Study of inhibitory potential and percent inhibition of oil of Syzygium aromaticum and leaves of Ocimum sanctum on ESBL enzyme from Escherichia coli in broilers of Jabalpur.

OBJECTIVE: The inhibitory potential and percent inhibition of Syzygium aromaticum oil and fresh juice of Ocimum sanctum leaves on beta-lactamase enzyme of cecal samples of healthy broilers were studied on samples phenotypically positive for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred cecal samples screened for ESBL-producing E. coli were collected from 38 poultry sale outlets located in Jabalpur. The effect of S. aromaticum oil and O. sanctum leaves was seen by colorimetric assay with CENTA and Nitrocefin as chromogenic substrate. RESULTS: Mean absorbance value was inversely propotional to the inhibitory potential. Syzigium aromaticum exhibited 0.4±0.02 and 0.41±0.03 mean absorbance value, 28 per cent and 27 per cent of inhibition with CENTA and Nitrocefin respectively. Ocimum sanctum mean absorbance value and per cent inhibition with CENTA and Nitrocefin was 2.03±0.02 and 10.0 ; 1.97±0.06 and 10.0 respectively (p>0.05) showing non- significant difference in CENTA and Nitrocefin activity. Tazobactum (100 µM) as standard control exhibited a mean absorbance value of 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ± 0.01 and percent inhibition of 99.88 and 98 against CENTA and Nitrocefin, respectively. Combination of Ocimum sanctum and Syzigium aromaticum showed range of 1.69±0.05 to 1.90±0.08 1.61±0.06 to 1.92±0.08 of absorbance value with per cent inhibition of 14 to 15.9 with CENTA and Nitrocefin respectively. CONCLUSION: The results depicted that the inhibition of beta-lactamase enzyme activity with S. aromaticum oil was higher than that of O. sanctum leaf juice, and combination of both the herbs showed not much difference in activity.

Improved chemotherapy against breast cancer through immunotherapeutic activity of fucoidan decorated electrostatically assembled nanoparticles bearing doxorubicin.

Immunotherapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) could be a viable option for delivering cytotoxic agents in a manner which suppresses their toxic manifestations. Doxorubicin (DOX) loaded NPs were prepared using fucoidan (FCD), an immunomodulatory polysaccharide and evaluated against cancer. FCD was electrostatically assembled with cationic polyethylenimine (PEI) through intermolecular electrostatic interactions to develop an immunomodulatory platform to deliver DOX. FCD NPs offered improved cytotoxicity (2.64 folds), cell cycle arrest in G1-S phase (34.65%) and apoptosis (66.12%) in tumor cells compared to free DOX. The enhanced apoptosis was due to raised mitochondrial depolarization (88.00%). In vivo anticancer activity in 4T1 induced tumor bearing BALB/c mice demonstrated a 2.95 folds enhanced efficacy of NPs. Importantly, NPs treatment generated an immunotherapeutic response indicated by gradual increment of the plasma IL-12 levels and reversed polarization of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) towards M1 subtype. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic study suggested that NPs administration in tumor infested mice caused serum DOX levels to vary in a biphasic pattern, with twin peaks occurring at 1 h and 6 h which help in maintaining preferential drug localization in tumor. Developed NPs would be an excellent approach for improved immune-chemotherapy (in terms of efficacy, safety and immunocompetency) against cancer.

Prevalence and characterization of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India.

AIM: The study aimed to investigate the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus in bovine milk due to its public health significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 400 milk samples of bovines taken from different dairy farms and outlets of Jabalpur were screened for the S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The strains were tested for the PVL gene and antimicrobial sensitivity toward 10 different classes of antimicrobial agents. The PVL-positive S. aureus strains were further characterized by staphylococcal protein A or spa typing. RESULT: The prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus was 10.53%. All the isolates positive for the PVL were resistant to methicillin, while the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates were negative for the PVL. Five different spa types were found. CONCLUSION: The presence of PVL-positive MRSA in bovine milk close to consumer poses a potential public health risk to the community.

Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Loaded Zymosan-Polyethylenimine Biopolymeric Nanoparticles for Dual 'Chemoimmunotherapeutic' Intervention in Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To utilize nanoparticles produced by condensation of zymosan (an immunotherapeutic polysaccharide) with pegylated polyethylenimine (PEG-PEI) for dual intervention in breast cancer by modulating tumor microenvironment and direct chemotherapy. METHOD: Positively charged PEG-PEI and negatively charged sulphated zymosan were utilized for electrostatic complexation of chemoimmunotherapeutic nanoparticles (ChiNPs). ChiNPs were loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) for improved delivery at tumor site and were tested for in-vivo tolerability. Biodistribution studies were conducted to showcase their effective accumulation in tumor hypoxic regions where tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are preferentially recruited. RESULTS: ChiNPs modulated TAMs differentiation resulting in decrement of CD206 positive population. This immunotherapeutic action was furnished by enhanced expression of Th1 specific cytokines. ChiNPs also facilitated an anti-angiogenetic effect which further reduces the possibility of tumor progression and metastasis.

Study of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in healthy broilers of Jabalpur.

AIM: To study the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance due to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in samples collected from the ceca of healthy broilers of poultry sale outlets (PSOs) Jabalpur. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 400 cecal swab samples were taken randomly from freshly slaughtered poultry of 39 PSOs located at four different zones or areas of Jabalpur and were screened for the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli using standard methods. Further they were characterized phenotypically by standard methods. RESULTS: All the 400 samples were screened for E. coli producing ESBL enzyme. Among the samples positive for E. coli 135 were positive for ESBL E. coli giving an overall prevalence of 33.5%. CONCLUSION: This study related to the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in healthy broilers in Jabalpur is indicative of antibiotic resistance prevalent in the healthy birds which are used for human consumption as well. It also signifies resistance prevalent against beta-lactam antibiotics including third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.