High power DC and ns-pulsed 2 MV accelerator for light ions.

High Voltage Engineering developed, built, and tested a unique 2 MV single-ended accelerator (SingletronTM) for light ions. The system combines a beam current of up to 2 mA for protons and helium in direct-current mode with nanosecond-pulsing capability. Compared to other chopper-buncher applications with Tandem accelerators, the single-ended accelerator increases the charge per bunch by about a factor of 8. The all-solid-state Singletron 2 MV power supplyTM supports high-current operation and features a large dynamic range of the terminal voltage and good transient performance to support the high-current operation. The terminal accommodates an in-house developed 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source and a chopping-bunching system. The latter features phase-locked loop stabilization and temperature compensation of the excitation voltage and its phase. The chopping bunching system further features the selection of hydrogen, deuterium, and helium as well as a pulse repetition rate, ranging from 125 kHz to 4 MHz, that are fully computer controlled. In the testing phase, the system demonstrated smooth operation for 2 mA proton and helium beams at terminal voltages from 0.5 to 2.0 MV, and somewhat reduced current at a voltage down to 250 kV. In pulsing mode, pulses with a full width at half maximum of 2.0 ns reached a peak current of ∼10 and ∼5.0 mA for protons and helium, respectively. This is equivalent to a pulse charge of about 20 and 10 pC. Applications range from various fields requiring direct current at multi-mA levels and MV light ions, including nuclear astrophysics research, boron neutron capture therapy, and deep implantation for semiconductor applications.

IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PATIENTS WITH ASEPTIC NECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD AND NON-PSYCHOTIC MENTAL DISORDERS.

The problem of interaction between aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) and mental disorders is of interest according to modern research. It is known that with ANFH, altered brain activity is detected in areas related to pain, emotions, and cognition, which proves the influence of joint disease on the formation of non-psychotic mental disorders (NPD). The current NPR along with somatic symptoms, affect the quality of life of patients. Quality of life is related to health and can be used to assess the quality of health, diagnose the nature, severity and prognosis of the disease, and evaluate the results of treatment.; Purpose - studying the quality of life of patients with ANFH and non-psychotic mental disorders in the course of treatment; 137 patients (92 men (67.2%), of whom 96 completed the study) were included in the study. A clinical-psychopathological study was conducted to determine the leading syndrome of non-psychotic mental disorders, and socio-anamnestic data were collected. Quality of life was assessed using a questionnaire quality of life SF-12 Patients of the first clinical group included participants with a duration of ANFH up to 5 years, and the second main clinical group included patients with a duration of ANFH of more than 5 years.; The average index of the mental component of the quality of life for the duration of ANFH up to 5 years was 43.46±9.00 points, and for the duration of more than 5 years - 36.55±10.35 points. The obtained results of the quality-of-life indicator of the patients in the study indicate a lower quality of life compared to the average population indicator (50±10 points). As the duration of ANFH increases, the quality of life deteriorates, and the mental component to a greater extent than the physical. Considering the selected leading syndromes, correction of NPR psychological and psychopharmacological interventions (antidepressants and/or anxiolytics depending on the clinical form of NPR) was carried out. Under the influence of the NPR correction, the following features were revealed: in the first main group, the physical component of the quality of life improved by 3.25 points (p<0.05), the mental component of the quality of life increased by 6.4 points (p<0.05). In the second main group, the physical component of the quality of life increased by 4.55 points (p<0.05), and the mental component of the quality of life changed positively by 10.55 points (p<0.05).; When the duration of the disease is up to 5 years, the leading syndrome of NPR affects the quality of life in various ways. In the presence of anxiety-depressive or depressive-hypochondriac syndromes, it is possible to restore the mental component of QoL to a normal level. The leading astheno-apathetic syndrome does not affect the quality of life of patients. When the duration of ANFH is more than 5 years, the mental component of QOL is most reduced in leading anxiety-depressive and depressive-hypochondriac disorders.

The cryogenic storage ring CSR.

An electrostatic cryogenic storage ring, CSR, for beams of anions and cations with up to 300 keV kinetic energy per unit charge has been designed, constructed, and put into operation. With a circumference of 35 m, the ion-beam vacuum chambers and all beam optics are in a cryostat and cooled by a closed-cycle liquid helium system. At temperatures as low as (5.5 ± 1) K inside the ring, storage time constants of several minutes up to almost an hour were observed for atomic and molecular, anion and cation beams at an energy of 60 keV. The ion-beam intensity, energy-dependent closed-orbit shifts (dispersion), and the focusing properties of the machine were studied by a system of capacitive pickups. The Schottky-noise spectrum of the stored ions revealed a broadening of the momentum distribution on a time scale of 1000 s. Photodetachment of stored anions was used in the beam lifetime measurements. The detachment rate by anion collisions with residual-gas molecules was found to be extremely low. A residual-gas density below 140 cm(-3) is derived, equivalent to a room-temperature pressure below 10(-14) mbar. Fast atomic, molecular, and cluster ion beams stored for long periods of time in a cryogenic environment will allow experiments on collision- and radiation-induced fragmentation processes of ions in known internal quantum states with merged and crossed photon and particle beams.

A cryogenic electrostatic trap for long-time storage of keV ion beams.

We report on the realization and operation of a fast ion beam trap of the linear electrostatic type employing liquid helium cooling to reach extremely low blackbody radiation temperature and residual gas density and, hence, long storage times of more than 5 min which are unprecedented for keV ion beams. Inside a beam pipe that can be cooled to temperatures <15 K, with 1.8 K reached in some locations, an ion beam pulse can be stored at kinetic energies of 2-20 keV between two electrostatic mirrors. Along with an overview of the cryogenic trap design, we present a measurement of the residual gas density inside the trap resulting in only 2 x 10(3) cm(-3), which for a room temperature environment corresponds to a pressure in the 10(-14) mbar range. The device, called the cryogenic trap for fast ion beams, is now being used to investigate molecules and clusters at low temperatures, but has also served as a design prototype for the cryogenic heavy-ion storage ring currently under construction at the Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics.

[Pathomorphological manifestations of various forms of alcohol disease]. / Patomorfologicheskie proiavleniia razlichnykh form alkogol'noi bolezni.

In acute poisoning with ethanol a cardiac variant of tanatogenesis prevails. Signs for ethanol surrogates of DIC syndrome are more characteristic. Alcohol cardiomyopathy and liver cirrhosis are typical as causes of death for chronic forms of alcoholic disease. Histochemical features in the brain are found characteristic for some forms of alcoholic disease.