Tuberculosis Patients Who Are A Potential Source for Unprotected Exposure in Health Care Systems: A Multicenter Case Control Study.

SETTING: Five health care systems in Texas. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of inadequate isolation for pulmonary tuberculosis leading to tuberculosis (TB) exposures from confirmed TB patients and the patient factors that led to the exposures. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort and case-control study of adult patients with TB resulting in exposures (cases) vs those TB patients who did not result in exposures (controls) during January 2005 to December 2012. RESULTS: There were 335 patients with pulmonary TB disease, 199 cases and 136 controls. There was no difference between groups in age (46 ± 14.6 vs 45 ± 17 years; P > .05), race, or substance abuse. Cases were more likely to be transplant recipients (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 18.90; 95% CI, 1.9-187.76), have typical TB chest radiograph (AOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.1-4.51), and have positive acid-fast bacilli stains (AOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.31-4.27). Cases were less likely to have extrapulmonary disease (AOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.95). CONCLUSIONS: TB exposure resulting from inadequate isolation is frequent in health care settings. Extrapulmonary involvement resulted in earlier airborne isolation. Being a transplant recipient, having chest radiograph findings typical for TB, and sputum positivity acid-fast bacilli upon staining were associated with increased risk of inadequate isolation.

Unique characteristics of cryptococcosis identified after death in patients with liver cirrhosis: comparison with concurrent cohort diagnosed antemortem.

Characteristics of cirrhosis-associated cryptococcosis first diagnosed after death are not fully known. In a multicenter study, data generated as standard of care was systematically collected in 113 consecutive patients with cirrhosis and cryptococcosis followed for 80 patient-years. The diagnosis of cryptococcosis was first established after death in 15.9% (18/113) of the patients. Compared to cases diagnosed while alive, these patients had higher MELD score (33 vs. 22, P = .029) and higher rate of cryptococcemia (75.0% vs. 41.9%, P = .027). Cases diagnosed after death, in comparison to those diagnosed during life were more likely to present with shock (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.18-9.90, P = .023), require mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 8.5, 95% CI 2.74-26.38, P = .001), less likely to undergo testing for serum cryptococcal antigen (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02-0.21, P < .001) and have positive antigen when the test was performed (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.60, P = .016). In a subset of cirrhotic patients with advanced liver disease cryptococcosis was first recognized after death. These patients had the characteristics of presenting with fulminant fungemia, were less likely to have positive serum cryptococcal antigen and posed a diagnostic challenge for care providers.

Cryptococcosis in Patients With Cirrhosis of the Liver and Posttransplant Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The outcomes and optimal management of cirrhotic patients who develop cryptococcosis before transplantation are not fully known. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter study involving consecutive patients with cirrhosis and cryptococcosis between January 2000 and March 2014. Data collected were generated as standard of care. RESULTS: In all, 112 patients were followed until death or up to 9 years. Disseminated disease and fungemia were present in 76.8% (86/112) and 90-day mortality was 57.1% (64/112). Of the 39 patients listed for transplant, 20.5% (8) underwent liver transplantation, including 2 with active but unrecognized disease before transplantation. Median duration of pretransplant antifungal therapy and posttransplant therapy was 43 days (interquartile range, 8-130 days) and 272 days (interquartile range, 180-630 days), respectively. Transplantation was associated with lower mortality (P = 0.002). None of the transplant recipients developed disease progression during the median follow-up of 3.5 years with a survival rate of 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcosis in patients with cirrhosis has grave prognosis. Our findings suggest that transplantation after recent cryptococcal disease may not be a categorical exclusion and may be cautiously undertaken in liver transplant candidates who are otherwise deemed clinically stable.

Preoperative computed tomography measurements of pancreatic steatosis and visceral fat: prognostic markers for dissemination and lethality of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Increased visceral fat and pancreatic steatosis promote lymphatic metastases and decreased survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). OBJECTIVES: We aim to determine the utility of preoperative computed tomography (CT) measurements of pancreatic steatosis and visceral fat as prognostic indicators in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS: High-resolution CT scans of 42 patients undergoing PD for pancreatic adenocarcinoma were reviewed. Attenuation in CT of the pancreas, liver and spleen were measured in Hounsfield units and scored by two blinded investigators. Perirenal adipose tissue was measured in mm. RESULTS: Lymphatic metastases were present in 57% of patients. Age, gender, tumour size and margin status were similar in patients with and without nodal metastases. Node-positive patients had increased visceral but not subcutaneous fat pads compared with node-negative patients and decreased CT attenuation of the pancreatic body and tail and liver. Node-positive patients stratified by visceral adiposity (≥10 mm vs. <10 mm) demonstrated poorer survival (7 ± 1 months vs. 16 ± 2 months; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma, increased pancreatic steatosis and increased visceral fat stores are associated with lymphatic metastases. Furthermore, increased visceral fat is associated with abbreviated survival in patients with lymphatic metastases. Hence, increased visceral fat may be a causative factor of abbreviated survival and serves a prognostic role in patients with pancreatic malignancies.

An experimental method for detecting blood splatter from retractable phlebotomy and intravascular devices.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the safety of retractable intravascular devices in terms of their potential to produce blood splatter. A method for measuring this blood splatter designed by the research team was used to evaluate 3 specific intravascular devices. METHODS: Scientific filters were positioned around the retraction mechanisms of the devices and weighed with an analytical scale, both before and after activation, in a simulated vein containing mock venous blood. The difference in filter mass was used as the primary unit of analysis to detect blood splatter. In addition, the filters were visually inspected for the presence or absence of blood. RESULTS: A paired t-test revealed significant differences in the prefilter and postfilter groups for 2 of the 3 devices tested (P < .0001). In addition, visible blood was detected on 23% to 40% of the scientific filters for 2 of the devices. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a potential for bloodborne pathogen exposure with the use of intravascular devices with a retractable mechanism. This experiment may serve as a model in the design and implementation of future sharps device evaluation protocols to validate the threat of bloodborne pathogen exposure.