonstrating that the signal is a therapeutic target for IPNB and associated carcinoma.
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/enzimologia , Carcinoma Papilar/enzimologia , Colangiocarcinoma/enzimologia , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Fator 10 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/enzimologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/enzimologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/genética , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Carcinoma Papilar/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Fator 10 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genes ras , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos Transgênicos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Mutação , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Fosforilação , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/tratamento farmacológico , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/genética , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Receptor Tipo 2 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Receptor Tipo 2 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
FXR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and bile acids are endogenous ligands of FXR. FXR activation has recently been reported to inhibit intestinal inflammation and tumour development. This study aimed to investigate whether the novel FXR agonist nelumal A, the active compound of the plant Ligularia nelumbifolia, can prevent colitis and colorectal carcinogenesis. In a mouse colitis model, dextran sodium sulfate-induced colonic mucosal ulcer and the inflammation grade in the colon significantly reduced in mice fed diets containing nelumal A. In an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced mouse inflammation-related colorectal carcinogenesis model, the mice showed decreased incidence of colonic mucosal ulcers and adenocarcinomas in nelumal A-treated group. Administration of nelumal A also induced tight junctions, antioxidant enzymes, and FXR target gene expression in the intestine, while it decreased the gene expression of bile acid synthesis in the liver. These findings suggest that nelumal A effectively attenuates colonic inflammation and suppresses colitis-related carcinogenesis, presumably through reduction of bile acid synthesis and oxidative damage. This agent may be potentially useful for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases as well as their related colorectal cancer chemoprevention.